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Effects of Gualou Guizhi Decoction Aqueous Extract on Axonal Regeneration in Organotypic Cortical Slice Culture after Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5170538. [PMID: 29075304 PMCID: PMC5624132 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5170538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Gualou Guizhi decoction (GLGZD) is effective for the clinical treatment of limb spasms caused by ischemic stroke, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. Propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), immunohistochemistry, western blot, and real-time qPCR were used to observe the axonal regeneration and neuroprotective effects of GLGZD aqueous extract on organotypic cortical slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and further elucidate the potential mechanisms. Compared with the OGD group, the GLGZD aqueous extract decreased the red PI fluorescence intensity; inhibited neuronal apoptosis; improved the growth of slice axons; upregulated the protein expression of tau and growth-associated protein-43; and decreased protein and mRNA expression of neurite outgrowth inhibitor protein-A (Nogo-A), Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), ras homolog gene family A (RhoA), rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK), and phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2). Our study found that GLGZD had a strong neuroprotective effect on brain slices after OGD injury. GLGZD plays a vital role in promoting axonal remodeling and functional remodeling, which may be related to regulation of the expression of Nogo-A and its receptor NgR1, near the injured axons, inhibition of the Rho-ROCK pathway, and reduction of CRMP2 phosphorylation.
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Hylin MJ, Brenneman MM, Corwin JV. Noradrenergic antagonists mitigate amphetamine-induced recovery. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:61-71. [PMID: 28756213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury, including that due to stroke, leaves individuals with cognitive deficits that can disrupt daily aspect of living. As of now there are few treatments that shown limited amounts of success in improving functional outcome. The use of stimulants such as amphetamine have shown some success in improving outcome following brain injury. While the pharmacological mechanisms for amphetamine are known; the specific processes responsible for improving behavioral outcome following injury remain unknown. Understanding these mechanisms can help to refine the use of amphetamine as a potential treatment or lead to the use of other methods that share the same pharmacological properties. One proposed mechanism is amphetamine's impact upon noradrenaline (NA). In the current, study noradrenergic antagonists were administered prior to amphetamine to pharmacologically block α- and β-adrenergic receptors. The results demonstrated that the blockade of these receptors disrupted amphetamines ability to induce recovery from hemispatial neglect using an established aspiration lesion model. This suggests that amphetamine's ability to ameliorate neglect deficits may be due in part to noradrenaline. These results further support the role of noradrenaline in functional recovery. Finally, the development of polytherapies and combined therapeutics, while promising, may need to consider the possibility that drug interactions can negate the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hylin
- Neurotrauma and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States.
| | - M M Brenneman
- Department of Psychology, Coastal Carolina University, P.O. Box 261954, Conway, SC, United States
| | - J V Corwin
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
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Shepherd DJ, Tsai SY, O'Brien TE, Farrer RG, Kartje GL. Anti-Nogo-A Immunotherapy Does Not Alter Hippocampal Neurogenesis after Stroke in Adult Rats. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:467. [PMID: 27803646 PMCID: PMC5067305 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of adult disability, including cognitive impairment. Our laboratory has previously shown that treatment with function-blocking antibodies against the neurite growth inhibitory protein Nogo-A promotes functional recovery after stroke in adult and aged rats, including enhancing spatial memory performance, for which the hippocampus is critically important. Since spatial memory has been linked to hippocampal neurogenesis, we investigated whether anti-Nogo-A treatment increases hippocampal neurogenesis after stroke. Adult rats were subject to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion followed 1 week later by 2 weeks of antibody treatment. Cellular proliferation in the dentate gyrus was quantified at the end of treatment, and the number of newborn neurons was determined at 8 weeks post-stroke. Treatment with both anti-Nogo-A and control antibodies stimulated the accumulation of new microglia/macrophages in the dentate granule cell layer, but neither treatment increased cellular proliferation or the number of newborn neurons above stroke-only levels. These results suggest that anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy does not increase post-stroke hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Shepherd
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHines, IL, USA
| | - Shih-Yen Tsai
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital Hines, IL, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Brien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert G Farrer
- Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital Hines, IL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn L Kartje
- Neuroscience Institute, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA HospitalHines, IL, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences DivisionMaywood, IL, USA
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Umarova RM, Nitschke K, Kaller CP, Klöppel S, Beume L, Mader I, Martin M, Hennig J, Weiller C. Predictors and signatures of recovery from neglect in acute stroke. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:673-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roza M. Umarova
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Kai Nitschke
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Christoph P. Kaller
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Psychiatry; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Lena Beume
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Irina Mader
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Markus Martin
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Jürgen Hennig
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Medical Physics, Department of Radiology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Cornelius Weiller
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Brain Imaging; University Medical Center Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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Blocking the Nogo-A Signaling Pathway to Promote Regeneration and Plasticity After Spinal Cord Injury and Stroke. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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6
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The time-dependent and persistent effects of amphetamine treatment upon recovery from hemispatial neglect in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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LIU FENG, LIAO FAN, LI WEI, HAN YONGFENG, LIAO DAGUANG. Progesterone alters Nogo-A, GFAP and GAP-43 expression in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1225-31. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Yamashita T, Abe K. Potential treatment strategies for enhancing neuroplasticity and regeneration after ischemic stroke. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Strokes are a major cause of death and result in a drastic reduction in quality of life. Novel therapeutic strategies for patients suffering from stroke are thus required. Two possible strategies can be proposed for treating ischemic stroke: enhancing neuroplasticity, allowing the surviving neuronal cells to compensate for stroke-related impairment through brain reorganization, sprouting and rewiring of neuronal cells, or regeneration of neuronal cells, including enhancement of intrinsic neurogenesis and stem cell transplantation therapy with neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells. Endogenous neurogenesis or transplanted neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cells are able to not only supply newborn neurons integrated into a damaged neuronal network, but also produce growth factors into the recovering brains. These secretory factors enhance sprouting and angiogenesis and may be important in neuroplasticity and recovery in the poststroke brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2–5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700–8558, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2–5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700–8558, Japan
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Tsai SY, Papadopoulos CM, Schwab ME, Kartje GL. Delayed anti-nogo-a therapy improves function after chronic stroke in adult rats. Stroke 2011; 42:186-90. [PMID: 21088244 PMCID: PMC3806087 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.590083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE we have shown that anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy to neutralize the neurite growth inhibitory protein Nogo-A results in functional improvement and enhanced plasticity after ischemic stroke in the adult rat. The present study investigated whether functional improvement and neuronal plasticity can be induced by this immunotherapy when administered to the chronic stroke-impaired rat. METHODS adult rats were trained to perform the skilled forelimb reaching test, followed by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion to impair the preferred forelimb. Nine weeks after stroke, animals showing a profound deficit were randomly distributed to 3 groups: no treatment, control antibody, or anti-Nogo-A antibody (11C7). Animals were tested weekly after stroke surgery and daily after antibody treatment until the end of the study. Biotin dextran amine tracing was injected into the nonlesioned forelimb motor cortex at the end of behavioral testing to determine axonal plasticity. RESULTS all rats showed similar forelimb impairment before treatment. Animals treated with anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy started to show improvement 3 weeks after treatment. Such improvement became significantly better than stroke-only control and control Ab-treated animals, and persisted to the end of the study. Biotin dextran amine-labeled axonal fiber analysis also showed significant enhanced corticorubral axonal sprouting from the contralesional forelimb motor cortex to the deafferented red nucleus in the anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy rats. CONCLUSIONS these results indicate that improvement of chronic neurological deficits and enhancement of neuronal plasticity can be induced in the adult rat with anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy, and that this therapy may be used to restore function even when administered long after ischemic brain damage has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yen Tsai
- Neurology and Research Service, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
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Gillani RL, Tsai SY, Wallace DG, O'Brien TE, Arhebamen E, Tole M, Schwab ME, Kartje GL. Cognitive recovery in the aged rat after stroke and anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy. Behav Brain Res 2010; 208:415-24. [PMID: 20035795 PMCID: PMC2831114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that immunotherapy directed against the protein Nogo-A leads to recovery on a skilled forelimb reaching task in rats after sensorimotor cortex stroke, which correlated with axonal and dendritic plasticity. Here we investigated anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy as an intervention to improve performance on a spatial memory task in aged rats after stroke, and whether cognitive recovery was correlated with structural plasticity. Aged rats underwent a unilateral distal permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and one week later were treated with an anti-Nogo-A or control antibody. Nine weeks post-stroke, treated rats and normal aged rats were tested on the Morris water maze task. Following testing rats were sacrificed and brains processed for the Golgi-Cox method. Hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal and dentate gyrus granule cells were examined for dendritic length and number of branch segments, and CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells were examined for spine density and morphology. Anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy given one week following stroke in aged rats improved performance on the reference memory portion of the Morris water maze task. However, this improved performance was not correlated with structural changes in the hippocampal neurons examined. Our finding of improved performance on the Morris water maze in aged rats after stroke and treatment with anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy demonstrates the promising therapeutic potential for anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy to treat cognitive deficits after stroke. The identification of sites of axonal and dendritic plasticity in the aged brain after stroke and treatment with anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy is still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gillani
- Neuroscience Program, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Abstract
In this review, we discuss the basic mechanisms of neural regeneration and repair and attempt to correlate findings from animal models of stroke recovery with clinical trials for aphasia. Several randomized controlled clinical trials involving manipulation of different neurotransmitter systems, including noradrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic, and glutamatergic systems, have shown signals of efficacy. Biological approaches such as anti-Nogo and cell replacement therapy have shown efficacy in preclinical models but have yet to reach proof of concept in the clinic. Finally, noninvasive cortical stimulation techniques have been used in a few small trials and have shown promising results. It appears that the efficacy of all these platforms can be potentiated through coupling with concomitant behavioral intervention. Given this array of potential mechanisms that exist to augment and/or stimulate neural reorganization after stroke, we are optimistic that approaches to aphasia therapy will transition from compensatory models to models in which brain reorganization is the goal.
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Kamishina H, Conte WL, Patel SS, Tai RJ, Corwin JV, Reep RL. Cortical connections of the rat lateral posterior thalamic nucleus. Brain Res 2009; 1264:39-56. [PMID: 19368845 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spatial processing related to directed attention is thought to be mediated by a specific cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic-cortical network in the rat. Key components of this network are associative cortical areas medial agranular cortex (AGm) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), dorsocentral striatum (DCS), and lateral posterior (LP) thalamic nucleus, all of which are interconnected. Previously, we found that thalamostriatal projections reaching DCS arise from separate populations of neurons of the mediorostral part of LP (LPMR). The far medial LPMR (fmLPMR) terminates in central DCS, a projection area of AGm, whereas central LPMR terminates in dorsal DCS, a projection area of PPC. This represents segregated regional convergence in DCS from different sources of thalamic and cortical inputs. In the present study, thalamocortical and corticothalamic projections arising from and terminating in LPMR and neighboring thalamic nuclei were studied by anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques in order to further understand the anatomical basis of this neural circuitry. A significant finding was that within LPMR, separate neuronal populations provide thalamic inputs to AGm or PPC and that these cortical areas project to separate regions in LPMR, from which they receive thalamic inputs. Other cortical areas adjacent to AGm or PPC also demonstrated reciprocal connections with LP or surrounding nuclei in a topographic manner. Our findings suggest that the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic network mediating directed attention in the rat is formed by multiple loops, each having reciprocal connections that are organized in a precise and segregated topographical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kamishina
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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Cheatwood JL, Emerick AJ, Schwab ME, Kartje GL. Nogo-A expression after focal ischemic stroke in the adult rat. Stroke 2008; 39:2091-8. [PMID: 18467652 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.507426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Nogo-A protein is an important inhibitor of axonal remodeling after central nervous system injuries, including ischemic stroke. Interfering with the function of Nogo-A via infusion of a therapeutic anti-Nogo-A antibody after stroke increases neuronal remodeling and enhances functional recovery in rats. In this study, we describe the regional distribution of cortical neurons expressing Nogo-A in normal rats and following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS Normal and post-MCAO neuronal Nogo-A expression were described via immunohistochemical analyses. All brains were processed for Nogo-A and parvalbumin expression. The level of Nogo-A expression was scored for each cortical area or white matter structure of interest. The number and fluorescent intensity of layer V neurons in contralesional sensorimotor forelimb cortex were also assessed at each time point. RESULTS Nogo-A expression was observed in both cortical pyramidal neurons and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Neuronal expression of Nogo-A changed over time in ipsilesional and contralesional cortical areas after MCAO, becoming globally elevated at 28 days after stroke. Nogo-A expression was not observed to fluctuate greatly in the white matter after stroke, with the exception of a transient increase in Nogo-A expression in the external capsule near the stroke lesion. CONCLUSIONS Neuronal Nogo-A expression is significantly increased at 28 days post-MCAO in all examined brain regions. Because of their robust expression of Nogo-A after stroke lesion, both excitatory and inhibitory neurons represent potential targets for anti-Nogo-A therapies in the poststroke cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Cheatwood
- Research Service (151), Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, 5000 S. 5th Ave, Hines, IL 60141, USA.
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