Brain regions associated with inverse incentive learning: c-Fos immunohistochemistry after haloperidol sensitization on the bar test in rats

c-Fos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus after a single treatment with a typical haloperidol and nine atypical antipsychotics: a pilot study

Objective. The aim of the present study was to find out whether acute effect of different doses of selected antipsychotics including aripiprazole (ARI), amisulpride (AMI), asenapine (ASE), haloperidol (HAL), clozapine (CLO), risperidone (RIS), quetiapine (QUE), olanzapine (OLA), ziprasidone (ZIP), and paliperidone (PAL) may have a stimulatory impact on the c-Fos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons.

Methods. Adult male Wistar rats weighing 280–300 g were used. They were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or antipsychotics in the following doses (mg/kg of b.w.): ARI (1, 10, 30), AMI (10, 30), ASE (0.3), HAL (1.0, 2.0), CLO (10, 20), RIS (0.5, 2.0), QUE (10, 20), OLA (5, 10), ZIP (10, 30), and PAL (1.0). Ninety min later, the animals were anesthetized with Zoletil and Xylariem and sacrificed by a transcardial perfusion with 60 ml of saline containing 450 μl of heparin (5000 IU/l) followed by 250 ml of fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.4). The brains were postfixed in a fresh fixative overnight, washed two times in 0.1 M PB, infiltrated with 30% sucrose for 2 days at 4 °C, frozen at −80 °C for 120 min, and cut into 30 μm thick serial coronal sections at −16 °C. c-Fos profiles were visualized by nickel intensified DAB immunohistochemistry and examined under Axio-Imager A1 (Zeiss) light microscope.

Results. From ten sorts of antipsychotics tested, only six (ARI-10, CLO-10 and CLO-20, HAL-2, AMI-30, OLA-10, RIS-2 mg/kg b.w.) induced distinct c-Fos expression in the PVN. The antipsychotics predominantly targeted the medial parvocellular subdivision of the PVN.

Conclusions. The present pilot study revealed c-Fos expression increase predominantly in the PVN medial parvocellular subdivision neurons by action of only several sorts of antipsychotics tested indicating that this structure of the brain does not represent a common extra-striatal target area for all antipsychotics.

Short- and long-term effects of risperidone on catalepsy sensitisation and acquisition of conditioned avoidance response: Adolescent vs adult rats

The effects of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) on the adolescent brain are poorly understood despite a dramatic increase in prescription of these drugs in adolescents over the past twenty years. Neuronal systems continue to be remodeled during adolescence. Therefore, when given in adolescence, antipsychotic drugs (APDs) have the potential to affect this remodeling. In this study we investigated the effects of chronic 22-day risperidone treatment (1.3mg/kg/day) in both adolescent and adult rats. We examined short- and long-term changes in behaviour (catalepsy, locomotion and conditioned avoidance response (CAR)), and dopaminergic and serotonergic neurochemistry in the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. Here, we report that, both during chronic treatment and after a lengthy drug-free interval, risperidone induced a sensitised cataleptic response regardless of the age of exposure. Selectively in adolescents, risperidone-induced catalepsy was inversely correlated with striatal dopamine turnover immediately after chronic treatment. After a drug-free interval, a significant proportion of rats with prior adolescent risperidone treatment also failed to acquire CAR to a defined criterion. Our data provide evidence that the same chronic risperidone treatment regimen can induce contrasting short- and long-term neural outcomes in the adolescent and adult brains.