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Li C, Yang J. Role of the hippocampus in the spacing effect during memory retrieval. Hippocampus 2020; 30:703-714. [PMID: 32022387 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that distributed learning (DL) leads to improved memory performance compared with massed learning (ML) (i.e., spacing effect). However, the extent to which the hippocampus is involved in the spacing effect at shorter and longer retention intervals remains unclear. To address this issue, two groups of participants were asked to encode face-scene pairs at 20-min, 1-day, and 1-month intervals before they were scanned using fMRI during an associative recognition task. The pairs were repeated six times in either a massed (i.e., six times in 1 day) or a distributed (i.e., six times over 3 days, twice per day) manner. The results showed that compared with that in the ML group, the activation of the left hippocampus was stronger in the DL group when the participants retrieved old pairs correctly and rejected new pairs correctly at different retention intervals. In addition, the posterior hippocampus was more strongly activated when the new associations were rejected correctly after DL than ML, especially at the 1-month interval. Hence, our results provide evidence that the hippocampus is involved in better memory performance after DL compared to ML at both shorter and longer retention intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiongjiong Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Sutherland RJ, Lee JQ, McDonald RJ, Lehmann H. Has multiple trace theory been refuted? Hippocampus 2019; 30:842-850. [PMID: 31584226 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Multiple trace theory (Nadel & Moscovitch, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 1997, 7, 217-227) has proven to be one of the most novel and influential recent memory theories, and played an essential role in shifting perspective on systems-level memory consolidation. Here, we briefly review its impact and testable predictions and focus our discussion primarily on nonhuman animal experiments. Perhaps, the most often supported claim is that episodic memory tasks should exhibit comparable severity of retrograde amnesia (RA) for recent and remote memories after extensive damage to the hippocampus (HPC). By contrast, there appears to be little or no experimental support for other core predictions, such as temporally limited RA after extensive HPC damage in semantic memory tasks, temporally limited RA for episodic memories after partial HPC damage, or the existence of storage of multiple HPC traces with repeated reactivations. Despite these shortcomings, it continues to be a highly cited HPC memory theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justin Q Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert J McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hugo Lehmann
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Lee JQ, LeDuke DO, Chua K, McDonald RJ, Sutherland RJ. Relocating cued goals induces population remapping in CA1 related to memory performance in a two-platform water task in rats. Hippocampus 2018; 28:431-440. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Quinn Lee
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Deryn O. LeDuke
- Quest University Canada, 3200 University Drive; Squamish British Columbia, V8B 0N8 Canada
| | - Kate Chua
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Robert J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
| | - Robert J. Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience; Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive; Lethbridge Alberta, T1K 3M4 Canada
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Lee JQ, Zelinski EL, McDonald RJ, Sutherland RJ. Heterarchic reinstatement of long-term memory: A concept on hippocampal amnesia in rodent memory research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:154-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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He Y, Zhu J, Huang F, Qin L, Fan W, He H. Age-dependent loss of cholinergic neurons in learning and memory-related brain regions and impaired learning in SAMP8 mice with trigeminal nerve damage. Neural Regen Res 2015; 9:1985-94. [PMID: 25598781 PMCID: PMC4283282 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.145380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The tooth belongs to the trigeminal sensory pathway. Dental damage has been associated with impairments in the central nervous system that may be mediated by injury to the trigeminal nerve. In the present study, we investigated the effects of damage to the inferior alveolar nerve, an important peripheral nerve in the trigeminal sensory pathway, on learning and memory behaviors and structural changes in related brain regions, in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Inferior alveolar nerve transection or sham surgery was performed in middle-aged (4-month-old) or elderly (7-month-old) senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice. When the middle-aged mice reached 8 months (middle-aged group 1) or 11 months (middle-aged group 2), and the elderly group reached 11 months, step-down passive avoidance and Y-maze tests of learning and memory were performed, and the cholinergic system was examined in the hippocampus (Nissl staining and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry) and basal forebrain (choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry). In the elderly group, animals that underwent nerve transection had fewer pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, fewer cholinergic fibers in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and fewer cholinergic neurons in the medial septal nucleus and vertical limb of the diagonal band, compared with sham-operated animals, as well as showing impairments in learning and memory. Conversely, no significant differences in histology or behavior were observed between middle-aged group 1 or group 2 transected mice and age-matched sham-operated mice. The present findings suggest that trigeminal nerve damage in old age, but not middle age, can induce degeneration of the septal-hippocampal cholinergic system and loss of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, and ultimately impair learning ability. Our results highlight the importance of active treatment of trigeminal nerve damage in elderly patients and those with Alzheimer's disease, and indicate that tooth extraction should be avoided in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan He
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jihong Zhu
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liu Qin
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Gulbrandsen TL, Sutherland RJ. Temporary inactivation of the rodent hippocampus: An evaluation of the current methodology. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 225:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Distinct roles of the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex in GABAA receptor blockade-induced enhancement of object recognition memory. Brain Res 2014; 1552:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Neither time nor number of context-shock pairings affect long-term dependence of memory on hippocampus. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Systems consolidation and the content of memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:365-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Winocur G, Moscovitch M, Sekeres MJ. Factors affecting graded and ungraded memory loss following hippocampal lesions. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2013; 106:351-64. [PMID: 24120426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates three current theories--Standard Consolidation (Squire & Wixted, 2011), Overshadowing (Sutherland, Sparks, & Lehmann, 2010), and Multiple Trace-Transformation (Winocur, Moscovitch, & Bontempi, 2010)--in terms of their ability to account for the role of the hippocampus in recent and remote memory in animals. Evidence, based on consistent findings from tests of spatial memory and memory for acquired food preferences, favours the transformation account, but this conclusion is undermined by inconsistent results from studies that measured contextual fear memory, probably the most commonly used test of hippocampal involvement in anterograde and retrograde memory. Resolution of this issue may depend on exercising greater control over critical factors (e.g., contextual environment, amount of pre-exposure to the conditioning chamber, the number and distribution of foot-shocks) that can affect the representation of the memory shortly after learning and over the long-term. Research strategies aimed at characterizing the neural basis of long-term consolidation/transformation, as well as other outstanding issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada; Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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