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Guerrero-Carrasco M, Targett I, Olmos-Alonso A, Vargas-Caballero M, Gomez-Nicola D. Low-grade systemic inflammation stimulates microglial turnover and accelerates the onset of Alzheimer's-like pathology. Glia 2024; 72:1340-1355. [PMID: 38597386 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Several in vivo studies have shown that systemic inflammation, mimicked by LPS, triggers an inflammatory response in the CNS, driven by microglia, characterized by an increase in inflammatory cytokines and associated sickness behavior. However, most studies induce relatively high systemic inflammation, not directly compared with the more common low-grade inflammatory events experienced in humans during the life course. Using mice, we investigated the effects of low-grade systemic inflammation during an otherwise healthy early life, and how this may precondition the onset and severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology. Our results indicate that low-grade systemic inflammation induces sub-threshold brain inflammation and promotes microglial proliferation driven by the CSF1R pathway, contrary to the effects caused by high systemic inflammation. In addition, repeated systemic challenges with low-grade LPS induce disease-associated microglia. Finally, using an inducible model of AD-like pathology (Line 102 mice), we observed that preconditioning with repeated doses of low-grade systemic inflammation, prior to APP induction, promotes a detrimental effect later in life, leading to an increase in Aβ accumulation and disease-associated microglia. These results support the notion that episodic low-grade systemic inflammation has the potential to influence the onset and severity of age-related neurological disorders, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guerrero-Carrasco
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Imogen Targett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Adrian Olmos-Alonso
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mariana Vargas-Caballero
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences (IfLS), University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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2
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Benitah KC, Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp KP. The enteric metabolite, propionic acid, impairs social behavior and increases anxiety in a rodent ASD model: Examining sex differences and the influence of the estrous cycle. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023; 231:173630. [PMID: 37640163 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that certain gut and dietary factors may worsen behavioral features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Treatment with propionic acid (PPA) has been found to create both brain and behavioral responses in rats that are characteristic of ASD in humans. A consistent male bias in human ASD prevalence has been observed, and several sex-differential genetic and hormonal factors have been suggested to contribute to this bias. The majority of PPA studies in relation to ASD focus on male subjects; research examining the effects of PPA in females is scarce. The present study includes two experiments. Experiment 1 explored sex differences in the effects of systemic administration of PPA (500 mg/kg, ip) on adult rodent social behavior and anxiety (light-dark test). Experiment 2 investigated differential effects of systemic administration of PPA (500 mg/kg) on social behavior and anxiety in relation to fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels during the adult rodent estrous cycle. PPA treatment impaired social behavior and increased anxiety in females to the same degree in comparison to PPA-treated males. As well, females treated with PPA in their diestrus phase did not differ significantly in comparison to females administered PPA in their proestrus phase, in terms of reduced social behavior and increased anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie C Benitah
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Kavaliers
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klaus-Peter Ossenkopp
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Mathiron AGE, Rejo L, Chapeau F, Malgouyres JM, Silvestre F, Vignet C. Tools for photomotor response assay standardization in ecotoxicological studies: Example of exposure to gentamicin in the freshwater planaria Schmidtea mediterranea. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104242. [PMID: 37573897 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Photomotor response assay (PMR) is very useful in an ecotoxicological context because it allows evaluation of behavioral response to potential toxic compounds. However, a lack of procedure standardization makes results comparison difficult between labs and organisms. Here, we aimed to propose five different tools to standardize the PMR procedure so that it may be applied to all model species, regarding: (1) the minimum total sample size, (2) the acclimation period, (3) the number and duration of light and dark phases alternation, (4) the measured behavior, and (5) the statistical analysis. As an example of procedure application, we analyzed the effect of an exposure to the antibiotic gentamicin on the locomotion behavior during PMR in an invertebrate species: the asexual freshwater planaria Schmidtea mediterranea. We encourage future studies using PMR to follow these five tools to improve data analysis and results comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G E Mathiron
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium; Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Lucia Rejo
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Florian Chapeau
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Jean-Michel Malgouyres
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
| | - Frédéric Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium; Institute of Life, Earth, and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Caroline Vignet
- Biochimie et Toxicologie des Substances Bioactives (BTSB), EA7417, INU Champollion, Place de Verdun, 81000 Albi, France
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Infection, Learning, and Memory: Focus on Immune Activation and Aversive Conditioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104898. [PMID: 36183862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the effects of immune activation primarily via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, on hippocampal and non-hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Rodent studies have found that LPS alters both the acquisition and consolidation of aversive learning and memory, such as those evoking evolutionarily adaptive responses like fear and disgust. The inhibitory effects of LPS on the acquisition and consolidation of contextual fear memory are discussed. LPS-induced alterations in the acquisition of taste and place-related conditioned disgust memory within bottle preference tasks and taste reactivity tests (taste-related), in addition to conditioned context avoidance tasks and the anticipatory nausea paradigm (place-related), are highlighted. Further, conditioned disgust memory consolidation may also be influenced by LPS-induced effects. Growing evidence suggests a central role of immune activation, especially pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, in eliciting the effects described here. Understanding how infection-induced immune activation alters learning and memory is increasingly important as bacterial and viral infections are found to present a risk of learning and memory impairment.
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Neuwirth LS, Verrengia MT, Harikinish-Murrary ZI, Orens JE, Lopez OE. Under or Absent Reporting of Light Stimuli in Testing of Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rodents: The Need for Standardization. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:912146. [PMID: 36061362 PMCID: PMC9428565 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.912146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral neuroscience tests such as the Light/Dark Test, the Open Field Test, the Elevated Plus Maze Test, and the Three Chamber Social Interaction Test have become both essential and widely used behavioral tests for transgenic and pre-clinical models for drug screening and testing. However, as fast as the field has evolved and the contemporaneous involvement of technology, little assessment of the literature has been done to ensure that these behavioral neuroscience tests that are crucial to pre-clinical testing have well-controlled ethological motivation by the use of lighting (i.e., Lux). In the present review paper, N = 420 manuscripts were examined from 2015 to 2019 as a sample set (i.e., n = ~20–22 publications per year) and it was found that only a meager n = 50 publications (i.e., 11.9% of the publications sampled) met the criteria for proper anxiogenic and anxiolytic Lux reported. These findings illustrate a serious concern that behavioral neuroscience papers are not being vetted properly at the journal review level and are being released into the literature and public domain making it difficult to assess the quality of the science being reported. This creates a real need for standardizing the use of Lux in all publications on behavioral neuroscience techniques within the field to ensure that contributions are meaningful, avoid unnecessary duplication, and ultimately would serve to create a more efficient process within the pre-clinical screening/testing for drugs that serve as anxiolytic compounds that would prove more useful than what prior decades of work have produced. It is suggested that improving the standardization of the use and reporting of Lux in behavioral neuroscience tests and the standardization of peer-review processes overseeing the proper documentation of these methodological approaches in manuscripts could serve to advance pre-clinical testing for effective anxiolytic drugs. This report serves to highlight this concern and proposes strategies to proactively remedy them as the field moves forward for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz S. Neuwirth
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lorenz S. Neuwirth
| | - Michael T. Verrengia
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Zachary I. Harikinish-Murrary
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Jessica E. Orens
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
| | - Oscar E. Lopez
- Department of Psychology, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
- SUNY Neuroscience Research Institute, SUNY Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY, United States
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Lindhardt TB, Gutiérrez-Jiménez E, Liang Z, Hansen B. Male and Female C57BL/6 Mice Respond Differently to Awake Magnetic Resonance Imaging Habituation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:853527. [PMID: 35757553 PMCID: PMC9226328 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.853527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, preclinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been performed in anesthetized animals. However, anesthesia has been shown to perturb normal brain function and physiology. Such effects limit our ability to detect subtle physiological alterations in disease models and treatment studies, thus hampering discovery and compromising generality of findings. Therefore, methods for awake animal MRI are needed to study the rodent brain in its natural physiological state, free of anesthetics. Current setups for awake animal MRI rely on restraining systems to avoid animal movement during scanning. To reduce restraint stress, animals are habituated to the scanner environment prior to MRI data collection. To date, however, most awake MRI studies employ male rodents only. This is a fundamental limitation as results obtained may be pertinent only to half of the population. We characterized training and habituation responses of male and female mice to provide improved, sex-dependent training procedures for awake mouse MRI. We recorded heart rate, monitored behavioral responses (body weight and fecal boli weight) and fecal corticosterone levels (FCM) as indicators of wellbeing and stress during a 14-day progressive habituation protocol. In addition, we also assessed discomfort levels and anxiety using the mouse grimace scale (MGS) and light/dark test (LDT), respectively. All scores were compared between both groups. We found that heart rate was significantly decreased after 10 and 11 days of training for both males and females, respectively. However, the specific time course for this decrease was significantly different between males and females, and females exhibited higher anxiety levels during habituation and 14 days after habituation than males. Lastly, we also found that mean FCM levels for both groups were decreased after 11 days of MRI habituation. The present work shows that mice can be successfully trained for extended MRI sessions which is necessary for many (particularly non-fMRI) studies. Importantly, we find that males and females differ in their response to awake MRI habituation, which should be considered in future awake MRI studies that aim to include male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Beck Lindhardt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Eugenio Gutiérrez-Jiménez
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zhifeng Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Sciences and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Rocha-Gomes A, Teixeira AE, Santiago CMO, Oliveira DGD, Silva AAD, Lacerda ACR, Riul TR, Mendonça VA, Rocha-Vieira E, Leite HR. Prenatal LPS exposure increases hippocampus IL-10 and prevents short-term memory loss in the male adolescent offspring of high-fat diet fed dams. Physiol Behav 2022; 243:113628. [PMID: 34695488 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance can reduce the neuroinflammation caused by high fat maternal diets; however, there are no reports that have evaluated the effects of prenatal LPS exposure on the memories of the offspring of high-fat diet fed dams. This study evaluated the effects of prenatal LPS exposure on the inflammatory parameters and redox status in the brain, as well as the object recognition memory of adolescent offspring of Wistar rat dams that were treated with a high-fat diet during gestation and lactation. Female pregnant Wistar rats randomly received a standard diet (17.5% fat) or a high-fat diet (45.0% fat) during gestation and lactation. On gestation days 8, 10, and 12, half of the females in each group were intraperitoneally treated with LPS (0.1 mg.kg-1). After weaning, the male offspring were placed in cages in standard conditions, and at 6 weeks old, animals underwent the novel object recognition test (for short- and long-term memory). The offspring of the high-fat diet fed dams showed increased hippocampus IL-6 levels (21-days-old) and impaired short-term memories. These effects were avoided in the offspring of high-fat diet fed dams submitted to prenatal LPS exposure, which showed greater hippocampus IL-10 levels (at 21- and 50-days-old), increased antioxidant activity (50-days-old) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, without memory impairments (short- and long-term memory). IL-6 has been consistently implicated in memory deficits and as an endogenous mechanism for limiting plasticity, while IL-10 regulates glial activation and has a strong association with improvements in cognitive function. Prenatal LPS exposure preventing the increase of IL-6 in the hippocampus and the impairment to short-term object recognition memory caused by the high-fat maternal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Rocha-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000 Brasil; Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil.
| | - Amanda Escobar Teixeira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Camilla Mainy Oliveira Santiago
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Dalila Gomes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000 Brasil
| | - Tania Regina Riul
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000 Brasil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000 Brasil
| | - Hércules Ribeiro Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000 Brasil; Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901 Brasil.
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Gonzalez ST, Marty V, Spigelman I, Reise SP, Fanselow MS. Impact of stress resilience and susceptibility on fear learning, anxiety, and alcohol intake. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100335. [PMID: 34036127 PMCID: PMC8135041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop after exposure to traumatic events and severely impacts the quality of life. PTSD is frequently comorbid with substance use disorders, with alcoholism being particularly common. However, not everyone who experiences trauma develops PTSD and the factors that render individuals susceptible or resilient to the effects of stress are unknown although gender appears to play an important role. Rodent models of stress exposure such as stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL) recapitulate some aspects of PTSD symptomology, making them an invaluable tool for studying this disorder. This study examined whether exposure to a modified version of the SEFL procedure (4 footshocks instead of the standard 15 over 90 min) would reveal both susceptible and resilient subjects. Following stress exposure, distinct susceptible and resilient groups emerged that differed in fear learning and anxiety-related behavior as well as voluntary alcohol intake. Some aspects of stress susceptibility manifested differently in males compared to females, with susceptibility associated with increased alcohol intake in males and increased baseline anxiety in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T. Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Marty
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Igor Spigelman
- Division of Oral Biology & Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven P. Reise
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S. Fanselow
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Staglin Center for Brain and Behavioral Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rocha-Gomes A, Teixeira AE, de Oliveira DG, Santiago CMO, da Silva AA, Riul TR, Lacerda ACR, Mendonça VA, Rocha-Vieira E, Leite HR. LPS tolerance prevents anxiety-like behavior and amygdala inflammation of high-fat-fed dams' adolescent offspring. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113371. [PMID: 34019914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Maternal high-fat diets (HFD) can generate inflammation in the offspring's amygdala, which can lead to anxiety-like behaviors. Conversely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance can reduce neuroinflammation in the offspring caused by maternal high-fat diets. This study evaluated the combination of LPS tolerance and high-fat maternal diet on amygdala's inflammatory parameters and the anxiety-like behavior in adolescent offspring. Female pregnant Wistar rats received randomly a standard diet or a high-fat diet during gestation and lactation. On gestation days 8, 10, and 12, half of the females in each group were intraperitonially injected with LPS (0.1 mg.kg-1). After weaning, the male offspring (n = 96) were placed in individual boxes in standard conditions, and when 6 weeks-old, the animals underwent: Open-Field, Light/Dark Box, Elevated Plus-Maze, and Rotarod tests. When 50 days-old the offspring were euthanized and the amygdala removed for cytokine and redox status analysis. The offspring in the HFD group showed lower amygdala IL-10 levels, high IL-6/IL-10 ratio, and anxiety-like behaviors. These effects were attenuated in the HFD offspring submitted to LPS tolerance, which showed an anti-inflammatory compensatory response in the amygdala. Also, this group showed a higher activity of the enzyme catalase in the amygdala. In addition, receiving the combination of LPS tolerance and maternal HFD did not lead to anxiety-like behavior in the offspring. The results suggest that LPS tolerance attenuated amygdala inflammation through an anti-inflammatory compensatory response besides preventing anxiety-like behavior caused by the high-fat maternal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Rocha-Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Escobar Teixeira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Dalila Gomes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Camilla Mainy Oliveira Santiago
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Tania Regina Riul
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Rodrigues Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Amaral Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Etel Rocha-Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina do Campus JK, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Hércules Ribeiro Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Sociedade Brasileira de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
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On Wah DT, Kavaliers M, Bishnoi IR, Ossenkopp KP. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced sickness in early adolescence alters the behavioral effects of the short-chain fatty acid, propionic acid, in late adolescence and adulthood: Examining anxiety and startle reactivity. Behav Brain Res 2019; 360:312-322. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wah DTO, Ossenkopp KP, Bishnoi I, Kavaliers M. Predator odor exposure in early adolescence influences the effects of the bacterial product, propionic acid, on anxiety, sensorimotor gating, and acoustic startle response in male rats in later adolescence and adulthood. Physiol Behav 2019; 199:35-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Emmer KM, Walker WH, Zhang N, DeVries AC. Mammary tumor and mastectomy synergistically promote neuroinflammation in a breast cancer survivor model. Brain Res 2018; 1707:133-140. [PMID: 30496733 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding why breast cancer survivors are at an increased risk for cognitive and affective disorders is essential for developing targeted treatment plans and improving quality of life. Microglia priming results in chronic neuroinflammation and can contribute to neuronal degeneration and dysfunction, thereby offering a potential mechanism for altered brain function that persists after tumor removal. This study examined whether mammary tumors alter microglia and augment the inflammatory profile and behavior of mice. To test this, non-metastatic mammary tumor cells (67NR) were injected orthotopically into the mammary glands of BALB/c mice, allowed to grow for 16 days, and then the tumors were removed via mastectomy. Following a 14-day surgical recovery, the mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and then central and peripheral inflammation, anxiety, and depressive-like behavior were evaluated. Here we show that major central and peripheral inflammatory markers were not altered by tumor growth nor mastectomy surgery alone. However, hippocampal mRNA expression of major proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα was increased in tumor removal animals, persisting past surgical recovery. Nonetheless, the immune and behavioral responses following LPS administration were comparable among groups. In sum, these data demonstrate that the combination of tumor and mastectomy promotes neuroinflammation; however, immune challenge did not elucidate this inflammation as maladaptive for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Emmer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - William H Walker
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States; Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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Communication and social interaction anxiety enhance interleukin-1 beta and cortisol reactivity during high-stakes public speaking. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 94:83-90. [PMID: 29775877 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worry or fear related to speaking in front of others, or more broadly, communicating and interacting with others, is common. At elevated levels, however, it may contribute to heightened stress reactivity during acute speaking challenges. The purpose of this study was to examine multi-system physiological stress reactivity in the context of high-stakes public speaking while considering the impact of hypothesized individual difference risk factors. METHODS University student participants (n = 95) delivering speeches as a heavily-weighted component of their final grade had saliva samples collected immediately prior to speaking, immediately after, and 20 min after speech completion. Saliva samples were assayed for alpha amylase (sAA), cortisol, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Self-reported communication anxiety, social interaction anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and sex were assessed as risk factors for heightened stress reactivity. RESULTS Salivary sAA, cortisol, and IL-1β significantly changed following speech delivery. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that elevated levels of self-reported communication anxiety and social interaction anxiety were independently associated with increased cortisol and IL-1β responses and combined to enhance HPA axis and inflammatory cytokine activity further (i.e., cortisol and IL-1β AUCI). Sex and rejection sensitivity were unrelated to physiological stress reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individuals with elevated communication and interaction fears may be at increased risk of heightened neuroendocrine and inflammatory responses following exposure to acute social stressors. Both types of anxiety may combine to increase physiological reactivity further, with unknown, though likely insalubrious, health consequences over time.
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Lainiola M, Linden AM. Alcohol intake in two different mouse drinking models after recovery from the lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness reaction. Alcohol 2017; 65:1-10. [PMID: 29084623 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation may play an important role in the development of alcohol addiction. Recent preclinical reports suggest that enhanced innate immune system signaling increases consumption of alcohol. Our aim was to study whether consequences of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness reaction increase long-term alcohol intake. Adult male C57BL/6J mice, housed in individually ventilated cages, were injected with LPS intraperitoneally (i.p.) and allowed to recover from an acute sickness reaction for 1 week before analysis of their alcohol intake in two different drinking models. Effects of LPS challenge were tested in a continuous two-bottle free choice test with increasing concentrations of alcohol and in a drinking in the dark (DID) binge model. In addition, the effect of repeatedly administered LPS during abstinence periods between binge drinking was analyzed in the DID model. In addition, the DID model was used to study the effects of the microglia inhibitor minocycline (50 mg/kg/day, 4 days) and purinergic P2X7 receptor antagonist Brilliant Blue G (75 mg/kg/day, 7 days) on alcohol intake. In contrast to previous findings, pretreatment with a 1-mg/kg dose of LPS did not significantly increase ethanol consumption in the continuous two-bottle choice test. As a novel finding, we report that increasing the LPS dose to 1.5 mg/kg reduced consumption of 18 and 21% (v/v) ethanol. In the DID model, pretreatment with LPS (0.2-1.5 mg/kg) did not significantly alter 15% or 20% ethanol consumption. Neither did repeated LPS injections affect binge alcohol drinking. Minocycline reduced alcohol, but also water, intake regardless of LPS pretreatment. No data on effects of P2X7 antagonists on alcohol consumption have been previously published; therefore, we report here that subchronic Brilliant Blue G had no effect on alcohol intake in the DID model. As a conclusion, further studies are needed to validate this LPS model of the interaction between immune system activation and alcohol consumption.
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15
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Yan J, Bai J, Gao C, Liang Y, Zhao B, Bian Y. Chronic unpredictable stress abrogates the endotoxin tolerance induced by repeated peripheral LPS challenge via the TLR4 signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2017; 645:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Abstract
Human infections with foodborne pathogenic organisms are relatively well described in terms of their overt physical symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, fever, and associated sequelae. Indeed, some of these are key for diagnosis and treatment, although it should be noted that, for some foodborne pathogens, the physical symptoms might be more diffuse, particularly those associated with some of the foodborne parasites. In contrast, the impact of these pathogens on mental health is less well described, and symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and general malaise are usually ignored when foodborne infections are recorded. Despite this, it is generally accepted that there are several psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology that may be associated with microbial pathogens. Depression, autism, hypochondriasis and anxiety, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome probably have multiple contributing causes, among which foodborne pathogens may play a decisive or contributory role, possibly sharing pathophysiological pathways with other environmental triggers. This review focuses on foodborne parasites and bacterial pathogens. Some foodborne parasites, such as metacestodes of Taenia solium and tissue cysts (bradyzoites) of Toxoplasma gondii , may affect mental health by directly infecting the brain. In contrast, bacterial infections and other parasitic infections may contribute to mental illness via the immune system and/or by influencing neurotransmission pathways. Thus, cytokines, for example, have been associated with depression and schizophrenia. However, infectious disease models for psychiatry require a more complete understanding of the relationship between psychiatric disorders and microbial triggers. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the role of foodborne parasitic and bacterial pathogens in mental illness and identifies some of the gaps that should be addressed to improve diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues that are not solely related to psychiatric factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan J Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Stephenson JF. Keeping eyes peeled: guppies exposed to chemical alarm cue are more responsive to ambiguous visual cues. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016; 70:575-584. [PMID: 27069301 PMCID: PMC4788695 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Information received from the visual and chemical senses is qualitatively different. For prey species in aquatic environments, visual cues are spatially and temporally reliable but risky as the prey and predator must often be in close proximity. Chemical cues, by contrast, can be distorted by currents or linger and thus provide less reliable spatial and temporal information, but can be detected from a safe distance. Chemical cues are therefore often the first detected and may provide a context in which prey respond to subsequent ambiguous cues (“context hypothesis”). Depending on this context, early chemical cues may also alert prey to attend to imminent cues in other sensory modalities (“alerting hypothesis”). In the context of predation risk, for example, it is intuitive that individuals become more responsive to subsequent ambiguous cues across sensory modalities. Consistent with the context hypothesis, guppies, Poecilia reticulata, exposed to conspecific alarm cue reduced activity, a classic fright response among fish, in response to a water disturbance more than those exposed to cues of unharmed conspecifics or a water control. Despite this reduction in activity, guppies exposed to alarm cue were more attentive to visual cues than those exposed to the other chemical cues, as predicted by the alerting hypothesis. These responses contrasted with those of guppies exposed to chemical cues of undisturbed, unharmed conspecifics, which were relatively unaffected by the disturbance. This is the first study indicating that unambiguous cues detected by one sensory modality affect animal responses to subsequent ambiguous multimodal cues. Significance statement In moving water, chemical cues can be detected over longer distances than visual cues; they may therefore be detected first and alert animals to imminent visual cues. This effect is likely to be particularly important if these chemical cues are indicative of predation. I investigated how different chemical cues affect (1) guppy response to an ambiguous water disturbance and (2) their responsiveness to subsequent ambiguous visual cues. Guppies based their responses to ambiguous cues on the context implied by chemical cues: those exposed to chemical cues indicative of predation reduced activity, a classic fright response, but increased responsiveness to visual cues, relative to those exposed to control chemical cues. This is the first study to show that unambiguous cues detected by one sense affect animal responses to ambiguous cues detected by other senses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2076-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Stephenson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX UK ; Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment (ACE), ETH Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland ; Department of Aquatic Ecology, EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Krishna S, Dodd CA, Filipov NM. Behavioral and monoamine perturbations in adult male mice with chronic inflammation induced by repeated peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:279-90. [PMID: 26802725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considering the limited information on the ability of chronic peripheral inflammation to induce behavioral alterations, including on their persistence after inflammatory stimuli termination and on associated neurochemical perturbations, this study assessed the effects of chronic (0.25 mg/kg; i.p.; twice weekly) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment on selected behavioral, neurochemical and molecular measures at different time points in adult male C57BL/6 mice. Behaviorally, LPS-treated mice were hypoactive after 6 weeks, whereas significant hyperactivity was observed after 12 weeks of LPS and 11 weeks after 13 week LPS treatment termination. Similar biphasic responses, i.e., early decrease followed by a delayed increase were observed in the open field test center time, suggestive of, respectively, increased and decreased anxiety. In a forced swim test, mice exhibited increased immobility (depressive behavior) at all times they were tested. Chronic LPS also produced persistent increase in splenic serotonin (5-HT) and time-dependent, brain region-specific alterations in striatal and prefrontocortical dopamine and 5-HT homeostasis. Microglia, but not astrocytes, were activated by LPS early and late, but their activation did not persist after LPS treatment termination. Above findings demonstrate that chronic peripheral inflammation initially causes hypoactivity and increased anxiety, followed by persistent hyperactivity and decreased anxiety. Notably, chronic LPS-induced depressive behavior appears early, persists long after LPS termination, and is associated with increased splenic 5-HT. Collectively, our data highlight the need for a greater focus on the peripheral/central monoamine alterations and lasting behavioral deficits induced by chronic peripheral inflammation as there are many pathological conditions where inflammation of a chronic nature is a hallmark feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saritha Krishna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Celia A Dodd
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nikolay M Filipov
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Are Anxiety Disorders Associated with Accelerated Aging? A Focus on Neuroprogression. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:8457612. [PMID: 26881136 PMCID: PMC4736204 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8457612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders (AnxDs) are highly prevalent throughout the lifespan, with detrimental effects on daily-life functioning, somatic health, and quality of life. An emerging perspective suggested that AnxDs may be associated with accelerated aging. In this paper, we explored the association between AnxDs and hallmarks of accelerated aging, with a specific focus on neuroprogression. We reviewed animal and human findings that suggest an overlap between processes of impaired neurogenesis, neurodegeneration, structural, functional, molecular, and cellular modifications in AnxDs, and aging. Although this research is at an early stage, our review suggests a link between anxiety and accelerated aging across multiple processes involved in neuroprogression. Brain structural and functional changes that accompany normal aging were more pronounced in subjects with AnxDs than in coevals without AnxDs, including reduced grey matter density, white matter alterations, impaired functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks, and poorer cognitive performance. Similarly, molecular correlates of brain aging, including telomere shortening, Aβ accumulation, and immune-inflammatory and oxidative/nitrosative stress, were overrepresented in anxious subjects. No conclusions about causality or directionality between anxiety and accelerated aging can be drawn. Potential mechanisms of this association, limitations of the current research, and implications for treatments and future studies are discussed.
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