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Cernackova A, Tillinger A, Bizik J, Mravec B, Horvathova L. Dynamics of cachexia-associated inflammatory changes in the brain accompanying intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma growth in Wistar rats. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 376:578033. [PMID: 36738563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated data indicate that inflammation affecting brain structures participates in the development of cancer-related cachexia. However, the mechanisms responsible for the induction and progression of cancer-related neuroinflammation are still not fully understood. Therefore, we studied the time-course of neuroinflammation in selected brain structures and cachexia development in tumor-bearing rats. After tumor cells inoculation, specifically on the 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th day of tumor growth, we assessed the presence of cancer-associated cachexia in rats. Changes in gene expression of inflammatory factors were studied in selected regions of the hypothalamus, brain stem, and circumventricular organs. We showed that the initial stages of cancer growth (7th and 14th day after tumor cells inoculation), are not associated with cachexia, or increased expression of inflammatory molecules in the brain. Even when we did not detect cachexia in tumor-bearing rats by the 21st day of the experiment, the inflammatory brain reaction had already started, as we found elevated levels of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Furthermore, we found increased interleukin 1 beta expression in the locus coeruleus and higher allograft inflammatory factor 1 expression in the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. Ultimately, the most pronounced manifestations of tumor growth were present on the 28th day post-inoculation of tumor cells. In these animals, we detected cancer-related cachexia and significant increases in interleukin 1 beta expression in all brain areas studied. We also observed significantly decreased expression of the glial cell activation markers allograft inflammatory factor 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein in most brain areas of cachectic rats. In addition, we showed increased expression of cluster of differentiation 163 and cyclooxygenase 2 mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, A1/C1 neurons, and area postrema of cachectic rats. Our data indicate that cancer-related cachexia is associated with complex neuroinflammatory changes in the brain. These changes can be found in both hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic structures, while their extent and character depend on the stage of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Cernackova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Tillinger
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Bizik
- Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Mravec
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lubica Horvathova
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Cachexia induced by Yoshida ascites hepatoma in Wistar rats is not associated with inflammatory response in the spleen or brain. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 337:577068. [PMID: 31606594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent data indicate that peripheral, as well as hypothalamic pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in the development of cancer cachexia. However, there are only a few studies simultaneously investigating the expression of inflammatory molecules in both the periphery and hypothalamic structures in animal models of cancer cachexia. Therefore, using the Yoshida ascites hepatoma rat's model of cancer cachexia we investigated the gene expression of inflammatory markers in the spleen along with the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, two hypothalamic structures that are involved in regulating energy balance. In addition, we investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of PS-1145 dihydrochloride (an Ikβ inhibitor) on the expression of selected inflammatory molecules in these hypothalamic nuclei and spleen. We observed significantly reduced food intake in tumor-bearing rats. Moreover, we found significantly decreased expression of IL-6 in the spleen as well as decreased NF-κB in the paraventricular nucleus of rats with Yoshida ascites hepatoma. Similarly, expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and COX-2 in the arcuate nucleus was significantly reduced in tumor-bearing rats. Administration of PS-1145 dihydrochloride reduced only the gene expression of COX-2 in the hypothalamus. Based on our findings, we suggest that the growing Yoshida ascites hepatoma decreased food intake by mechanical compression of the gut and therefore this model is not suitable for investigation of the inflammation-related mechanisms of cancer cachexia development.
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Sever S, White DL, Garcia JM. Is there an effect of ghrelin/ghrelin analogs on cancer? A systematic review. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:R393-409. [PMID: 27552970 PMCID: PMC5064755 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a hormone with multiple physiologic functions, including promotion of growth hormone release, stimulation of appetite and regulation of energy homeostasis. Treatment with ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonists is a prospective therapy for disease-related cachexia and malnutrition. In vitro studies have shown high expression of ghrelin in cancer tissue, although its role including its impact in cancer risk and progression has not been established. We performed a systematic literature review to identify peer-reviewed human or animal in vivo original research studies of ghrelin, ghrelin-receptor agonists, or ghrelin genetic variants and the risk, presence, or growth of cancer using structured searches in PubMed database as well as secondary searches of article reference lists, additional reviews and meta-analyses. Overall, 45 (73.8%) of the 61 studies reviewed, including all 11 involving exogenous ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonist treatment, reported either a null (no statistically significant difference) or inverse association of ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonists or ghrelin genetic variants with cancer risk, presence or growth; 10 (16.7%) studies reported positive associations; and 6 (10.0%) reported both negative or null and positive associations. Differences in serum ghrelin levels in cancer cases vs controls (typically lower) were reported for some but not all cancers. The majority of in vivo studies showed a null or inverse association of ghrelin with risk and progression of most cancers, suggesting that ghrelin/ghrelin-receptor agonist treatment may have a favorable safety profile to use for cancer cachexia. Additional large-scale prospective clinical trials as well as basic bioscientific research are warranted to further evaluate the safety and benefits of ghrelin treatment in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Sever
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna L White
- Section of Gastroenterology and HepatologyBaylor College of Medicine Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA Clinical Epidemiology and Comparative Effectiveness ProgramSection of Health Services Research (IQuESt), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, HSR&D Center of Innovation (152), Houston, Texas, USA Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease CenterBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID)Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - José M Garcia
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Alkek Building for Biomedical Research, Houston, Texas, USA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID)Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Huffington Center on AgingBaylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical CenterVeterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Ezeoke CC, Morley JE. Pathophysiology of anorexia in the cancer cachexia syndrome. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2015; 6:287-302. [PMID: 26675762 PMCID: PMC4670736 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia is commonly present in persons with cancer and a major component of cancer cachexia. There are multiple causes of anorexia in cancer. Peripherally, these can be due to (i) substances released from or by the tumour, e.g. pro-inflammatory cytokines, lactate, and parathormone-related peptide; (ii) tumours causing dysphagia or altering gut function; (iii) tumours altering nutrients, e.g. zinc deficiency; (iv) tumours causing hypoxia; (v) increased peripheral tryptophan leading to increased central serotonin; or (vi) alterations of release of peripheral hormones that alter feeding, e.g. peptide tyrosine tyrosine and ghrelin. Central effects include depression and pain, decreasing the desire to eat. Within the central nervous system, tumours create multiple alterations in neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and prostaglandins that modulate feeding. Many of these neurotransmitters appear to produce their anorectic effects through the adenosine monophosphate kinase/methylmalonyl coenzyme A/fatty acid system in the hypothalamus. Dynamin is a guanosine triphosphatase that is responsible for internalization of melanocortin 4 receptors and prostaglandin receptors. Dynamin is up-regulated in a mouse model of cancer anorexia. A number of drugs, e.g. megestrol acetate, cannabinoids, and ghrelin agonists, have been shown to have some ability to be orexigenic in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Charles Ezeoke
- United States Navy Medical Corps and PGY-2, Internal Medicine Residency, Saint Louis University HospitalSt. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine1402 S. Grand Blvd., M238, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
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Iresjö BM, Wang W, Nilsberth C, Andersson M, Lönnroth C, Smedh U. Food intake, tumor growth, and weight loss in EP2 receptor subtype knockout mice bearing PGE2-producing tumors. Physiol Rep 2015. [PMID: 26197930 PMCID: PMC4552524 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that prostaglandin (PG) E2 is involved in anorexia/cachexia development in MCG 101 tumor-bearing mice. In the present study, we investigate the role of PGE receptor subtype EP2 in the development of anorexia after MCG 101 implantation in wild-type (EP2+/+) or EP2-receptor knockout (EP2−/−) mice. Our results showed that host absence of EP2 receptors attenuated tumor growth and development of anorexia in tumor-bearing EP2 knockout mice compared to tumor-bearing wild-type animals. Microarray profiling of the hypothalamus revealed a relative twofold change in expression of around 35 genes including mRNA transcripts coding for Phospholipase A2 and Prostaglandin D2 synthase (Ptgds) in EP2 receptor knockout mice compared to wild-type mice. Prostaglandin D2 synthase levels were increased significantly in EP2 receptor knockouts, suggesting that improved food intake may depend on altered balance of prostaglandin production in hypothalamus since PGE2 and PGD2 display opposing effects in feeding control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt-Marie Iresjö
- Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla Nilsberth
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Marianne Andersson
- Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Lönnroth
- Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Smedh
- Surgical Metabolic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ihnatko R, Post C, Blomqvist A. Proteomic profiling of the hypothalamus in a mouse model of cancer-induced anorexia-cachexia. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1867-75. [PMID: 24002602 PMCID: PMC3790177 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia-cachexia is a common and severe cancer-related complication but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, using a mouse model for tumour-induced anorexia-cachexia, we screened for proteins that are differentially expressed in the hypothalamus, the brain's metabolic control centre. METHODS The hypothalamus of tumour-bearing mice with implanted methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCG 101) displaying anorexia and their sham-implanted pair-fed or free-fed littermates was examined using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE)-based comparative proteomics. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The 2-DE data showed an increased expression of dynamin 1, hexokinase, pyruvate carboxylase, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor in tumour-bearing mice, whereas heat-shock 70 kDa cognate protein, selenium-binding protein 1, and guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gα0 were downregulated. The expression of several of the identified proteins was similarly altered also in the caloric-restricted pair-fed mice, suggesting an involvement of these proteins in brain metabolic adaptation to restricted nutrient availability. However, the expression of dynamin 1, which is required for receptor internalisation, and of hexokinase, and pyruvate carboxylase were specifically changed in tumour-bearing mice with anorexia. CONCLUSION The identified differentially expressed proteins may be new candidate molecules involved in the pathophysiology of tumour-induced anorexia-cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - C Post
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
| | - A Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, S-581 85, Sweden
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Ruud J, Nilsson A, Engström Ruud L, Wang W, Nilsberth C, Iresjö BM, Lundholm K, Engblom D, Blomqvist A. Cancer-induced anorexia in tumor-bearing mice is dependent on cyclooxygenase-1. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 29:124-135. [PMID: 23305935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that prostaglandins (PGs) affect tumorigenesis, and evidence indicates that PGs also are important for the reduced food intake and body weight loss, the anorexia-cachexia syndrome, in malignant cancer. However, the identity of the PGs and the PG producing cyclooxygenase (COX) species responsible for cancer anorexia-cachexia is unknown. Here, we addressed this issue by transplanting mice with a tumor that elicits anorexia. Meal pattern analysis revealed that the anorexia in the tumor-bearing mice was due to decreased meal frequency. Treatment with a non-selective COX inhibitor attenuated the anorexia, and also tumor growth. When given at manifest anorexia, non-selective COX-inhibitors restored appetite and prevented body weight loss without affecting tumor size. Despite COX-2 induction in the cerebral blood vessels of tumor-bearing mice, a selective COX-2 inhibitor had no effect on the anorexia, whereas selective COX-1 inhibition delayed its onset. Tumor growth was associated with robust increase of PGE(2) levels in plasma - a response blocked both by non-selective COX-inhibition and by selective COX-1 inhibition, but not by COX-2 inhibition. However, there was no increase in PGE(2)-levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Neutralization of plasma PGE(2) with specific antibodies did not ameliorate the anorexia, and genetic deletion of microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) affected neither anorexia nor tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-bearing mice lacking EP(4) receptors selectively in the nervous system developed anorexia. These observations suggest that COX-enzymes, most likely COX-1, are involved in cancer-elicited anorexia and weight loss, but that these phenomena occur independently of host mPGES-1, PGE(2) and neuronal EP(4) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ruud
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Linda Engström Ruud
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wenhua Wang
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla Nilsberth
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Iresjö
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kent Lundholm
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, S-413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Engblom
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomqvist
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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