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Junior MSC, Bezerra AG, Curado DF, Gregório RP, Galduróz JCF. Preliminary investigation of the administration of biperiden to reduce relapses in individuals with cocaine/crack user disorder: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 237:173725. [PMID: 38340989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated that ACh modulates the dopaminergic circuit in the nucleus accumbens, and its blockade appears to be associated with the inhibition of the reinforced effect or the increase in dopamine caused by cocaine use. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biperiden (a muscarinic receptor antagonist with a relatively higher affinity for the M1 receptor) on crack/cocaine use relapse compared to a control group that received placebo. METHODS This study is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The intervention group received 2 mg of biperiden, 3 times a day, for a period of 3 months. The control group received identical placebo capsules, at the same frequency and over the same period. All participants were followed for a period of six months. RESULTS The sample comprised 128 people, with 61 in the control group and 67 in the biperiden group. Lower substance consumption was observed in the group that received biperiden treatment two (bT2 = -2.2 [-3.3; -1.0], p < 0.001) and six months (bT4 = -6, 2 [-8.6; -3.9], p < 0.001) after the beginning of the intervention. The biperiden group had a higher latency until a possible first day of consumption, in the same evaluation periods (bT2 = 0.26 [0.080; 0.44], p = 0.004; bT4 = 0.63 [0.32; 0.93], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Despite the major limitations of the present study, the group that received biperiden reduced the number of days of cocaine/crack use and showed an increase in the latency time for relapse. More studies are needed to confirm the utility of this approach.
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Saldanha TCS, Sanchez WN, Palombo P, Cruz FC, Galduróz JCF, Schwarting RKW, Andreatini R, da Cunha C, Pochapski JA. Biperiden reverses the increase in 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations but not the increase in locomotor activity induced by cocaine. Behav Brain Res 2024; 461:114841. [PMID: 38159887 PMCID: PMC10903531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a worldwide public health problem, associated with severe psychosocial and economic impacts. Currently, no FDA-approved treatment is available for CUD. However, an emerging body of evidence from clinical and preclinical studies suggests that biperiden, an M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, presents potential therapeutic use for CUD. These studies have suggested that biperiden may reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. It is well established that rodents emit 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) in response to natural rewards and stimulant drugs, including cocaine. Nonetheless, the effects of biperiden on the cocaine-induced increase of 50-kHz USV remains unknown. Here, we hypothesized that biperiden could antagonize the acute effects of cocaine administration on rat 50-kHz USV. To test this hypothesis, adult male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: saline, 5 mg/kg biperiden, 10 mg/kg cocaine, and biperiden/cocaine (5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p., respectively). USV and locomotor activity were recorded in baseline and test sessions. As expected, cocaine administration significantly increased the number of 50-kHz USV. Biperiden administration effectively antagonized the increase in 50-kHz USV induced by cocaine. Cocaine administration also increased the emission of trill and mixed 50 kHz USV subtypes and this effect was antagonized by biperiden. Additionally, we showed that biperiden did not affect the cocaine-induced increase in locomotor activity, although biperiden administration per se increased locomotor activity. In conclusion, our findings indicate that administering biperiden acutely reduces the positive affective effects of cocaine, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit the increase in 50-kHz USV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais C S Saldanha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - William N Sanchez
- Integrative Neurobiology Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paola Palombo
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio C Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rainer K W Schwarting
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (MCMBB), Philipps-University Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Andreatini
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Claudio da Cunha
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Pochapski
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Blokland A. Cholinergic models of memory impairment in animals and man: scopolamine vs. biperiden. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:231-237. [PMID: 35621168 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Scopolamine has been used as a pharmacologic model for cognitive impairments in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. The validity of this model seems to be limited because findings in animals do not readily translate to novel treatments in humans. Biperiden is also a cholinergic deficit model for cognitive impairments but specifically blocks muscarinic M1 receptors. The effects of scopolamine and biperiden (and pirenzepine) are compared in animal studies and related to findings in humans. It is concluded that the effects on cognitive functions are different for scopolamine and biperiden, and they should be considered as different cognitive deficit models. Scopolamine may model more advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease whereas biperiden may model the early deficits in declarative memory in aging and mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Spelta LEW, Torres YYS, de Oliveira SCWSEF, Yonamine M, Bailey A, Camarini R, Garcia RCT, Marcourakis T. Chronic escalating-dose and acute binge cocaine treatments change the hippocampal cholinergic muscarinic system on drug presence and after withdrawal. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 447:116068. [PMID: 35597300 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine addiction is a relapsing disorder with loss of control in limiting drug intake. Considering the involvement of acetylcholine in the neurobiology of the disease, our aim was to evaluate whether cocaine induces plastic changes in the hippocampal cholinergic muscarinic system. Male Swiss-Webster mice received saline or cocaine (ip) three times daily (60-min intervals) either acutely or in an escalating-dose binge paradigm for 14 days. Locomotor activity was measured in all treatment days. Dopaminergic and cholinergic muscarinic receptors (D1R, D2R, M1-M5, mAChRs), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were quantified in the hippocampus by immunoblotting one hour after the last injection (on drug) or after 14 days of abstinence (withdrawal). Escalating-dose group showed cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization from day 2. M3 mAChR and ChAT significantly increased after the on-drug acute binge treatment. Escalating-dose on-drug group showed increased ChAT, M1, M5 mAChR and D2R; and decreased D1R. Acute-binge withdrawal group showed increased VAChT, M2 mAChR, D1R, and D2R; and decreased M1 mAChR. Escalating-dose withdrawal group presented increased D1R and VAChT and decreased M1 mAChR and D2R. Locomotor activity was negatively correlated with M1 mAChR and AChE in on-drug group and positively correlated with VAChT in withdrawal group. M1 mAChR was positively correlated with M2 mAChR and ChAT in on-drug group, whereas ChAT was positively correlated with M5 mAChR in withdrawal group. The results indicate that cocaine induced an increase in the hippocampal cholinergic tone in the presence of the drug, whereas withdrawal causes a resetting in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia E W Spelta
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Yuli Y S Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah C W S E F de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil; Pharmacosciences Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Maurício Yonamine
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE London, UK
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neurochemical and Behavior Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, Prédio 1, 05508-900 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
| | - Raphael C T Garcia
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, 1° andar, 09913-030 Diadema/SP, Brazil.
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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Microinjection of the BDNF receptor antagonist ANA-12 into the nucleus accumbens and medial-prefrontal cortex attenuates morphine-induced reward memory, and alterations of BDNF levels and apoptotic cells in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 201:173111. [PMID: 33444602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effects of intra- nucleus accumbens (NAc) of BDNF receptor antagonist ANA-12 on the acquisition and expression and intra- medial-prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of ANA-12 on the extinction and reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and also BDNF levels and apoptotic neurons in the NAc and mPFC of rats. In this study, adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used. Two separate cannulas were inserted bilaterally into the NAc and/or mPFC. ANA-12 (3 μg/0.5 μl/side) was injected into the NAc and/or mPFC to evaluate the rewarding effects of morphine using a CPP paradigm. Then, the levels of BDNF and apoptotic in the NAc and mPFC were assessed at the end of each treatment phase using ELISA and TUNEL methods, respectively. All of vehicle-treated rats following morphine CPP showed the increase of BDNF levels and apoptotic neurons in the NAc and mPFC. ANA-12 significantly attenuated the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced CPP, BDNF levels and apoptotic neurons in the NAc during the acquisition, but not the expression phase. Also, ANA-12 significantly facilitated the extinction, but no effect on reinstatement of morphine CPP, and decreased BDNF levels and apoptotic neurons in the mPFC during the extinction, but not the reinstatement. We conclude that blocking TrkB with ANA-12 showed therapeutic effects on morphine-associated reward memory and neuronal death in the NAc and mPFC induced by morphine CPP. Thus, the BDNF-TrkB signaling may be important in the acquisition, expression, extinction, but not the reinstatement of morphine CPP.
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Palombo P, Engi SA, Yokoyama TS, Bezerra AG, Curado DF, Anésio A, Leão RM, Santos PCJDL, Cruz FC, Galduróz JCF. Effects of biperiden (cholinergic muscarinic m1/m4 receptor antagonist) on ethanol conditioned place preference in mice. Neurosci Lett 2020; 745:135551. [PMID: 33346074 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that muscarinic cholinergic receptors might act upon the dopamine release in the mesolimbic system and alter drug-reinforcing values related to drug craving. AIMS We examined the effects of systemic biperiden administration, a muscarinic cholinergic (M1/M4) receptor antagonist, on ethanol (dose of 2 g/Kg) conditioned place preference (CPP), neuronal activation, dopamine and its metabolites levels in the nucleus accumbens. METHODS Thirty minutes before the ethanol-induced CPP test, mice received saline or biperiden at doses of 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg. The time spent in each compartment was recorded for 15 min. After the CPP protocol, animals were euthanized, and we investigated the activation of the nucleus accumbens by immunohistochemistry for Fos. We also quantified dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA), and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels in the nucleus accumbens by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Additionally, the rotarod was employed to evaluate the effects of biperiden on motor coordination. RESULTS Biperiden at different doses (1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) blocked the expression of ethanol-induced CPP. These biperiden doses increased the number of Fos-positive cells and the dopamine turnover in the nucleus accumbens. None of the doses affected the motor coordination evaluated by the rotarod. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that biperiden can modulate the effect of alcohol reward, and its mechanism of action may involve a change in dopamine and cholinergic mesolimbic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Palombo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sheila Antonagi Engi
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Suemi Yokoyama
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Augusto Anésio
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Molini Leão
- Laboratório de Farmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Cardoso Cruz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Konczalla L, Perez DR, Wenzel N, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Klemp C, Lüddeke J, Wolski A, Landschulze D, Meier C, Buchholz A, Yao D, Hofmann BT, Graß JK, Spriestersbach SL, Grupp K, Schumacher U, Betzel C, Kapis S, Nuguid T, Steinberg P, Püschel K, Sauter G, Bockhorn M, Uzunoglu FG, Izbicki JR, Güngör C, El Gammal AT. Biperiden and mepazine effectively inhibit MALT1 activity and tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1618-1630. [PMID: 31291468 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MALT1 is a key mediator of NF-κB signaling and a main driver of B-cell lymphomas. Remarkably, MALT1 is expressed in the majority of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) as well, but absent from normal exocrine pancreatic tissue. Following, MALT1 shows off to be a specific target in cancer cells of PDAC without affecting regular pancreatic cells. Therefore, we studied the impact of pharmacological MALT1 inhibition in pancreatic cancer and showed promising effects on tumor progression. Mepazine (Mep), a phenothiazine derivative, is a known potent MALT1 inhibitor. Newly, we described that biperiden (Bip) is a potent MALT1 inhibitor with even less pharmacological side effects. Thus, Bip is a promising drug leading to reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. By compromising MALT1 activity, nuclear translocation of c-Rel is prevented. c-Rel is critical for NF-κB-dependent inhibition of apoptosis. Hence, off-label use of Bip or Mep represents a promising new therapeutic approach to PDAC treatment. Regularly, the Anticholinergicum Bip is used to treat neurological side effects of Phenothiazines, like extrapyramidal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Konczalla
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Wenzel
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolters-Eisfeld
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Clarissa Klemp
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Lüddeke
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Wolski
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Landschulze
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Buchholz
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dichao Yao
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca T Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia K Graß
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah L Spriestersbach
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Grupp
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Betzel
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Chemistry, c/o DESY, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kapis
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Chemistry, c/o DESY, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Nuguid
- Laboratory for Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Department of Chemistry, c/o DESY, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pablo Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximillian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Faik G Uzunoglu
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cenap Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander T El Gammal
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Malikowska N, Sałat K, Podkowa A. Comparison of pro-amnesic efficacy of scopolamine, biperiden, and phencyclidine by using passive avoidance task in CD-1 mice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 86:76-80. [PMID: 28412329 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Memory disorders accompany numerous diseases and therapies, and this is becoming a growing medical issue worldwide. Currently, various animal models of memory impairments are available; however, many of them require high financial outlay and/or are time-consuming. A simple way to achieve an efficient behavioral model of cognitive disorders is to inject defined drug that has pro-amnesic properties. Since the involvement of cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in cognition is well established, the utilization of a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine (SCOP), a selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, biperiden (BIP), and a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP) seems to be reliable tools to induce amnesia. As the determination of their effective doses remains vague and the active doses vary significantly in laboratory settings and in mouse species being tested, the aim of this study was to compare these three models of amnesia in CD-1 mice. METHODS Male Swiss Albino mice were used in passive avoidance (PA) test. All the compounds were administered intraperitoneally (ip) at doses 1mg/kg, 5mg/kg, and 10mg/kg (SCOP and BIP), and 1mg/kg, 3mg/kg, and 6mg/kg (PCP). RESULTS In the retention trial of the PA task, SCOP and PCP led to the reduction of step-through latency at all the tested doses as compared to control, but BIP was effective only at the dose of 10mg/kg. CONCLUSION This study revealed the effectiveness of SCOP, PCP, and BIP as tools to induce amnesia, with the PCP model being the most efficacious and SCOP being the only model that demonstrates a clear dose-response relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malikowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Adrian Podkowa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9 St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Grasing K. A threshold model for opposing actions of acetylcholine on reward behavior: Molecular mechanisms and implications for treatment of substance abuse disorders. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:148-62. [PMID: 27316344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays important roles in both learning and addiction. Medications that modify cholinergic tone can have pronounced effects on behaviors reinforced by natural and drug reinforcers. Importantly, enhancing the action of acetylcholine (ACh) in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine system can either augment or diminish these behaviors. A threshold model is presented that can explain these seemingly contradictory results. Relatively low levels of ACh rise above a lower threshold, facilitating behaviors supported by drugs or natural reinforcers. Further increases in cholinergic tone that rise above a second upper threshold oppose the same behaviors. Accordingly, cholinesterase inhibitors, or agonists for nicotinic or muscarinic receptors, each have the potential to produce biphasic effects on reward behaviors. Pretreatment with either nicotinic or muscarinic antagonists can block drug- or food- reinforced behavior by maintaining cholinergic tone below its lower threshold. Potential threshold mediators include desensitization of nicotinic receptors and biphasic effects of ACh on the firing of medium spiny neurons. Nicotinic receptors with high- and low- affinity appear to play greater roles in reward enhancement and inhibition, respectively. Cholinergic inhibition of natural and drug rewards may serve as mediators of previously described opponent processes. Future studies should evaluate cholinergic agents across a broader range of doses, and include a variety of reinforced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Grasing
- From the Substance Abuse Research Laboratory, 151, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4801 Linwood Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64128, United States; From the Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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Gill KE, Reynolds AR, Prendergast MA, Akins CK. Female Japanese quail with high levels of estradiol demonstrate cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 24:185-92. [PMID: 26963687 PMCID: PMC4891236 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical research has indicated that females may be more sensitive to the rewarding properties of cocaine. However, the majority of this research has been done in rodent species. Environmental cues associated with human drug-taking behavior tend to be visual. Because rodents do not rely on the visual system as their primary sense modality, the use of a visually oriented species may add to our understanding of cue-elicited drug cravings and relapse. The present study examined the potential role of the steroid hormone, estradiol, in the rewarding properties of cocaine in female Japanese quail using a conditioned place preference (CPP) procedure. In the current experiment, female quail were housed on either an 8L:16D (light:dark) or 16L:8D (light:dark) cycle for 21 days to induce photoregression or photostimulation, respectively. They then received 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg cocaine, or saline during conditioning. Conditioning trials were carried out for 8 days, once per day for 30 min, for a total of 4 cocaine and 4 saline alternating conditioning trials. Results indicated that female quail housed in long-light conditions (16L:8D) had significantly higher levels of estradiol than short-cycle females. Additionally, photostimulated female quail developed a CPP to 10 and 20 mg/kg cocaine. Short-cycle females did not show cocaine-induced CPP to any dose tested. Results indicate that cocaine is dose-dependently rewarding to photostimulated female Japanese quail. Furthermore, the current findings suggest that estradiol may enhance the rewarding properties of cocaine in female quail. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E. Gill
- Dept of Behavioral Neuroscience, Centre College, Danville, KY 40422,Address correspondence to: Karin E. Gill, Young Hall, 218, Centre College, 600 W. Walnut Street, Danville, KY 40422, , Phone: (859) 238-6513, Fax: (859) 236-7925
| | | | | | - Chana K. Akins
- Dept of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
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Wu W, Li H, Liu Y, Huang X, Chen L, Zhai H. Involvement of insular muscarinic cholinergic receptors in morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4109-18. [PMID: 24700389 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug addiction represents a pathological usurpation of neural processes involved in learning and memory. Retrieval of drug-related memories can result in drug craving and relapse. Recently, the insula was identified as part of the neuronal circuit responsible for the processing of drug memory; however, its precise role remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of insular muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the processing of drug memory. METHOD The morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was used to assess drug memory. All rats were first trained with morphine to establish the CPP. Sub-groups of these rats were used for contextual cue-induced CPP reinstatement. Other sub-groups of rats underwent extinction of the CPP, and 5 m/kg morphine was used for priming-induced CPP reinstatement. Microinjection of mAChR antagonists or agonists into the insula was performed prior to the CPP tests in order to evaluate their effect on CPP expression. RESULTS Insular microinjections of the nonselective mAChR antagonist, scopolamine, and the M₁ antagonist, pirenzepine, significantly inhibited CPP expression in both contextual cue- and priming-induced CPP reinstatement; the M₁ agonist, MCN-A-343, and the M₄ antagonist, tropicamide, enhanced CPP expression. The M₄ agonist, LY2033298, inhibited CPP expression. The M₂ antagonist, methoctramine, and M₃ antagonist, 4-DAMP, had no effect on CPP expression. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that insular mAChRs play a role in the processing of drug memory. M₁ and M₄ mAChRs work paradoxically; M₁ activation and M₄ inhibition attenuate the expression of drug memory, while M₁ inhibition and M₄ activation augment the expression of drug memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 315010, Ningbo, China
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Effects of biperiden on the treatment of cocaine/crack addiction: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:1196-202. [PMID: 24974353 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use affects approximately 13.4 million people, or 0.3% of the world's population between 15 and 64 years of age. Several authors have described drug addiction as a disease of the brain reward system. Given that the cholinergic system impacts reward mechanisms and drug self-administration, acetylcholine (ACh) might play an important role in the cocaine addiction process. We evaluated the efficacy of biperiden (a cholinergic antagonist) in reducing craving and the amount used, and in increasing compliance with treatment for cocaine/crack addiction. It was a study double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, 8-week trial of 111 cocaine or crack addicted male patients between 18 and 50 years old. Two groups were compared: placebo (n=55) or biperiden (n=56) combined with weekly sessions of brief group cognitive-behavioural therapy. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated according to the patients' compliance and several instruments: the Minnesota Cocaine Craving Scale, the Beck Depression and Anxiety Scales and a questionnaire assessing the amount of drug used. All of the patients attended weekly sessions for two months. We analysed the data considering the patients' intention to treat based on our last observation. Of the 56 patients in the biperiden group, 24 completed the treatment (42.8%) compared with only 11 patients in the placebo group (20%), which was a significant difference (p=0.009). Compliance with treatment was 118% higher in the biperiden group, which was also the group that presented a statistically significant reduction in the amount of cocaine/crack use (p<0.001). There was statistically significant difference between the craving score in the biperiden group. Pharmacological blockade of the cholinergic system with biperiden is a promising alternative to treat cocaine/crack addiction, helping patients to reduce the amount used and improving compliance with psychotherapy treatment.
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Implication of NMDA receptors in behavioural sensitization to psychostimulants: A short review. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 730:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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