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Zhiznevskiy DV, Zamergrad MV, Levin OS, Azimova AA. [Bilateral peripheral vestibulopathy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:24-30. [PMID: 37084361 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312304124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral vestibulopathy is a relatively widespread and at the same time rarely diagnosed cause of chronic postural instability. Numerous toxic factors, dysmetabolic, autoimmune and neurodegenerative processes can lead to this condition. The main clinical manifestations of bilateral vestibulopathy are balance disorders and visual disturbances (oscillopsia), which can significantly increase the risks of falls in such patients. In addition, cognitive and affective disorders, which also reduce the quality of life in patients with bilateral vestibulopathy, have been described and actively studied in recent years. The diagnosis of bilateral vestibulopathy is based on the results of a clinical neurovestibular study, including a dynamic visual acuity test and a Halmagyi test. A video head impulse test, a bithermal caloric test and a sinusoidal rotation test are used as instrumental methods confirming the dysfunction of the peripheral vestibular system. However, they are still not widespread in neurological practice. Treatment of bilateral vestibulopathy is reduced to vestibular rehabilitation. Encouraging results have been obtained in a number of studies using galvanic vestibular stimulation and the use of vestibular implants. In addition, cognitive rehabilitation methods are currently being developed, which presumably can also improve compensation for bilateral vestibular loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Zhiznevskiy
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Zamergrad
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Gerontology Clinical Research Center of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian
| | - O S Levin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Azimova
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
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Smith PF, Zheng Y. Applications of Multivariate Statistical and Data Mining Analyses to the Search for Biomarkers of Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Tinnitus, and Vestibular Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2021; 12:627294. [PMID: 33746881 PMCID: PMC7966509 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.627294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sensory systems, as with most disorders of the nervous system, usually involve the interaction of multiple variables to cause some change, and yet often basic sensory neuroscience data are analyzed using univariate statistical analyses only. The exclusive use of univariate statistical procedures, analyzing one variable at a time, may limit the potential of studies to determine how interactions between variables may, as a network, determine a particular result. The use of multivariate statistical and data mining methods provides the opportunity to analyse many variables together, in order to appreciate how they may function as a system of interacting variables, and how this system or network may change as a result of sensory disorders such as sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus or different types of vestibular dysfunction. Here we provide an overview of the potential applications of multivariate statistical and data mining techniques, such as principal component and factor analysis, cluster analysis, multiple linear regression, random forest regression, linear discriminant analysis, support vector machines, random forest classification, Bayesian classification, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, to the study of auditory and vestibular dysfunction, with an emphasis on classification analytic methods that may be used in the search for biomarkers of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brain Health Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Aitken P, Zheng Y, Smith PF. Ethovision™ analysis of open field behaviour in rats following bilateral vestibular loss. J Vestib Res 2018; 27:89-101. [PMID: 29064826 DOI: 10.3233/ves-170612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral vestibular loss (BVL) causes a unique behavioural syndrome in rodents, with symptoms such as locomotor hyperactivity and changes in exploratory behaviour. Many of these symptoms appear to be indirect consequences of the loss of vestibular reflex function and are difficult to explain. Although such symptoms have been reported before, there have been few systematic studies of the effects of BVL using automated digital tracking systems in which many behavioural symptoms can be measured simultaneously with high precision. In this study, data were obtained from rats with BVL induced by intratympanic sodium arsanilate injections (n = 7) or sham injections (n = 8) and their behaviour in the open field was measured at 3 days and 23 days post-injection using Ethovision™ tracking software. BVL rats demonstrated reduced thigmotaxis, with more time spent in the central zones. Twenty-three days post-injection, BVL animals showed increased locomotor activity in the open field. The increase in activity was also reflected in the number of transitions between each zone of the field. In addition to increased activity, BVL animals showed increased whole body rotations following lesions. Using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and random forest classification (RFC), we were able to show that the indirect behavioural effects of BVL, excluding direct measurement of vestibular reflex function, could correctly predict whether animals had received a BVL with a high degree of accuracy at both day 3 and day 23 post-BVL (83% and 100% for LDA, and 100% and 100% for RFC, respectively). RFC has been similarly successful in classifying other hyperactivity syndromes such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These results suggest that BVL results in a unique behavioural signature that can identify vestibular loss in rats even without direct vestibular reflex measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Aitken
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand.,The Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Aitken P, Zheng Y, Smith PF. The modulation of hippocampal theta rhythm by the vestibular system. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:548-562. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00548.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The vestibular system is a sensory system that has evolved over millions of years to detect acceleration of the head, both rotational and translational, in three dimensions. One of its most important functions is to stabilize gaze during unexpected head movement; however, it is also important in the control of posture and autonomic reflexes. Theta rhythm is a 3- to 12-Hz oscillating EEG signal that is intimately linked to self-motion and is also known to be important in learning and memory. Many studies over the last two decades have shown that selective activation of the vestibular system, using either natural rotational or translational stimulation, or electrical stimulation of the peripheral vestibular system, can induce and modulate theta activity. Furthermore, inactivation of the vestibular system has been shown to significantly reduce theta in freely moving animals, which may be linked to its impairment of place cell function as well as spatial learning and memory. The pathways through which vestibular information modulate theta rhythm remain debatable. However, vestibular responses have been found in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) and activation of the vestibular system causes an increase in acetylcholine release into the hippocampus, probably from the medial septum. Therefore, a pathway from the vestibular nucleus complex and/or cerebellum to the PPTg, supramammillary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, and septum to the hippocampus is likely. The modulation of theta by the vestibular system may have implications for vestibular effects on cognitive function and the contribution of vestibular impairment to the risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Aitken
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence
- Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul F. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence
- Eisdell Moore Centre for Hearing and Balance Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Basal dendritic length is reduced in the rat hippocampus following bilateral vestibular deafferentation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 131:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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van de Berg R, van Tilburg M, Kingma H. Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Challenges in Establishing the Diagnosis in Adults. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2015; 77:197-218. [DOI: 10.1159/000433549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Smith P, Darlington C, Zheng Y. The Effects of Complete Vestibular Deafferentation on Spatial Memory and the Hippocampus in the Rat: The Dunedin Experience. Multisens Res 2015; 28:461-85. [DOI: 10.1163/22134808-00002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our studies conducted over the last 14 years have demonstrated that a complete bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) in rats results in spatial memory deficits in a variety of behavioural tasks, such as the radial arm maze, the foraging task and the spatial T maze, as well as deficits in other tasks such as the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRT task) and object recognition memory task. These deficits persist long after the BVD, and are not simply attributable to ataxia, anxiety, hearing loss or hyperactivity. In tasks such as the foraging task, the spatial memory deficits are evident in darkness when vision is not required to perform the task. The deficits in the radial arm maze, the foraging task and the spatial T maze, in particular, suggest hippocampal dysfunction following BVD, and this is supported by the finding that both hippocampal place cells and theta rhythm are dysfunctional in BVD rats. Now that it is clear that the hippocampus is adversely affected by BVD, the next challenge is to determine what vestibular information is transmitted to it and how that information is used by the hippocampus and the other brain structures with which it interacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cynthia L. Darlington
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yiwen Zheng
- Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Smith PF, Zheng Y. From ear to uncertainty: vestibular contributions to cognitive function. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:84. [PMID: 24324413 PMCID: PMC3840327 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the deficits in the vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-spinal reflexes that occur following vestibular dysfunction, there is substantial evidence that vestibular loss also causes cognitive disorders, some of which may be due to the reflexive deficits and some of which are related to the role that ascending vestibular pathways to the limbic system and neocortex play in spatial orientation. In this review we summarize the evidence that vestibular loss causes cognitive disorders, especially spatial memory deficits, in animals and humans and critically evaluate the evidence that these deficits are not due to hearing loss, problems with motor control, oscillopsia or anxiety and depression. We review the evidence that vestibular lesions affect head direction and place cells as well as the emerging evidence that artificial activation of the vestibular system, using galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS), can modulate cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Department Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
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A comparison of random forest regression and multiple linear regression for prediction in neuroscience. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 220:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gurvich C, Maller JJ, Lithgow B, Haghgooie S, Kulkarni J. Vestibular insights into cognition and psychiatry. Brain Res 2013; 1537:244-59. [PMID: 24012768 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The vestibular system has traditionally been thought of as a balance apparatus; however, accumulating research suggests an association between vestibular function and psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, even when balance is measurably unaffected. There are several brain regions that are implicated in both vestibular pathways and psychiatric disorders. The present review examines the anatomical associations between the vestibular system and various psychiatric disorders. Despite the lack of direct evidence for vestibular pathology in the key psychiatric disorders selected for this review, there is a substantial body of literature implicating the vestibular system in each of the selected psychiatric disorders. The second part of this review provides complimentary evidence showing the link between vestibular dysfunction and vestibular stimulation upon cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. In summary, emerging research suggests the vestibular system can be considered a potential window for exploring brain function beyond that of maintenance of balance, and into areas of cognitive, affective and psychiatric symptomology. Given the paucity of biological and diagnostic markers in psychiatry, novel avenues to explore brain function in psychiatric disorders are of particular interest and warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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