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Cornillon J, Crocchiolo R, Dubois V, Guidicelli G, Jorge-Cordeiro D, Meunier MC, Michiels S, Timmermans A, Villemonteix J, Yakoub-Agha I, Ahmad I. [Unrelated donor selection for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Guidelines from the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC)]. Bull Cancer 2024; 111:S1-S13. [PMID: 37690877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The selection of a donor is an essential element in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the absence of an HLA-matched related donor, the selection of an unrelated donor is considered, and is currently the most common type of allogenic donor used in practice. Many criteria are considered for the selection when multiple donors are available, particularly in case of partial match. The aim of this workshop is to assist in the selection of an unrelated donor, in keeping with recent data from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Cornillon
- Centre hospitalo-universitaire de Saint-Étienne 42, département d'hématologie et de thérapie cellulaire, Saint-Étienne, France.
| | | | | | | | - Debora Jorge-Cordeiro
- Université Paris-Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), hôpital Saint-Louis, laboratoire d'immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Meunier
- Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Optilab-CHUM, laboratoire de diagnostic moléculaire et cytogénétique, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sandra Michiels
- Hôpital universitaire de Bruxelles, institut Jules-Bordet, unité de transplantation-hématologie, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Aurélie Timmermans
- Hôpital universitaire de Bruxelles, institut Jules-Bordet, unité de transplantation-hématologie, Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - Juliette Villemonteix
- Université Paris-Cité, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), hôpital Saint-Louis, laboratoire d'immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Ibrahim Yakoub-Agha
- CHU de Lille, Inserm U1286, Infinite, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Université de Montréal, hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, institut universitaire d'hématologie-oncologie & de thérapie cellulaire, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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2
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Konuma T, Yamasaki S, Ishiyama K, Mizuno S, Hayashi H, Uchida N, Shimabukuro M, Tanaka M, Kuriyama T, Onizuka M, Ishiwata K, Sawa M, Tanaka T, Ohigashi H, Fujiwara SI, Matsuoka KI, Ota S, Nishida T, Kanda Y, Fukuda T, Atsuta Y, Nakasone H, Yanada M. Comparison of Allogeneic Transplant Outcomes Between Matched Sibling Donors and Alternative Donors in Patients Over 50 Years of Age with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: 8/8 Allele-Matched Unrelated Donors and Unrelated Cord Blood Provide Better Leukemia-Free Survival Compared with Matched Sibling Donors During Nonremission Status. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:215.e1-215.e18. [PMID: 38081415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common indication for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The increased availability of alternative donor sources has broadened donor types for older patients without HLA-matched sibling donors (MSD). It is uncertain if an MSD should be the first option for allogeneic HCT in patients with AML over 50 years of age. The objective of this study was to compare survival and other post-transplant outcomes between MSDs, 8/8 allele-matched unrelated donors (MUDs), 7/8 allele-MUDs, unrelated cord blood (UCB), and haploidentical donors for patients with AML over 50 years of age. We conducted a retrospective study to compare outcomes in 5704 patients with AML over 50 years of age and receiving allogeneic HCT between 2013 and 2021, using either MSD, 8/8 allele-MUD, 7/8 allele-MUD, UCB, or haploidentical donors in Japan. Complete remission (CR) and nonremission at HCT were analyzed separately for all analyses. In total, 3041 patients were CR, and 2663 patients were nonremission at the time of HCT. In multivariate analysis, donor type did not determine overall survival, irrespective of disease status at HCT. Leukemia-free survival (LFS) was significantly better for 8/8 allele-MUD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.93; P = .005) and UCB (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.88; P < .001), but not for 7/8 allele-MUD (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.19; P = .794), and haploidentical donor (HR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.05; P = .146) compared to the MSD group in nonremission status. However, donor type did not determine LFS among CR status. Relapse rates were significantly lower for 8/8 allele-MUD and UCB, whereas nonrelapse mortality was higher for UCB compared to the MSD group among both CR and nonremission status. Our registry-based study demonstrated that MSDs do not lead to superior survival compared to alternative donors for patients with AML over 50 years of age. Furthermore, 8/8 allele-MUDs and UCB provide better LFS compared with MSDs during nonremission status. Therefore, MSD is not necessarily the best donor option for allogeneic HCT in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Konuma
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Ken Ishiyama
- Department of Hematology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Mizuno
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hayashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Shimabukuro
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuro Kuriyama
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Onizuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kazuya Ishiwata
- Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital Kajigaya, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Sawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanaka
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohigashi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ken-Ichi Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ota
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishida
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Registry Science for Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan; Division of Stem Cell Regulation, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Yanada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University East Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
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Yu WJ, Sun YQ, Xu LP, Zhang XH, Liu KY, Huang XJ, Wang Y. Comparison of outcomes for patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing haploidentical stem cell transplantation in first and second complete remission. Ann Hematol 2023:10.1007/s00277-023-05324-0. [PMID: 37344697 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-023-05324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
There was no consensus on whether prognostic advantages existed when transplant conducted at first complete remission (CR1) stage than at second complete remission (CR2) stage for patients with AML who received haploidentical hematological stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT). In 768 consecutive AML patients who received haplo-HSCT from January 2014 to December 2017, a 1:2 ratio matched-pair analysis was performed, 69 patients who in CR2 group and 138 CR1 patients were enrolled. Hematopoietic recovery, graft versus host disease (GVHD), relapse, transplant related mortality (TRM), disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared in two groups, and further evaluated in low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups. The cumulative incidences of 30-day myeloid recovery and 90-day platelet recovery were comparable in CR1 and CR2 groups. The cumulative incidences of grade II-IV and grade III-IV aGVHD were not significantly different. The cumulative incidences of relapse at 3-year and 5-year in these two groups were 12.4% versus 11.6% (P = 0.880) and 12.4% versus 17.5% (P = 0.322). The cumulative incidences of TRM at 3-year and 5-year were both 10.9% versus 23.2% (P = 0.019). The probability of DFS at 3-year and 5-year were 76.7% versus 65.2% (P = 0.029) and 76.7% versus 59.3% (P = 0.009). The probability of OS at 3-year and 5-year were 81.8% versus 68.1% (P = 0.026) and 76.7% versus 59.3% (P = 0.026). In the intermediate-risk group, TRM was lower in CR1 group, DFS and OS of CR1 group were superior to CR2 group. In conclusion, haplo-HSCT at CR1 stage was of better prognosis for intermediate-risk AML patients than at CR2 stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Yu
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yu-Qian Sun
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kai-Yan Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology China, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Peking University Institute of Hematology, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology China, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Crocchiolo R, Rombolà G. Human Leucocyte Antigen System and Selection of Unrelated Hematopoietic Stem Cell Donors: Impact of Patient-Donor (Mis)matching and New Challenges with the Current Technologies. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020646. [PMID: 36675576 PMCID: PMC9862309 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of hematopoietic stem cell donors for allogeneic transplantation (allo-HSCT) is mainly driven by human leucocyte antigen (HLA) matching between patient and donor, with HLA-identical matched siblings being the preferred choice in most situations. Although other clinical and demographical variables matter, especially, donor age, which is unequivocally associated with better transplant outcomes, the histocompatibility criteria have a central role in the search for the best donor, particularly in the setting of unrelated allo-HSCT where HLA disparities between patient and donor are frequent. The present review is focused on the role of HLA incompatibilities on patient outcome according to the most recent literature, in an attempt to guide transplant physicians and search coordinators during the process of adult unrelated-donor selection. The technological progresses in HLA typing, i.e., with next-generation sequencing (NGS), now allow disclosing a growing number of HLA incompatibilities associated with a heterogeneous and sometimes unknown spectrum of clinical severity. Their immunogenic characteristics, i.e., their position inside or outside the antigen recognition domain (ARD), their permissiveness, their intronic or exonic nature and even the expected expression of the HLA loci where those mismatches occur, will be presented and discussed here, integrating the advances in the immunobiology of transplantation with survival and toxicity outcomes reported in the most relevant studies, within the perspective of improving donor selection in the current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Crocchiolo
- Servizio di Immunoematologia e Medicina Trasfusionale, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell’Ospedale Maggiore, 3, 20162 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-64443962
| | - Gianni Rombolà
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplant Immunology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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Servais S, Beguin Y, Baron F. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:461-477. [PMID: 35438781 PMCID: PMC9154332 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As in younger patients, allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) offers the best chance for durable remission in older patients (≥60 years) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, defining the best treatment strategy (and in particular, whether or not to proceed to alloHSCT) for elderly patients with AML remains a difficult decision for the hematologist, since potential toxicity of conditioning regimens, risks of graft-versus-host disease, impaired immune reconstitution and the need for prolonged immunosuppression may be of major concern in these vulnerable patients with complex needs. Hopefully, significant progress has been made over the past decade in alloHSCT for elderly patients and current evidence suggests that chronological age per se (between 60 and 75) is not a reliable predictor of outcome after alloHSCT. Here, we review the current state of alloHSCT in elderly patients with AML and also discuss the different approaches currently being investigated to improve both accessibility to as well as success of alloHSCT in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Servais
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Hematology Research Unit GIGA-I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Hematology Research Unit GIGA-I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Baron
- Corresponding author: Baron Frédéric, Clinical Hematology Department, University of Liège, CHU of Liège (Sart-Tilman), 4000 Liège, Belgium. Tel: +32 4 366 72 01;
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6
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LeBlanc R, Ahmad I, Terra R, Boudreault JS, Ogez D, Lamore K, Delisle JS, Bambace N, Bernard L, Cohen S, Kiss T, Lachance S, Landais S, Lemieux-Blanchard É, Sauvageau G, Sebag M, Roy DC, Roy J. Outcomes in newly diagnosed young or high-risk myeloma patients receiving tandem autologous/allogeneic transplant followed by bortezomib maintenance: a phase II study. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 57:252-260. [PMID: 34845367 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-021-01532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite novel drugs and autologous HCT, MM remains incurable, with short survival in patients with poor biological characteristics. Allo HCT may be curative in some patients but is hampered by high rates of toxicity and relapse. We hypothesized that bortezomib (BTZ), with its anti-myeloma and immunologic properties, could improve PFS and cGVHD after allo HCT in newly diagnosed MM patients. In this prospective phase II study, we included 39 young (≤50 years) and high-risk patients who received a tandem auto-allo HCT followed by BTZ. Patients had prospective minimal residual disease (MRD) evaluations using Next-Generation Flow cytometry prior to allo HCT, prior BTZ and every 3 months for 2 years. With a median follow-up of 48 months, we report PFS and OS at 5 years of 41% and 80%, with a non-relapse mortality of 12%. Incidences of grade II-IV aGVHD at 12 months and moderate/severe cGVHD at 2 years were 26% and 57%. In a multivariate analysis model including cytogenetics, ISS and MRD status, MRD positivity prior to allo HCT (HR 3.75, p = 0.037), prior BTZ (HR 11.3, p = 0.018) and 3 months post-BTZ initiation (HR 9.7, p = 0.001) was highly predictive of progression. Peritransplant MRD assessment thus strongly predicts disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard LeBlanc
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rafik Terra
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Samuel Boudreault
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Ogez
- Chronic Pain Clinic, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kristopher Lamore
- Laboratoire de psychopathologie et processus de santé, Université de Paris, Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Delisle
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nadia Bambace
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Léa Bernard
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Cohen
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Kiss
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Silvy Lachance
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Séverine Landais
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Lemieux-Blanchard
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Sauvageau
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Sebag
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Center, Department of Medicine/McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Claude Roy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Roy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Department of Medicine/Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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7
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Mehta RS, Bassett R, Chen J, Valdez BC, Kawedia J, Alousi AM, Anderlini P, Al-Atrash G, Bashir Q, Ciurea SO, Hosing CM, Im JS, Kebriaei P, Khouri I, Marin D, Nieto Y, Olson A, Oran B, Qazilbash MH, Ramdial J, Saini N, Srour SA, Rezvani K, Shpall EJ, Andersson BS, Champlin RE, Popat UR. Myeloablative Fractionated Busulfan With Fludarabine in Older Patients: Long Term Disease-Specific Outcomes of a Prospective Phase II Clinical Trial. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:913.e1-913.e12. [PMID: 34329753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compared to reduced-intensity conditioning regimen, myeloablative conditioning (MAC) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) reduces relapse but is avoided in older patients because of higher non-relapse mortality (NRM). To meet the need for a myeloablative regimen for older patients, we developed a novel fludarabine and busulfan MAC regimen. We fractionated the dose of busulfan and gave it for 6 days over a 2-week period and demonstrated the feasibility and safety of this approach. However, the disease-specific efficacy of this regimen is not known. The purpose of this study was to estimate the efficacy of fractionated busulfan regimen by estimating diseases specific survival outcomes. The conditioning regimen consisted of busulfan and fludarabine. On days -13 and -12 before HCT, patients received 80 mg/m2 busulfan intravenously (IV) daily in an outpatient clinic. Additional chemotherapy was administered during inpatient treatment from day -6 through day -3, including fludarabine 40 mg/m2 and busulfan IV once daily. The dosing of busulfan was determined from pharmacokinetic analyses to achieve for the course a target area under the curve of 20,000 ± 12% μmol/min, which is close to the average exposure of myeloablative dose of busulfan. One hundred fifty patients with high-risk hematological malignancies up to 75 years were enrolled in this prospective phase II study. The objective was to evaluate NRM, relapse, survival, the rates of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and long-term complications. The median age of the patient population was 61 years (interquartile range, 55-67). The most common diagnoses were acute myeloid leukemia (AML; N = 59 [39.3%]), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; n = 29 [19.3%]), and myelofibrosis (MF; N = 22 [14.7%]). Most had an unrelated donor (n = 93 [62%]) and received peripheral blood graft (n = 110 [73.3%]). Over half had an HCT-specific comorbidity index of ≥3 (n = 79 [52.7%]). The median follow-up among survivors was 43.4 months (interquartile range, 38.9-50.4). In patients with AML in complete remission, MDS, and myelofibrosis, 3-year overall survival was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.2-88.5%), 43.6% (95% CI, 28.6-66.4%), and 59.1% (95% CI, 41.7-83.7%) respectively. The cumulative incidence of NRM was 22% (15.3%-28.7%), extensive chronic GVHD was 27% (95% CI, 20-34%), bronchiolitis obliterans was 4.7% (95% CI, 1.3-8.1%), and secondary malignancy was 8.7% (95% CI, 4.1-13.2%) at 3 years. Lengthening the duration of busulfan (fractionation) permits safe delivery of myeloablative conditioning in older patients, leading to prolonged survival. © 2021 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohtesh S Mehta
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roland Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Julianne Chen
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Benigno C Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jitesh Kawedia
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amin M Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paolo Anderlini
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gheath Al-Atrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qaiser Bashir
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Stefan O Ciurea
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chitra M Hosing
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jin S Im
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Partow Kebriaei
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Issa Khouri
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Marin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yago Nieto
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amanda Olson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Betul Oran
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Muzaffar H Qazilbash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeremy Ramdial
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Neeraj Saini
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samer A Srour
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Borje S Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Uday R Popat
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Comparison of long-term outcome for AML patients alive free of disease 2 years after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with umbilical cord blood versus unrelated donor: a study from the ALWP of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2021; 56:2742-2748. [PMID: 34247199 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-021-01387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Since cord blood transplantation (CBT) has been associated with high graft-versus-leukemia effects and a low incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), we hypothesized that long-term outcomes might be better in CBT patients than in those given grafts from unrelated donors (UD). Therefore, we performed a landmark study comparing long-term outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients alive and disease-free 2 years after transplantation who received grafts from either CBT or UD. A total of 364 CBT recipients, 2648 UD 10/10 patients and 681 patients given grafts from UD 9/10 were included. Median follow-up was 6.0 years. Five-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) from transplantation was 86% in CBT patients, 84% in UD 10/10 patients (P = 0.36) and 84% in UD 9/10 patients (P = 0.86). On multivariate analysis, donor type had no impact on LFS. Similarly, no impact of donor type was observed on relapse incidence or non-relapse mortality. Factors associated with poorer LFS on multivariate analysis included higher age at transplantation (P < 0.001), male gender (P < 0.001), second complete remission (CR2) versus CR1 (P = 0.05), secondary AML (P = 0.01), antecedent of chronic GVHD (P < 0.001) and poor-risk cytogenetics (P = 0.01). In conclusion, our study shows that long-term outcome for AML patients in CR two years after transplantation is not impacted by donor type.
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Cho BS, Yahng SA, Min GJ, Park S, Park SS, Shin SH, Jeon YW, Yoon JH, Lee SE, Eom KS, Kim YJ, Lee S, Min CK, Cho SG, Kim DW, Lee JW, Kim M, Kim Y, Kim HJ. Comparable Outcomes After Alternative and Matched Sibling Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and the Role of Molecular Measurable Residual Disease for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Elderly Patients. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:774.e1-774.e12. [PMID: 34082159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains the most effective postremission therapy conferring the chance of cure for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including elderly patients. Although the number of transplantations for elderly patients with AML (eAML) is increasing owing to greater availability of various graft sources together with the adoption of advanced supportive care and reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen, there are relatively limited data on the impact of donor type in eAML compared to younger patients. In addition, few studies have evaluated the role of pretransplantation measurable residual disease (MRD) in the elderly population. Given the lack of prospective comparative study, we retrospectively compared transplantation outcomes of elderly patient with AML receiving allo-HSCT from matched sibling donor (MSD-HSCT), matched unrelated donor (MUD-HSCT) or haploidentical related donor (Haplo-HSCT), or autologous HSCT (Auto-HSCT). A total of 154 patients with a median age of 63 years (range 60-74) underwent MSD-HSCT (n = 41), MUD-HSCT (n = 36), Haplo-HSCT (n = 55), or Auto-HSCT (n = 22) for AML. RIC regimens were used in the majority of patients. In Haplo-HSCT, T-cell-replete peripheral blood stem cells with unique RIC regimens using anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG)-based GVHD prophylaxis was used. In the analysis, adjustment for MRD status at the time of transplantation was performed. MRD was measured by the quantitative molecular assays of the targets, including RUNX1-RUNX1T1, CBFB-MYH11, and NPM1, or WT1 in the absence of abnormalities in the aforementioned targets. At a median follow-up of 48 months, survival rates were similar between different donor types, whereas nonrelapse mortality (NRM) was lower in MUD-HSCT compared to MSD-HSCT (P = .002). MSD-HSCT, in which the majority of patients received a conditioning regimen not including ATG, showed more frequent severe chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). The major causes of non-relapse deaths in MSD-HSCT were related to cGVHD (71%), whereas infectious complications were mainly related to NRM in Haplo-HSCT (50%) or Auto-HSCT (100%). In the MUD-HSCT, GVHD (57%) and infection (43%) contributed similarly to non-relapse death. Cytomegalovirus infection was more frequent in Haplo-HSCT. In multivariate models, pre-transplant MRD-positivity was an independent risk factor for relapse (P = .001), whereas older age (P = .002) and the hematopoietic cell transplantation-comorbidity index (P = .009) were useful in predicting NRM. The current study demonstrated comparable outcomes after alternative and matched sibling donor HSCT in eAML aged 60 years or older, and the results also suggest the necessity for more sophisticated strategies to reduce NRM or relapse according to each donor type. The usefulness of molecular MRD assays demonstrated herein will facilitate trials for MRD-driven decision-making or risk-adaptive approaches in eAML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sik Cho
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yahng
- Department of Hematology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-June Min
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Silvia Park
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Park
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Shin
- Department of Hematology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Jeon
- Department of Hematology, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yoon
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seong Eom
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Goo Cho
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Lee
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Leukemia Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Alanazi W, Chen S, Lipton JH, Kim DD, Viswabandya A, Kumar R, Lam W, Law AD, Al-Shaibani Z, Mattsson J, Michelis FV. Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide Combined with Anti-Thymocyte Globulin as Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis for Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Acta Haematol 2020; 144:66-73. [PMID: 32428903 DOI: 10.1159/000507536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is curative for high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) but with significant non-relapse mortality (NRM) and relapse. We compared the combination of anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG; 4.5 mg/kg) and post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy; 50 mg/kg on day +3 and +4) with other graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis regimens used for these patients. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 159 patients, aged 22-73 (median 56) years, having undergone transplantation for high-risk AML (n = 120) or MDS (n = 39). The donors were matched related (33%), unrelated (55%) and haploidentical (12%). Almost all patients used peripheral blood stem cells. Conditioning was myeloablative (34%) or reduced intensity (66%). ATG + PTCy was used in 69 patients (43%), and other GvHD prophylaxis regimens in 90 patients (57%). RESULTS Grade III-IV acute GvHD occurred in 4% of the ATG + PTCy patients versus 20% of those using other regimens (p = 0.004), and chronic GvHD in 19% of the ATG + PTCy patients versus 41% of those using other regimens (p = 0.003). Two-year GvHD-free relapse-free survival (GRFS) was 30% with ATG + PTCy versus 18% with other regimens (p = 0.04). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that while ATG + PTCy had no significant influence on overall survival, cumulative incidence of relapse or NRM, there was a significant influence on GRFS in favor of ATG + PTCy (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.45-0.99, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the ATG + PTCy combination significantly improved GRFS in allogeneic HCT for high-risk AML and MDS without influencing other outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Alanazi
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Lipton
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis D Kim
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Auro Viswabandya
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rajat Kumar
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilson Lam
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arjun D Law
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeyad Al-Shaibani
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonas Mattsson
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fotios V Michelis
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
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11
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Donor Heme Oxygenase-1 Promoter Gene Polymorphism Predicts Survival after Unrelated Bone Marrow Transplantation for High-Risk Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020424. [PMID: 32059452 PMCID: PMC7072481 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an intracellular enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of heme into biliverdin, free iron, and carbon monoxide, exerts anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects against endothelial cell injury. The HO-1 promoter gene has one important single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2071746 (-413A>T) that is functional, and the A allele has been reported to be associated with higher HO-1 expression levels than the T allele. We investigated the influence of the HO-1 rs2071746 SNP on the transplant outcomes in 593 patients with hematological malignancies undergoing unrelated, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched, T-cell-replete bone marrow transplantation (BMT) through the Japan Donor Marrow Program. In patients with high-risk diseases, the donor A/A or A/T genotype was associated with better 5 year overall survival (35% vs. 25%; p = 0.03) and 5 year disease-free survival (35% vs. 22%; p = 0.0072), compared to the donor T/T genotype. These effects were not observed in patients with low-risk diseases. The current findings therefore indicate that HO-1 rs2071746 genotyping could be useful for selecting donors and tailoring transplant strategies for patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies.
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12
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Ferrara F, Picardi A. Is outcome of older people with acute myeloid leukemia improving with new therapeutic approaches and stem cell transplantation? Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:99-108. [PMID: 31922453 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1715207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The clinical outcome of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is still poor, especially for those who are unfit to treatments aimed at altering the natural course of the disease. Hypomethylating agents (HMA) offer an important therapeutic opportunity to a consistent number of patients, but long-term results are largely unsatisfactory.Area covered: Recently, a number of new agents have been registered for AML, some of which selectively available for older patient population, with promising results in terms of response rate and survival. Furthermore, the upper age limit for allogeneic stem cell transplantation is constantly increasing, so that this procedure is offered and actually given to an increasing number of older patients with AML. A literature review was conducted of the PubMed database for articles published in English as well as for abstracts from most important and recent hematology meetings on AML in older patients.Expert opinion: Appropriate selection among different options on the basis of clinical fitness and molecular findings at diagnosis as well as at relapse would result in improvement of therapeutic results, sparing unnecessary toxicity and optimizing health systems resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicetto Ferrara
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Program, AORN Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Picardi
- Division of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Program, AORN Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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