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Terao T, Matsuoka KI, Fuji S, Kawamura S, Toya T, Doki N, Uchida N, Tanaka M, Fukuda T, Sawa M, Ishikawa J, Nishida T, Ohigashi H, Maruyama Y, Fujiwara SI, Kanda Y, Ota S, Ishimaru F, Atsuta Y, Kanda J, Ogata M, Yakushijin K, Nakasone H. Association between human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the letermovir era. Bone Marrow Transplant 2024:10.1038/s41409-024-02313-3. [PMID: 38796633 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-024-02313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The impact of letermovir (LTV)-an anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) drug-on human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) encephalitis is unclear. We hypothesized that LTV prophylaxis may increase the incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis by reducing anti-CMV therapies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). To evaluate the association between HHV-6 encephalitis and antiviral prophylaxis, 7985 adult patients from a nationwide registry who underwent their first HSCT between January 2019 and December 2021 were analyzed. The incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis on day 100 after HSCT was 3.6%; 11.5% for the broad-spectrum antiviral group (foscarnet, ganciclovir, or valganciclovir); 2.8% for the LTV group, and 3.8% for the other antiviral group (p < 0.001). These differences persisted when cord blood transplantation (CBT) was analyzed separately (14.1%, 5.9%, and 7.4%, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, CBT (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.90), broad-spectrum antiviral prophylaxis (HR: 1.91), and grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease requiring systemic corticosteroids (HR: 2.42) were independent risk factors for encephalitis (all p < 0.001). The findings of this large modern database study indicate that broad-spectrum antiviral prophylaxis, rather than LTV prophylaxis, is paradoxically associated with HHV-6 encephalitis in the LTV era. This paradoxical finding needs to be further explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Terao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan.
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Fuji
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunto Kawamura
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Takashi Toya
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Doki
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Department of Hematology, Federation of National Public Service Personnel Mutual Aid Associations TORANOMON HOSPITAL, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Sawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Ishikawa
- Department of Hematology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishida
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Aichi Medical Center Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohigashi
- Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yumiko Maruyama
- Department of Hematology, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinobu Kanda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ota
- Department of Hematology, Sapporo Hokuyu Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Ishimaru
- Japanese Red Cross Kanto-Koshinetsu Block Blood Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Registry Science for Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junya Kanda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Yakushijin
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Kobe University Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Nakasone
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Emerging Medicine for Integrated Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Kampouri E, Handley G, Hill JA. Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6) Reactivation after Hematopoietic Cell Transplant and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)- T Cell Therapy: A Shifting Landscape. Viruses 2024; 16:498. [PMID: 38675841 PMCID: PMC11054085 DOI: 10.3390/v16040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
HHV-6B reactivation affects approximately half of all allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. HHV-6B is the most frequent infectious cause of encephalitis following HCT and is associated with pleiotropic manifestations in this setting, including graft-versus-host disease, myelosuppression, pneumonitis, and CMV reactivation, although the causal link is not always clear. When the virus inserts its genome in chromosomes of germ cells, the chromosomally integrated form (ciHHV6) is inherited by offspring. The condition of ciHHV6 is characterized by the persistent detection of HHV-6 DNA, often confounding diagnosis of reactivation and disease-this has also been associated with adverse outcomes. Recent changes in clinical practice in the field of cellular therapies, including a wider use of post-HCT cyclophosphamide, the advent of letermovir for CMV prophylaxis, and the rapid expansion of novel cellular therapies require contemporary epidemiological studies to determine the pathogenic role and spectrum of disease of HHV-6B in the current era. Research into the epidemiology and clinical significance of HHV-6B in chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy recipients is in its infancy. No controlled trials have determined the optimal treatment for HHV-6B. Treatment is reserved for end-organ disease, and the choice of antiviral agent is influenced by expected toxicities. Virus-specific T cells may provide a novel, less toxic therapeutic modality but is more logistically challenging. Preventive strategies are hindered by the high toxicity of current antivirals. Ongoing study is needed to keep up with the evolving epidemiology and impact of HHV-6 in diverse and expanding immunocompromised patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Kampouri
- Infectious Diseases Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Joshua A. Hill
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Handley G, Pasikhova Y, Hill JA. Letter to the Editor Regarding "Once-Daily Foscarnet Is Effective for Human Herpesvirus 6 Reactivation after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation". Transplant Cell Ther 2023; 29:645-646. [PMID: 37543212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Yanina Pasikhova
- Department of Pharmacy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Handley G. Current Role of Prospective Monitoring, Pre-emptive and Prophylactic Therapy for Human Herpesvirus-6 after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac398. [PMID: 36004309 PMCID: PMC9394762 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) frequently reactivates after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Most patients are asymptomatic and viremia often resolves without therapy; however, transplant-related complications may be associated with reactivation. Multiple presentations have been attributed to HHV-6 reactivation after SCT including encephalitis. Several strategies have been trialed to reduce such risks or complications. Challenges exist with prospective monitoring strategies, and established thresholds of high-level reactivation may be limited. Three published guidelines and extensive trials focusing on preemptive and prophylactic strategies are reviewed. Future areas of investigation and high-risk populations are described. Existing trials and testing platforms have significant limitations, and to date no clear benefit for a preemptive or prophylactic intervention has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL , USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, FL , USA
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Domingo W, Nguyen IT, Johnsrud JJ, Brown JW. Continuous-Infusion Foscarnet Facilitates Administration in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:622.e1-622.e5. [PMID: 33891883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infections due to herpesviruses resistant to first-line antivirals remains an ever-present and serious complication in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and other cellular therapies. Foscarnet is the most common therapy for patients who have resistant herpesvirus infections or intolerable cytopenias due to ganciclovir or valganciclovir; however, the widespread use of foscarnet is limited by its associated nephrotoxicity and challenges in administration. In the earliest published small case series investigating the optimal infusion modality, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) due to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) received either continuous infusion or intermittent dosing of foscarnet. Moreover, there was no standardization of hydration strategies to minimize side effects. Eventually, intermittent foscarnet infusions became the standard of care; however, the true impact of hydration and infusion duration on nephrotoxicity has not been adequately studied, and the reports of foscarnet administration in HCT patients has been limited primarily to intermittent infusions. In this report, we characterize the administration of foscarnet as a 24-hour continuous infusion in both the inpatient and outpatient settings compared with intermittent infusion in HCT recipients. This retrospective, single-center, observational study at Stanford University Medical Center assessed HCT recipients who received foscarnet between January 2009 and May 2019. Twenty-eight of 45 patients (62.2%) who received continuous-infusion foscarnet experienced an acute kidney injury (AKI) as defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes classification, compared with 39 of 62 patients (62.9%) who received conventional infusion (P = .94). The average duration of outpatient antiviral days for the continuous infusion group was 9 days (range, 0 to 121 days), compared with 6.3 days (range, 0 to 70 days) in the intermittent infusion group (P = .54). Our findings suggest that foscarnet given as a continuous infusion or as an intermittent infusion have similar rates of adverse reactions, most notably similar rates of AKI. Administering foscarnet as a continuous infusion is a feasible option to facilitate outpatient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Domingo
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California.
| | - Isabelle T Nguyen
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Joyce J Johnsrud
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Janice Wes Brown
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Elmariah H, Brunstein CG, Bejanyan N. Immune Reconstitution after Haploidentical Donor and Umbilical Cord Blood Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:102. [PMID: 33572932 PMCID: PMC7911120 DOI: 10.3390/life11020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is the only potentially curative therapy for a variety of hematologic diseases. However, this therapeutic platform is limited by an initial period when patients are profoundly immunocompromised. There is gradual immune recovery over time, that varies by transplant platform. Here, we review immune reconstitution after allogeneic HCT with a specific focus on two alternative donor platforms that have dramatically improved access to allogeneic HCT for patients who lack an HLA-matched related or unrelated donor: haploidentical and umbilical cord blood HCT. Despite challenges, interventions are available to mitigate the risks during the immunocompromised period including antimicrobial prophylaxis, modified immune suppression strategies, graft manipulation, and emerging adoptive cell therapies. Such interventions can improve the potential for long-term overall survival after allogeneic HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Elmariah
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Claudio G. Brunstein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Nelli Bejanyan
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
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Ferdjallah A, Young JAH, MacMillan ML. A Review of Infections After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Requiring PICU Care: Transplant Timeline Is Key. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:634449. [PMID: 34386464 PMCID: PMC8353083 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.634449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in antimicrobial prophylaxis and therapy, opportunistic infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality after pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Risk factors associated with the development of opportunistic infections include the patient's underlying disease, previous infection history, co-morbidities, source of the donor graft, preparative therapy prior to the graft infusion, immunosuppressive agents, early and late toxicities after transplant, and graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Additionally, the risk for and type of infection changes throughout the HCT course and is greatly influenced by the degree and duration of immunosuppression of the HCT recipient. Hematopoietic cell transplant recipients are at high risk for rapid clinical decompensation from infections. The pediatric intensivist must remain abreast of the status of the timeline from HCT to understand the risk for different infections. This review will serve to highlight the infection risks over the year-long course of the HCT process and to provide key clinical considerations for the pediatric intensivist by presenting a series of hypothetical HCT cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ferdjallah
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jo-Anne H Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Program in Transplant Infectious Disease, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Margaret L MacMillan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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