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Chen H, Xu J, Xu H, Luo T, Li Y, Jiang K, Shentu Y, Tong Z. New Insights into Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Pathogenesis, Drug Target and Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041133. [PMID: 37111618 PMCID: PMC10143738 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is characterized by senile plaques composed of amyloid β protein (Aβ) and neurofilament tangles derived from the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein. However, the developed medicines targeting Aβ and tau have not obtained ideal clinical efficacy, which raises a challenge to the hypothesis that AD is Aβ cascade-induced. A critical problem of AD pathogenesis is which endogenous factor induces Aβ aggregation and tau phosphorylation. Recently, age-associated endogenous formaldehyde has been suggested to be a direct trigger for Aβ- and tau-related pathology. Another key issue is whether or not AD drugs are successfully delivered to the damaged neurons. Both the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and extracellular space (ECS) are the barriers for drug delivery. Unexpectedly, Aβ-related SP deposition in ECS slows down or stops interstitial fluid drainage in AD, which is the direct reason for drug delivery failure. Here, we propose a new pathogenesis and perspectives on the direction of AD drug development and drug delivery: (1) aging-related formaldehyde is a direct trigger for Aβ assembly and tau hyperphosphorylation, and the new target for AD therapy is formaldehyde; (2) nano-packaging and physical therapy may be the promising strategy for increasing BBB permeability and accelerating interstitial fluid drainage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishu Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jinan Xu
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hanyuan Xu
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tiancheng Luo
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yihao Li
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yangping Shentu
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Affiliated Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Institute of Albert, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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Satyanarayanan SK, Su H, Park HJ, Su KP. The west meets the east - A need for a renaissance in brain, behavior, and immunity research. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 107:292-294. [PMID: 36349642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)-the burgeoning concept in recent years, can potentially contribute to developing effective treatments for mental health disorders. Despite the advancement in the modern pharmacological approach for mental disorders, especially Western medicine attributed explicitly to interacting with a specific target has given rise to unmet needs, and treatment failure has led to the proliferation and exploration of traditional and alternative therapies. As research into these exciting under-explored traditional treatment approaches continues to evolve at an unprecedented pace, the need to gain vital insights into the potentiality and mechanism of action in neuropsychiatric disorders has resulted in the current Special Issue. This Special Issue is devoted to psychoneuroimmunology, focusing on introducing the recent advances with traditional and alternative medications in East Asia at the interface of immunology, neurosciences, molecular psychiatry and behavioural medicine neurosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hi-Joon Park
- Department of Anatomy & Information Sciences, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Acupuncture & Meridian Science Research Centre, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry & Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Jung H, Lee SY, Lim S, Choi HR, Choi Y, Kim M, Kim S, Lee Y, Han KH, Chung WS, Kim CH. Anti-inflammatory clearance of amyloid-β by a chimeric Gas6 fusion protein. Nat Med 2022; 28:1802-1812. [PMID: 35927581 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clearing amyloid-β (Aβ) through immunotherapy is one of the most promising therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although several monoclonal antibodies against Aβ have been shown to substantially reduce Aβ burden in patients with AD, their effects on improving cognitive function remain marginal. In addition, a significant portion of patients treated with Aβ-targeting antibodies experience brain edema and microhemorrhage associated with antibody-mediated Fc receptor activation in the brain. Here, we develop a phagocytosis inducer for Aβ consisting of a single-chain variable fragment of an Aβ-targeting monoclonal antibody fused with a truncated receptor binding domain of growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), a bridging molecule for the clearance of dead cells via TAM (TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK) receptors. This chimeric fusion protein (αAβ-Gas6) selectively eliminates Aβ plaques through TAM receptor-dependent phagocytosis without inducing NF-kB-mediated inflammatory responses or reactive gliosis. Furthermore, αAβ-Gas6 can induce synergistic clearance of Aβ by activating both microglial and astrocytic phagocytosis, resulting in better behavioral outcomes with substantially reduced synapse elimination and microhemorrhage in AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy model mice compared with Aβ antibody treatment. Our results suggest that αAβ-Gas6 could be a novel immunotherapeutic agent for AD that overcomes the side effects of conventional antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuncheol Jung
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjoon Lim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Ryeol Choi
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseong Choi
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjin Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Segi Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujean Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Han
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Chung
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Liu FX, Niu YG, Zhang DP, Zhang HL, Zhang ZQ, Sun RQ, Zhang YK. Modified Protocol for Establishment of Intracranial Arterial Dolichoectasia Model by Injection of Elastase Into Cerebellomedullary Cistern in Mice. Front Neurol 2022; 13:860541. [PMID: 35518204 PMCID: PMC9062172 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.860541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose This study aimed to construct an animal model of intracranial arterial dolichoectasia (IADE) applying the modified modeling protocol. Materials and Methods Twenty five milliunits elastase and inactivated elastase were, respectively, injected into the cerebellomedullary cistern of 60 C57/BL6 mice which were divided into experimental group (EG, n = 30) and control group (CG, n = 30) by using a computer-based random order generator. The modified modeling protocol clarified these aspects including brain three-dimensional parameters of mouse head fixation, angle of head inclination, fixed position of taper ear, needle holding technique, needle entry depth, prevention of liquid drug back flow, and storage conditions of elastase. And it was observed for the following parts such as mortality, inflammatory factors, craniocerebral arteries scanning, vascular tortuosity index, artery diameter, pathology of the cerebrovascular. Results Within differently surveyed stage, the total mortality of mice in EG was 20%. ELISA illustrated that the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in peripheral blood were increased significantly after modeling. Angiography indicated that 100% of IADE in EG were observed and the diameter and tortuosity index of the basilar artery were significantly increased (P < 0.01). EVG histological processing and staining showed the disrupted internal elastic lamina, the atrophied muscle layer, and the hyalinized connective tissue of the basilar artery with the vascular wall tunica media in EG. Micro-computed tomography reported that the craniocerebral arteries of the mice in EG were outstandingly elongated, tortuous, and dilated. Conclusion The modified modeling protocol can reduce the mortality, improve the success rate, and provide a stable animal model for IADE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Vertigo Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Vertigo Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Ge Niu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dao Pei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Vertigo Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Vertigo Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huai Liang Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Vertigo Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Zhengzhou, China.,Institute of Vertigo Disease, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Qiang Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Academy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Qin Sun
- Research and Experiment Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun Ke Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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