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Nasre-Nasser RG, Severo MMR, Pires GN, Hort MA, Arbo BD. Effects of Progesterone on Preclinical Animal Models of Traumatic Brain Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:6341-6362. [PMID: 35922729 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the publication of two phase III clinical trials not supporting the use of progesterone in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), several possible explanations have been postulated, including limitations in the analysis of results from preclinical evidence. Therefore, to address this question, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of progesterone as a neuroprotective agent in preclinical animal models of TBI. A total of 48 studies were included for review: 29 evaluated brain edema, 21 evaluated lesion size, and 0 studies reported the survival rate. In the meta-analysis, it was found that progesterone reduced brain edema (effect size - 1.73 [- 2.02, - 1.44], p < 0.0001) and lesion volume (effect size - 0.40 [- 0.65, - 0.14], p = 0.002). Lack of details in the studies hindered the assessment of risk of bias (through the SYRCLE tool). A funnel plot asymmetry was detected, suggesting a possible publication bias. In conclusion, preclinical studies show that progesterone has an anti-edema effect in animal models of TBI, decreasing lesion volume or increasing remaining tissue. However, more studies are needed using assessing methods with lower risk of histological artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raif Gregorio Nasre-Nasser
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Manoela Rezende Severo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Building UFRGS 21116, Room 430, Zip code, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Natan Pires
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative in Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (BRISA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Appel Hort
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dutra Arbo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande (FURG), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2600, Building UFRGS 21116, Room 430, Zip code, Porto Alegre - RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Lerouet D, Marchand-Leroux C, Besson VC. Neuropharmacology in traumatic brain injury: from preclinical to clinical neuroprotection? Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:524-538. [PMID: 33527472 PMCID: PMC9290810 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a major health problem worldwide and is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals, contributing to devastating socioeconomic consequences. Despite numerous promising pharmacological strategies reported as neuroprotective in preclinical studies, the translation to clinical trials always failed, albeit the great diversity of therapeutic targets evaluated. In this review, first, we described epidemiologic features, causes, and primary and secondary injuries of TBI. Second, we outlined the current literature on animal models of TBI, and we described their goals, their advantages and disadvantages according to the species used, the type of injury induced, and their clinical relevance. Third, we defined the concept of neuroprotection and discussed its evolution. We also identified the reasons that might explain the failure of clinical translation. Then, we reviewed post‐TBI neuroprotective treatments with a focus on the following pleiotropic drugs, considered “low hanging fruit” with high probability of success: glitazones, glibenclamide, statins, erythropoietin, and progesterone, that were largely tested and demonstrated efficient in preclinical models of TBI. Finally, our review stresses the need to establish a close cooperation between basic researchers and clinicians to ensure the best clinical translation for neuroprotective strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lerouet
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie C Besson
- UMR-S1144 - Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Thompson HJ, Rivara F, Becker KJ, Maier R, Temkin N. Impact of aging on the immune response to traumatic brain injury (AIm:TBI) study protocol. Inj Prev 2020; 26:471-477. [PMID: 31481600 PMCID: PMC8026101 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in older adults leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. Outcomes among older adults with TBI are disparately worse than in younger adults. Differences in immunological response to injury may account for at least some of this disparity. Understanding how ageing differentially affects the immune response to TBI and how older age and these immunological changes affect the natural history of recovery following TBI are the goals of this study. DESIGN/METHODS A prospective multiple cohort design is being used to assess the effects of ageing and TBI on immune makers and to test predictors of impairment and disability in older adults following mild TBI. Older adults (>55 years) with mild TBI are enrolled with three comparison groups: younger adults (21-54 years) with mild TBI, non-injured older adults (>55 years) and non-injured young adults (21-54 years). For the primary analysis, we will assess the association between immune markers and Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended at 6 months, using logistic regression. Predictors of interest will be inflammatory biomarkers. Multivariate linear regression will be used to evaluate associations between biomarkers and other outcomes (symptoms, function and quality of life) at 3 and 6 months. Exploratory analyses will investigate the utility of biomarkers to predict outcome using receiver-operating characteristic curves. DISCUSSION A better understanding of the recovery trajectory and biological rationale for disparate outcomes following TBI in older adults could allow for development of specific interventions aimed at reducing or eliminating symptoms. Such interventions could reduce impairment and healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilaire J Thompson
- Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Frederick Rivara
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kyra J Becker
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ronald Maier
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nancy Temkin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Späni CB, Braun DJ, Van Eldik LJ. Sex-related responses after traumatic brain injury: Considerations for preclinical modeling. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 50:52-66. [PMID: 29753798 PMCID: PMC6139061 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has historically been viewed as a primarily male problem, since men are more likely to experience a TBI because of more frequent participation in activities that increase risk of head injuries. This male bias is also reflected in preclinical research where mostly male animals have been used in basic and translational science. However, with an aging population in which TBI incidence is increasingly sex-independent due to falls, and increasing female participation in high-risk activities, the attention to potential sex differences in TBI responses and outcomes will become more important. These considerations are especially relevant in designing preclinical animal models of TBI that are more predictive of human responses and outcomes. This review characterizes sex differences following TBI with a special emphasis on the contribution of the female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen, to these differences. This information is potentially important in developing and customizing TBI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia B Späni
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - David J Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 101 Sanders-Brown Bldg., 800 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), University of Kentucky, B481, BBSRB, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, UK Medical Center MN 150, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Atif F, Prunty MC, Turan N, Stein DG, Yousuf S. Progesterone modulates diabetes/hyperglycemia-induced changes in the central nervous system and sciatic nerve. Neuroscience 2017; 350:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Schumacher M, Denier C, Oudinet JP, Adams D, Guennoun R. Progesterone neuroprotection: The background of clinical trial failure. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 160:53-66. [PMID: 26598278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the first pioneering studies in the 1990s, a large number of experimental animal studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective efficacy of progesterone for brain disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition, this steroid has major assets: it easily crosses the blood-brain-barrier, rapidly diffuses throughout the brain and exerts multiple beneficial effects by acting on many molecular and cellular targets. Moreover, progesterone therapies are well tolerated. Notably, increased brain levels of progesterone are part of endogenous neuroprotective responses to injury. The hormone thus emerged as a particularly promising protective candidate for TBI and stroke patients. The positive outcomes of small Phase 2 trials aimed at testing the safety and potential protective efficacy of progesterone in TBI patients then provided support and guidance for two large, multicenter, randomized and placebo-controlled Phase 3 trials, with more than 2000 TBI patients enrolled. The negative outcomes of both trials, named ProTECT III and SyNAPSE, came as a big disappointment. If these trials were successful, progesterone would have become the first efficient neuroprotective drug for brain-injured patients. Thus, progesterone has joined the numerous neuroprotective candidates that have failed in clinical trials. The aim of this review is a reappraisal of the preclinical animal studies, which provided the proof of concept for the clinical trials, and we critically examine the design of the clinical studies. We made efforts to present a balanced view of the strengths and limitations of the translational studies and of some serious issues with the clinical trials. We place particular emphasis on the translational value of animal studies and the relevance of TBI biomarkers. The probability of failure of ProTECT III and SyNAPSE was very high, and we present them within the broader context of other unsuccessful trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumacher
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Christian Denier
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neurology, CHU Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jean-Paul Oudinet
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - David Adams
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Department of Neurology, CHU Bicêtre, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 Inserm and University Paris-Sud and University Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, 94276 Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the preclinical literature on progesterone for neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury and to describe unique features of developmental brain injury that should be considered when evaluating the therapeutic potential for progesterone treatment after pediatric traumatic brain injury. DATA SOURCES National Library of Medicine PubMed literature review. STUDY SELECTION The mechanisms of neuroprotection by progesterone are reviewed, and the preclinical literature using progesterone treatment in adult animal models of traumatic brain injury is summarized. Unique features of the developing brain that could either enhance or limit the efficacy of neuroprotection by progesterone are discussed, and the limited preclinical literature using progesterone after acute injury to the developing brain is described. Finally, the current status of clinical trials of progesterone for adult traumatic brain injury is reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS Progesterone is a pleiotropic agent with beneficial effects on secondary injury cascades that occur after traumatic brain injury, including cerebral edema, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. More than 40 studies have used progesterone for treatment after traumatic brain injury in adult animal models, with results summarized in tabular form. However, very few studies have evaluated progesterone in pediatric animal models of brain injury. To date, two human phase II trials of progesterone for adult traumatic brain injury have been published, and two multicenter phase III trials are underway. CONCLUSIONS The unique features of the developing brain from that of a mature adult brain make it necessary to independently study progesterone in clinically relevant, immature animal models of traumatic brain injury. Additional preclinical studies could lead to the development of a novel neuroprotective therapy that could reduce the long-term disability in head-injured children and could potentially provide benefit in other forms of pediatric brain injury (global ischemia, stroke, and statue epilepticus).
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Diaz-Arrastia R, Kochanek PM, Bergold P, Kenney K, Marx CE, Grimes CJB, Loh LTCY, Adam LTCGE, Oskvig D, Curley KC, Salzer W. Pharmacotherapy of traumatic brain injury: state of the science and the road forward: report of the Department of Defense Neurotrauma Pharmacology Workgroup. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:135-58. [PMID: 23968241 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial investments by government, philanthropic, and commercial sources over the past several decades, traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains an unmet medical need and a major source of disability and mortality in both developed and developing societies. The U.S. Department of Defense neurotrauma research portfolio contains more than 500 research projects funded at more than $700 million and is aimed at developing interventions that mitigate the effects of trauma to the nervous system and lead to improved quality of life outcomes. A key area of this portfolio focuses on the need for effective pharmacological approaches for treating patients with TBI and its associated symptoms. The Neurotrauma Pharmacology Workgroup was established by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) with the overarching goal of providing a strategic research plan for developing pharmacological treatments that improve clinical outcomes after TBI. To inform this plan, the Workgroup (a) assessed the current state of the science and ongoing research and (b) identified research gaps to inform future development of research priorities for the neurotrauma research portfolio. The Workgroup identified the six most critical research priority areas in the field of pharmacological treatment for persons with TBI. The priority areas represent parallel efforts needed to advance clinical care; each requires independent effort and sufficient investment. These priority areas will help the USAMRMC and other funding agencies strategically guide their research portfolios to ensure the development of effective pharmacological approaches for treating patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- 1 Department of Neurology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, Maryland
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Russell KL, Berman NEJ, Levant B. Low brain DHA content worsens sensorimotor outcomes after TBI and decreases TBI-induced Timp1 expression in juvenile rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:97-105. [PMID: 23796971 PMCID: PMC3753049 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary modulation of brain DHA content on outcomes after TBI were examined in a juvenile rat model. Long-Evans rats with normal or diet-induced decreases in brain DHA were subjected to a controlled cortical impact or sham surgery on postnatal day 17. Rats with the greatest decreases in brain DHA had the poorest sensorimotor outcomes after TBI. Ccl2, Gfap, and Mmp 9 mRNA levels, and MMP-2 and -9 enzymatic activities were increased after TBI regardless of brain DHA level. Lesion volume was not affected by brain DHA level. In contrast, TBI-induced Timp1 expression was lower in rats on the Deficient diet and correlated with brain DHA level. These data suggest that decreased brain DHA content contributes to poorer sensorimotor outcomes after TBI through a mechanism involving modulation of Timp1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Nancy E. J. Berman
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
| | - Beth Levant
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 1018, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, Phone: 1 913 588 7527, Fax: 1 913 588 7501,
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Deutsch ER, Espinoza TR, Atif F, Woodall E, Kaylor J, Wright DW. Progesterone's role in neuroprotection, a review of the evidence. Brain Res 2013; 1530:82-105. [PMID: 23872219 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The sex hormone progesterone has been shown to improve outcomes in animal models of a number of neurologic diseases, including traumatic brain injury, ischemia, spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, demyelinating disease, neuromuscular disorders, and seizures. Evidence suggests it exerts its neuroprotective effects through several pathways, including reducing edema, improving neuronal survival, and modulating inflammation and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the functional outcomes and pathophysiologic mechanisms attributed to progesterone treatment in neurologic disease. We then comment on the breadth of evidence for the use of progesterone in each neurologic disease family. Finally, we provide support for further human studies using progesterone to treat several neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Deutsch
- Emergency Neurosciences, Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, FOB Suite 126, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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Russell KL, Kutchko KM, Fowler SC, Berman NEJ, Levant B. Sensorimotor behavioral tests for use in a juvenile rat model of traumatic brain injury: assessment of sex differences. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 199:214-22. [PMID: 21600923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modeling juvenile traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rodents presents several unique challenges compared to adult TBI, one of which is selecting appropriate sensorimotor behavioral tasks that enable the assessment of the extent of injury and recovery over time in developing animals. To address this challenge, we performed a comparison of common sensorimotor tests in Long-Evans rats of various sizes and developmental stages (postnatal days 16-45, 35-190 g). Tests were compared and selected for their developmental appropriateness, scalability for growth, pre-training requirements, and throughput capability. Sex differences in response to TBI were also assessed. Grid walk, automated gait analysis, rotarod, beam walk, spontaneous forelimb elevation test, and measurement of motor activity using the force-plate actometer were evaluated. Grid walk, gait analysis, and rotarod failed to meet one or more of the evaluation criteria. Beam walk, spontaneous forelimb elevation test, and measurement of motor activity using the force-plate actometer satisfied all criteria and were capable of detecting motor abnormalities in rats subjected to controlled cortical impact on postnatal day 17. No sex differences were detected in the acute effects of TBI or functional recovery during the 28 days after injury using these tests. This demonstrates the utility of these tests for the evaluation of sensorimotor function in studies using rat models of pediatric TBI, and suggests that pre-pubertal males and females respond similarly to TBI with respect to sensorimotor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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