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Sales AJ, Joca SRL, Del Bel E, Guimarães FS. The antidepressant-like effect of doxycycline is associated with decreased nitric oxide metabolite levels in the prefrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114764. [PMID: 37972712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Doxycycline is an antibiotic that has shown neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant-like effects. Low doses of doxycycline revert the behavioral and neuroinflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide treatment in a mice model of depression. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the antidepressant action of doxycycline are not yet understood. Doxycycline inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which increases after stress exposure. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) inhibition also causes antidepressant-like effects in animal models sensitive to antidepressant-like effects such as the forced swimming test (FST). However, no direct study has yet investigated if the antidepressant-like effects of doxycycline could involve changes in NO-mediated neurotransmission. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating: i) the behavioral effects induced by doxycycline alone or in association with ineffective doses of a NO donor (sodium nitroprusside, SNP) or an iNOS inhibitor (1400 W) in mice subjected to the FST; and ii) doxycycline effects in NO metabolite levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus these animals. Male mice (8 weeks) received i.p. injection of saline or doxycycline (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg), alone or combined with SNP (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) or 1400 W (1, 3, and 10 µg/kg), and 30 min later were submitted to the FST. Animals were sacrificed immediately after, and NO metabolites nitrate/nitrite (NOx) were measured in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Doxycycline (50 mg/kg) reduced both the immobility time in the FST and NOx levels in the prefrontal cortex of mice compared to the saline group. The antidepressant-like effect of doxycycline in the FST was prevented by SNP (1 mg/kg) pretreatment. Additionally, sub-effective doses of doxycycline (30 mg/kg) associated with 1400 W (1 µg/kg) induced an antidepressant-like effect in the FST. Altogether, our data suggest that the reducing NO levels in the prefrontal cortex through inhibition of iNOS could be related to acute doxycycline treatment resulting in rapid antidepressant-like effects in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Sales
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sâmia R L Joca
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elaine Del Bel
- Departament of Basic and Oral Science, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Fronza MG, Ferreira BF, Pavan-Silva I, Guimarães FS, Lisboa SF. "NO" Time in Fear Response: Possible Implication of Nitric-Oxide-Related Mechanisms in PTSD. Molecules 2023; 29:89. [PMID: 38202672 PMCID: PMC10779493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition characterized by persistent fear responses and altered neurotransmitter functioning due to traumatic experiences. Stress predominantly affects glutamate, a neurotransmitter crucial for synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Activation of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate glutamate receptors (NMDAR) can trigger the formation of a complex comprising postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95), the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its adaptor protein (NOS1AP). This complex is pivotal in activating nNOS and nitric oxide (NO) production, which, in turn, activates downstream pathways that modulate neuronal signaling, including synaptic plasticity/transmission, inflammation, and cell death. The involvement of nNOS and NOS1AP in the susceptibility of PTSD and its comorbidities has been widely shown. Therefore, understanding the interplay between stress, fear, and NO is essential for comprehending the maintenance and progression of PTSD, since NO is involved in fear acquisition and extinction processes. Moreover, NO induces post-translational modifications (PTMs), including S-nitrosylation and nitration, which alter protein function and structure for intracellular signaling. Although evidence suggests that NO influences synaptic plasticity and memory processing, the specific role of PTMs in the pathophysiology of PTSD remains unclear. This review highlights pathways modulated by NO that could be relevant to stress and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G. Fronza
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Bruna F. Ferreira
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Isabela Pavan-Silva
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Francisco S. Guimarães
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
| | - Sabrina F. Lisboa
- Pharmacology Departament, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (M.G.F.); (B.F.F.); (I.P.-S.)
- Biomolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
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Henschen D, Swift K, Taylor R, Scott E, May M, Ngouajio B, Jenkins K, Johnson Iii F, Jeong I, Silva G, Matson L, Lowery-Gionta E. Development of an Animal Model of Military-Relevant Traumatic Stress. Mil Med 2023; 188:561-571. [PMID: 35266517 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute Stress Reactions (ASRs) affect a subgroup of individuals who experience traumatic stress. In the context of military operations, such reactions are often termed Combat and Operational Stress Reactions (COSRs). COSRs not only encompass all symptoms of ASRs but also include additional symptoms related to military combat and may develop at a rate higher than the general public experiences ASRs. Despite an obvious need, there are currently no approved pharmacologic treatments or guidelines for ASR and/or COSR. Preclinical rodent stress models and behavioral assessments are used to evaluate pharmacotherapies and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Here, we combined established traumatic stress models to develop a model of traumatic stress relevant to military trauma exposure and measured behavioral outcomes that reflect outcomes observed in ASRs and COSRs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male rats underwent exposure to either a combination of two or three traumatic stress exposures (e.g., predator exposure, underwater trauma (UWT), and/or inescapable shock) or control procedures. Behavioral performance on the open field, elevated plus maze, and acoustic startle response (SR) was then assessed 24- and 48-hours following stress/control procedures. RESULTS In Experiment 1, rats were exposed to a two-stressor model, where predator exposure was coupled with UWT. Minor behavioral deficits were observed in SR for stress-exposed rats as compared to controls. In Experiment 2, inescapable shock was added to predator exposure and UWT. Behavioral performance deficits were observed across all behavioral tests. In Experiment 3, procedures from Experiment 2 were repeated with the only major modification being a shortened predator exposure duration, which resulted in performance deficits in SR only. CONCLUSIONS We found that the three-stressor model of Experiment 2 resulted in the greatest overall behavioral disturbance (both in the number of variables and magnitude of stress effects). Interestingly, behavioral deficits elicited from the shorter predator exposure were distinct from those observed with longer predator exposure times. Together, these results generally suggest that combined preclinical stressors with military-relevant elements result in behavioral performance deficits reflective of post-trauma phenotypes in Soldiers. The present findings support the use of both physical and psychological stressors to model operationally relevant traumatic stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Henschen
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kevin Swift
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Rachel Taylor
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Emily Scott
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Matthew May
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Boris Ngouajio
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kilana Jenkins
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Fred Johnson Iii
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Isaac Jeong
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Gabriella Silva
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Liana Matson
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Emily Lowery-Gionta
- Behavioral Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Lagatta DC, Fassini A, Terzian AL, Corrêa FMA, Resstel LBM. The medial prefrontal cortex and the cardiac baroreflex activity: physiological and pathological implications. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:291-307. [PMID: 36695881 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac baroreflex is an autonomic neural mechanism involved in the modulation of the cardiovascular system. It influences the heart rate and peripheral vascular resistance to preserve arterial blood pressure within a narrow variation range. This mechanism is mainly controlled by medullary nuclei located in the brain stem. However, supramedullary areas, such as the ventral portion of medial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC), are also involved. Particularly, the glutamatergic NMDA/NO pathway in the vMPFC can facilitate baroreflex bradycardic and tachycardic responses. In addition, cannabinoid receptors in this same area can reduce or increase those cardiac responses, possibly through alteration in glutamate release. This vMPFC network has been associated to cardiovascular responses during stressful situations. Recent results showed an involvement of glutamatergic, nitrergic, and endocannabinoid systems in the blood pressure and heart rate increases in animals after aversive conditioning. Consequently, baroreflex could be modified by the vMPFC neurotransmission during stressful situations, allowing necessary cardiovascular adjustments. Remarkably, some mental, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders can involve damage in the vMPFC, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and neuropathic pain. These pathologies are also associated with alterations in glutamate/NO release and endocannabinoid functions along with baroreflex impairment. Thus, the vMPFC seems to play a crucial role on the baroreflex control, either during pathological or physiological stress-related responses. The study of baroreflex mechanism under such pathological view may be helpful to establish causality mechanisms for the autonomic and cardiovascular imbalance found in those conditions. It can explain in the future the reasons of the high cardiovascular risk some neurological and neurodegenerative disease patients undergo. Additionally, the present work offers insights on the possible contributions of vMPFC dysfunction on baroreflex alterations, which, in turn, may raise questions in what extent other brain areas may play a role in autonomic deregulation under such pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi C Lagatta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, MS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Aline Fassini
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14090-900, Brazil
| | - Ana L Terzian
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14090-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando M A Corrêa
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14090-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B M Resstel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14090-900, Brazil.
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research On Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Combined effects of nitric oxide synthase 3 genetic variant and childhood emotional abuse on earlier onset of suicidal behaviours. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110617. [PMID: 35988847 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marked heterogeneity in suicide attempters has been observed, with earlier onset being linked to stronger heritability, more childhood maltreatment. Nitric oxide signalling system might be implicated in this relationship through its role in the stress response/adaptation. This study examined how NOS genetic variants and childhood maltreatment were associated with age at first suicide attempt (SA). Adult patients with SA history (N = 414) filled in the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and six functionally relevant NOS2 and NOS3 polymorphisms were genotyped. Analyses included χ2, Mann-Whitney U tests, Kendall's regression, multivariate linear and Cox survival regressions, and a moderation analysis. The NOS3 promotor 27-bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) bb homozygous state and childhood emotional abuse were independently associated with earlier age at first SA, which was robust after controlling for confounders [regression coefficient - 3.975, 95% CI -6.980 - (-0.970), p = 0.010, and - 1.088, 95% CI -2.172 - (-0.004), p = 0.049]. No interaction was observed. In the Cox proportional hazards model for age at first SA, the hazard ratio for patients with childhood emotional abuse and NOS3 27-bp VNTR bb was 0.533 (95% CI 0.394-0.720, p < 0.001) compared to patients without. Intermediate scores were observed with either only the risk genotype or only childhood emotional abuse. A graded relationship was also observed for repeated SA, family history of SA, and severe SA history. These results are preliminary due to a low statistical power and call for replication and further characterization of the role of nitric oxide system in the susceptibility to early-onset SB.
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6
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Coelho AA, Vila-Verde C, Sartim AG, Uliana DL, Braga LA, Guimarães FS, Lisboa SF. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Attenuates the Anxiogenic-Like Effect of Acute Restraint Stress via CB 1 Receptors. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:923177. [PMID: 35911236 PMCID: PMC9330908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.923177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure can result in several proinflammatory alterations in the brain, including overexpression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). These changes may be involved in the development of many psychiatric conditions. However, it is unknown if iNOS in mPFC plays a significant role in stress-induced behavioral changes. The endocannabinoid (ECB) system is also influenced by stress. Its activation seems to be a counter regulatory mechanism to prevent or decrease the stress-mediated neuroinflammatory consequences. However, it is unclear if the ECB system and iNOS interact to influence stress consequences. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that the anti-stress effect of iNOS inhibition in mPFC involves the local ECB system, particularly the CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Male Wistar rats with guide cannula aimed at the mPFC were submitted to acute restraint stress (RS) for 2 h. In the following morning, rats received bilateral microinjections of vehicle, AM251 (CB1 antagonist; 100 pmol), and/or 1400W (iNOS selective inhibitor; 10-4, 10-3, or 10-2 nmol) into the prelimbic area of mPFC (PL-mPFC) before being tested in the elevated plus-maze (EPM). iNOS inhibition by 1400W prevented the anxiogenic-like effect observed in animals submitted to RS. The drug did not promote behavior changes in naive animals, demonstrating a stress-dependent effect. The 1400W-anti-stress effect was prevented by local pretreatment with AM251. Our data suggest that iNOS inhibition may facilitate the local endocannabinoid signaling, attenuating stress effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur A Coelho
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Vila-Verde
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariandra G Sartim
- Biomolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela L Uliana
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Laura A Braga
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina F Lisboa
- Pharmacology Department, Ribeirão Preto Medical School-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sun N, You Y, Yang D, Jiang ZX, Xia T, Zhou QG, Zhu DY. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase in dorsal raphe nucleus mediates PTSD-like behaviors induced by single-prolonged stress through inhibiting serotonergic neurons activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 585:139-145. [PMID: 34801934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains largely unclear. A large body of evidence suggests that the abnormal level of serotonin (5-HT) is closely related to the onset of PTSD. Several reports reveal that nitric oxide (NO) affects extracellular 5-HT levels in various brain regions, but no consistent direction of change was found and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The most of serotonergic neurons in dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), a major source of serotonergic input to the forebrain, co-expresses neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), a synthase derived nitric oxide (NO) in the central nervous system. Here, we found that the excessive expression of nNOS and thereby the high concentration of NO followed by single-prolonged stress (SPS) caused suppression of the activity of DRN 5-HT neurons, inducing PTSD-like phenotype including increased anxiety-like behaviors, enhanced contextual fear memory, and fear generalization. Our study uncovered an important role of DRN nNOS-NO pathway in the pathology of PTSD, which may contribute to new understanding of the molecular mechanism of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yue You
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qi-Gang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Dong-Ya Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Institution of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Oxidative Dysregulation in Early Life Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Comprehensive Review. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060723. [PMID: 34072322 PMCID: PMC8228973 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic stress may chronically affect master homeostatic systems at the crossroads of peripheral and central susceptibility pathways and lead to the biological embedment of trauma-related allostatic trajectories through neurobiological alterations even decades later. Lately, there has been an exponential knowledge growth concerning the effect of traumatic stress on oxidative components and redox-state homeostasis. This extensive review encompasses a detailed description of the oxidative cascade components along with their physiological and pathophysiological functions and a systematic presentation of both preclinical and clinical, genetic and epigenetic human findings on trauma-related oxidative stress (OXS), followed by a substantial synthesis of the involved oxidative cascades into specific and functional, trauma-related pathways. The bulk of the evidence suggests an imbalance of pro-/anti-oxidative mechanisms under conditions of traumatic stress, respectively leading to a systemic oxidative dysregulation accompanied by toxic oxidation byproducts. Yet, there is substantial heterogeneity in findings probably relative to confounding, trauma-related parameters, as well as to the equivocal directionality of not only the involved oxidative mechanisms but other homeostatic ones. Accordingly, we also discuss the trauma-related OXS findings within the broader spectrum of systemic interactions with other major influencing systems, such as inflammation, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the circadian system. We intend to demonstrate the inherent complexity of all the systems involved, but also put forth associated caveats in the implementation and interpretation of OXS findings in trauma-related research and promote their comprehension within a broader context.
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Affective dimensions of pain and region -specific involvement of nitric oxide in the development of empathic hyperalgesia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10141. [PMID: 32576847 PMCID: PMC7311399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Empathy for pain depends on the ability to feel, recognize, comprehend and share painful emotional conditions of others. In this study, we investigated the role of NO in a rat model of empathic pain. Pain was socially transferred from the sibling demonstrator (SD) who experienced five formalin injection to the naïve sibling observer (SO) through observation. SO rats received L-NAME (a nonspecific NO synthase inhibitor) or L-arginine (a precursor of NO) prior to observing the SD. Nociception, and concentrations of NO metabolites (NOx) in the serum, left and right hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum were evaluated. Nociceptive responses were significantly increased in the pain-observing groups. NOx levels measured 24 h after the last pain observation using the Griess method, were indicative of NOx concentration decreases and increases in the left hippocampus and cerebellum, respectively. There was an increase in tissue concentration of NOx in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex in both pain and observer groups 7 days after the fifth formalin injection. Our results suggest that NO is involved in development of empathic hyperalgesia, and observation of sibling’s pain can change NO metabolites in different brain regions in observer rats.
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nNOS-expressing neurons in the vmPFC transform pPVT-derived chronic pain signals into anxiety behaviors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2501. [PMID: 32427844 PMCID: PMC7237711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is common in patients suffering from chronic pain. Here, we report anxiety-like behaviors in mouse models of chronic pain and reveal that nNOS-expressing neurons in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) are essential for pain-induced anxiety but not algesia, using optogenetic and chemogenetic strategies. Additionally, we determined that excitatory projections from the posterior subregion of paraventricular thalamic nucleus (pPVT) provide a neuronal input that drives the activation of vmPFC nNOS-expressing neurons in our chronic pain models. Our results suggest that the pain signal becomes an anxiety signal after activation of vmPFC nNOS-expressing neurons, which causes subsequent release of nitric oxide (NO). Finally, we show that the downstream molecular mechanisms of NO likely involve enhanced glutamate transmission in vmPFC CaMKIIα-expressing neurons through S-nitrosylation-induced AMPAR trafficking. Overall, our data suggest that pPVT excitatory neurons drive chronic pain-induced anxiety through activation of vmPFC nNOS-expressing neurons, resulting in NO-mediated AMPAR trafficking in vmPFC pyramidal neurons. Chronic pain usually induces anxiety. Here, the authors report that vmPFC nNOS-expressing neurons are activated by excitatory inputs from pPVT during chronic pain and subsequently induce anxiety-like behaviors in mice through promoting AMPAR trafficking.
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11
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Faria MP, Laverde CF, Nunes-de-Souza RL. Anxiogenesis induced by social defeat in male mice: Role of nitric oxide, NMDA, and CRF 1 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex and BNST. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107973. [PMID: 32006904 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) release in the right medial prefrontal cortex (RmPFC) produces anxiogenesis. In the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), a region that receives neuronal projections from the mPFC, NO provokes anxiety, an effect that is blocked by local injections of corticotrophin-releasing factor type 1 receptor (CRF1) or n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonist. Anxiety is also enhanced by social defeat stress, and chronic stress impairs and facilitates, respectively, PFC and BNST roles in modulating behavioral responses to aversive situations. This study investigated whether the (i) chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) increases NO signaling in the mPFC; and/or (ii) anxiogenic effects provoked by the intra-RmPFC injection of NOC-9 (an NO donor) or by CSDS are prevented by intra-BNST injections of AP-7 (0.05 nmol) or CP 376395 (3.0 nmol), respectively, NMDAr and CRF1 antagonists, in male Swiss-Webster mice exposed to the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Results showed that (a) CSDS increased anxiety (i.e., reduced open-arm exploration) and repeatedly activated nNOS-containing neurons, as measured by ΔFosB (a stable nonspecific marker of neural activity) + nNOS double-labeling, in the right (but not left) mPFC, (b) NOC-9 in the RmPFC also increased anxiety, and (c) both CSDS and NOC-9 effects were reversed by injections of AP-7 or CP 376395 into the BNST. These results suggest that NMDA and CRF1 receptors located in BNST play an important role in the modulation of anxiety provoked by NO in the RmPFC, as well as by chronic social defeat in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Faria
- Joint Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lab. Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - C F Laverde
- Joint Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lab. Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - R L Nunes-de-Souza
- Joint Graduate Program of Physiological Sciences (PIPGCF) UFSCar-UNESP, 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lab. Pharmacology, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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12
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A Standardized Anxiety Quotient in Elevated Open Platform Task Quantifies Rodent Anxiogenic Tendency with Improved Reliability and Sensitivity. Neuroscience 2019; 423:12-17. [PMID: 31704493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity and reliability of animal behavioral assessment methods are critical for successful translation of in vitro findings to in vivo. Here we report a data transformation process in the elevated open platform task that generates a novel parameter, namely peak tolerance of fear (PTF) or its inversely correlated equivalent of anxiety quotient (AQ), to measure anxiogenic tendency in rodent. As compared to traditional parameters such as travel distance, time, or entries, PTF or AQ displays largely reduced data dispersion not only ingroup but also cross-study and cross-cohort, therefore representing a significant improvement of the methodology for rodent anxiety assessment.
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13
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A new stress model by predatory sound produces persistent anxiety-like behaviours in male SD rats but not ICR mice. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a crucial cortical region that integrates information from numerous cortical and subcortical areas and converges updated information to output structures. It plays essential roles in the cognitive process, regulation of emotion, motivation, and sociability. Dysfunction of the mPFC has been found in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and addiction. In the present review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical studies to illustrate the role of the mPFC in these neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ai Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan China
| | - Yipeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xuezhi Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
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15
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Peli A, Grandis A, Tassinari M, Famigli Bergamini P, Tagliavia C, Roccaro M, Bombardi C. Environment and Behavior: Neurochemical Effects of Different Diets in the Calf Brain. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E358. [PMID: 31207977 PMCID: PMC6617313 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calves reared for the production of white veal are subjected to stressful events due to the type of liquid diet they receive. Stress responses are mediated by three main stress-responsive cerebral regions: the prefrontal cortex, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract of the brainstem. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of different diets on these brain regions of ruminants using immunohistochemical methods. In this study, 15 calves were used and kept in group housing systems of five calves each. They were fed with three different diets: a control diet, a milk diet, and a weaned diet. Brain sections were immunostained to evaluate the distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex; the expression of oxytocin in the paraventricular nucleus; and the presence of c-Fos in the A2 group of the nucleus of the solitary tract. The main results obtained indicate that in weaned diet group the oxytocin activity is lower than in control diet and milk diet groups. In addition, weaning appears to stimulate myelination in the prefrontal cortex. In summary, this study supports the importance of maintaining a nutritional lifestyle similar to that occurring in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Peli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Annamaria Grandis
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Marco Tassinari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Paolo Famigli Bergamini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Claudio Tagliavia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Mariana Roccaro
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
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16
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Gomes JAS, Oliveira MC, Gobira PH, Silva GC, Marçal AP, Gomes GF, Ferrari CZ, Lemos VS, Oliveira ACPD, Vieira LB, Ferreira AVM, Aguiar DC. A high-refined carbohydrate diet facilitates compulsive-like behavior in mice through the nitric oxide pathway. Nitric Oxide 2018; 80:61-69. [PMID: 30125695 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by abnormal adipose tissue expansion and is associated with chronic inflammation. Obesity itself may induce several comorbidities, including psychiatric disorders. It has been previously demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines are able to up-regulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) release, which both have a role in compulsive related behaviors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether acute or chronic consumption of a high-refined carbohydrate-containing (HC) diet will modify burying-behavior in the Marble Burying Test (MBT) through augmentation of NO signaling in the striatum, a brain region related to the reward system. Further, we also verified the effects of chronic consumption of a HC diet on the reinforcing effects induced by cocaine in the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) test. METHODS Male BALB/c mice received a standard diet (control diet) or a HC diet for 3 days or 12 weeks. RESULTS An increase in burying behavior occurred in the MBT after chronic consumption of a HC diet that was associated with an increase of nitrite levels in the striatum. The pre-treatment with Aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg), a preferential inhibitor of iNOS, prevented such alterations. Additionally, a chronic HC diet also induced a higher expression of iNOS in this region and higher glutamate release from striatal synaptosomes. Neither statistical differences were observed in the expression levels of the neuronal isoform of NOS nor in microglia number and activation. Finally, the reinforcing effects induced by cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) during the expression of the conditioned response in the CPP test were not different between the chronically HC diet fed mice and the control group. However, HC diet-feeding mice presented impairment of cocaine-preference extinction. CONCLUSION Altogether, our results suggest that the chronic consumption of a HC diet induces compulsive-like behavior through a mechanism possibly associated with NO activation in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Ariana Souza Gomes
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marina C Oliveira
- Departmento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Gobira
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Grazielle C Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Anna Paula Marçal
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Freitas Gomes
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina Zaniboni Ferrari
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Virginia Soares Lemos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Cardiovascular, Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Luciene Bruno Vieira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departmento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adaliene V M Ferreira
- Departmento de Nutrição, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Aguiar
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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17
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Santos-Rocha JB, Rae M, Teixeira AMA, Teixeira SA, Munhoz CD, Muscará MN, Marcourakis T, Szumlinski KK, Camarini R. Involvement of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in cross-sensitization between chronic unpredictable stress and ethanol in adolescent and adult mice. Alcohol 2018; 68:71-79. [PMID: 29525685 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The peculiar neurochemical profile of the adolescent brain renders it differently susceptible to several stimuli, including stress and/or drug exposure. Among several stress mediators, nitric oxide (NO) has a role in stress responses. We have demonstrated that adolescent mice are less sensitive to ethanol-induced sensitization than adult mice. The present study investigated whether chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induces behavioral sensitization to ethanol in adolescent and adult Swiss mice, and investigated the influence of Ca2+-dependent nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in the phenomenon. Adolescent and adult mice were exposed to repeated 1.8 g/kg ethanol or CUS and challenged with saline or ethanol. A neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7NI), was administered along with ethanol and CUS to test its effects on behavioral sensitization. Both adolescent and adult mice displayed cross-sensitization between CUS and ethanol in adult mice, with adolescents showing a lower degree of sensitization than adults. nNOS inhibition by 7NI reduced both ethanol sensitization and cross-sensitization. All age differences in the Ca2+-dependent NOS activity in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were in the direction of greater activity in adults than in adolescents. Adolescents showed lower sensitivity to cross-sensitization between CUS and ethanol, and the nitric oxide (NO) system seems to have a pivotal role in ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization and cross-sensitization in both adolescent and adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Rae
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Aparecida Teixeira
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Demarchi Munhoz
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Nicolas Muscará
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Tania Marcourakis
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Karen K Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9660, United States
| | - Rosana Camarini
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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18
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Siba IP, Bortolanza M, Frazão Vital MAB, Andreatini R, da Cunha JM, Del Bel EA, Zanoveli JM. Fish oil prevents rodent anxious states comorbid with diabetes: A putative involvement of nitric oxide modulation. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:173-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Demir S, Bulut M, Atli A, Kaplan İ, Kaya MC, Bez Y, Özdemir PG, Sır A. Decreased Prolidase Activity in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2016; 13:420-6. [PMID: 27482243 PMCID: PMC4965652 DOI: 10.4306/pi.2016.13.4.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many neurochemical systems have been implicated in the development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The prolidase enzyme is a cytosolic exopeptidase that detaches proline or hydroxyproline from the carboxyl terminal position of dipeptides. Prolidase has important biological effects, and to date, its role in the etiology of PTSD has not been studied. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate prolidase activity in patients with PTSD. METHODS The study group consisted of patients who were diagnosed with PTSD after the earthquake that occurred in the province of Van in Turkey in 2011 (n=25); the first control group consisted of patients who experienced the earthquake but did not show PTSD symptoms (n=26) and the second control group consisted of patients who have never been exposed to a traumatic event (n=25). Prolidase activities in the patients and the control groups were determined by the ELISA method using commercial kits. RESULTS Prolidase activity in the patient group was significantly lower when compared to the control groups. Prolidase activity was also significantly lower in the traumatized healthy subjects compared to the other healthy group (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest that the decrease in prolidase activity may have neuroprotective effects in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Demir
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Bulut
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Atli
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | | | - Yasin Bez
- Department of Psychiatry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Aytekin Sır
- Department of Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
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20
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Moore NLT, Altman DE, Gauchan S, Genovese RF. Adulthood stress responses in rats are variably altered as a factor of adolescent stress exposure. Stress 2016; 19:295-302. [PMID: 27295201 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2016.1191465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure during development may influence adulthood stress response severity. The present study investigates persisting effects of two adolescent stressors upon adulthood response to predator exposure (PE). Rats were exposed to underwater trauma (UWT) or PE during adolescence, then to PE after reaching adulthood. Rats were then exposed to predator odor (PO) to test responses to predator cues alone. Behavioral and neuroendocrine assessments were conducted to determine acute effects of each stress experience. Adolescent stress altered behavioral response to adulthood PE. Acoustic startle response was blunted. Bidirectional changes in plus maze exploration were revealed as a factor of adolescent stress type. Neuroendocrine response magnitude did not predict severity of adolescent or adult stress response, suggesting that different adolescent stress events may differentially alter developmental outcomes regardless of acute behavioral or neuroendocrine response. We report that exposure to two different stressors in adolescence may differentially affect stress response outcomes in adulthood. Acute response to an adolescent stressor may not be consistent across all stressors or all dependent measures, and may not predict alterations in developmental outcomes pertaining to adulthood stress exposure. Further studies are needed to characterize factors underlying long-term effects of a developmental stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L T Moore
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Daniel E Altman
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Sangeeta Gauchan
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Raymond F Genovese
- a Military Psychiatry Branch , Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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21
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Vila-Verde C, Marinho ALZ, Lisboa SF, Guimarães FS. Nitric oxide in the prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex is involved in the anxiogenic-like effect induced by acute restraint stress in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 320:30-42. [PMID: 26812037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons containing the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) enzyme are located in brain areas related to defensive behavior, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC). Rats exposed to a live predator (a cat) present anxiety-like behavior and an increased number of nNOS-positive neurons in this brain area one-week later. Moreover, stress-related behavioral changes in rodents can be prevented by systemic or local vMPFC nNOS inhibition. In the present study we investigated if acute restraint stress (RS)-induced delayed (one-week) anxiogenic-like effect was associated with increased nNOS expression or activity in the vMPFC. Furthermore, we also tested if local pharmacological nNOS inhibition would prevent stress-induced behavioral changes. Male Wistar rats were submitted to RS for 3h and tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM) 24h or 7 days later. Two hours after the EPM test, their brains were removed, processed and nNOS expression in the vMPFC was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Another group of animals was used for measuring NO metabolites (NOx; an indirect measure of NOS activity) immediately after the EPM test, 24h after RS. Independent groups had guide cannula implanted bilaterally into the prelimbic (PL) portion of vMPFC. Five to six days after surgery, the animals were submitted to RS and 24h later received local administration of the nNOS inhibitor, N-propyl-l-arginine (NPLA; 0.04 nmol). They were tested in the EPM 10 min later. RS-induced anxiogenic-like effect was accompanied by increased nNOS expression in the PL (p<0.05), but not in the infralimbic (IL) vMPFC, both 24h and 7 days after RS. Moreover, open-arm exploration of the EPM was negatively correlated with nNOS expression (p<0.05) and NOx levels (p<0.05) in the PL. The anxiogenic-like effect observed 24h after RS was prevented by NPLA (p<0.05). Our results suggest that RS-induced anxiogenic-like effect might depend on increased nNOS-mediated signaling in the PL MPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vila-Verde
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - A L Z Marinho
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S F Lisboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - F S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Qiu ZK, Li MS, He JL, Liu X, Zhang GH, Lai S, Ma JC, Zeng J, Li Y, Wu HW, Chen Y, Shen YG, Chen JS. Translocator protein mediates the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of midazolam. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 139:77-83. [PMID: 26455280 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) plays an important role in stress-related disorders, such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), caused by neurosteroids (e.g. allopregnanolone). The present study sought to evaluate the significance of TSPO in anxiolytic and antidepressant effects induced by midazolam. The animals were administrated midazolam (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and subjected to behavioral tests, including Vogel-type conflict test, elevated plus-maze test, forced swimming test. Midazolam produced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects Vogel-type conflict test (1 mg/kg, i.p.), elevated plus-maze test (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.), and forced swimming test (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.). These effects of Midazolam were totally blocked by the TSPO antagonist PK11195 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). To evaluate the role of allopregnanolone in the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of midazolam, the animals were decapitated at the end of the behavioral tests. The allopregnanolone levels of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The allopregnanolone level of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was increased by midazolam (0.5, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and the increase was reversed by PK11195 (3 mg/kg, i.p.). Overall, the results indicated that the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of midazolam were mediated by TSPO, via stimulation of allopregnanolone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Kun Qiu
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ming-Sheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Centre Hospital of Taian, Taian 271000, PR China
| | - Jia-Li He
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, PR China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Pharmacy Department of General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Guan-Hua Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Sha Lai
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Jian-Chun Ma
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Jia Zeng
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hong-Wei Wu
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yong-Gang Shen
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Ji-Sheng Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Clinical Pharmacy Department of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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23
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Saur L, Baptista PPA, Bagatini PB, Neves LT, de Oliveira RM, Vaz SP, Ferreira K, Machado SA, Mestriner RG, Xavier LL. Experimental Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Decreases Astrocyte Density and Changes Astrocytic Polarity in the CA1 Hippocampus of Male Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 41:892-904. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1770-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Chen HJC, Spiers JG, Sernia C, Lavidis NA. Response of the nitrergic system to activation of the neuroendocrine stress axis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:3. [PMID: 25653586 PMCID: PMC4300918 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to stressful stimuli causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis which rapidly releases high concentrations of glucocorticoid stress hormones, resulting in increased cellular metabolism and spontaneous oxygen and nitrogen radical formation. High concentrations of nitrogen radicals, including nitric oxide, cause damage to cellular proteins in addition to inhibiting components of the mitochondrial transport chain, leading to cellular energy deficiency. During stress exposure, pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide production reduces indicators of anxiety- and depressive-like behavior in animal models. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to present an overview of the current literature on stress-evoked changes in the nitrergic system, particularly within neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jereme G Spiers
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Conrad Sernia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nickolas A Lavidis
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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