Beneficial effects of EGb761 and vitamin E on haloperidol-induced vacuous chewing movements in rats: Possible involvement of S100B mechanisms

Differential Role of Active Compounds in Mitophagy and Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease, significantly reduce the quality of life of patients and eventually result in complete maladjustment. Disruption of the synapses leads to a deterioration in the communication of nerve cells and decreased plasticity, which is associated with a loss of cognitive functions and neurodegeneration. Maintaining proper synaptic activity depends on the qualitative composition of mitochondria, because synaptic processes require sufficient energy supply and fine calcium regulation. The maintenance of the qualitative composition of mitochondria occurs due to mitophagy. The regulation of mitophagy is usually based on several internal mechanisms, as well as on signals and substances coming from outside the cell. These substances may directly or indirectly enhance or weaken mitophagy. In this review, we have considered the role of some compounds in process of mitophagy and neurodegeneration. Some of them have a beneficial effect on the functions of mitochondria and enhance mitophagy, showing promise as novel drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies, while others contribute to a decrease in mitophagy.

Melatonin reverses depressive and anxiety like-behaviours induced by diabetes: involvement of oxidative stress, age, rage and S100B levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats

Diabetes is associated with depression and anxiety symptoms. The current investigation was designed to explore the effect of melatonin on depressive and anxiety like-behaviours, oxidative stress, levels of AGE, RAGE and S100B in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The animals were divided into four groups: Normoglycemic; Normoglycemic + melatonin; diabetic; diabetic + melatonin (10 mg/kg, for 4 weeks). The malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), AGE, RAGE and S100B were measured and the depressive and anxiety like-behaviours were assessed by forced swimming and elevated plus maze tests, respectively. Melatonin ameliorates depressive and anxiety like-behaviours. Concomitantly, melatonin reversed diabetes induced increase of MDA, AGE and decrease of GSH and S100B levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In conclusion, our results showed that melatonin administration may exert antidepressant-like and anxiolytic effects in diabetic rats through normalising of AGE/RAGE, S100B and oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.

Genetic Factors Associated With Tardive Dyskinesia: From Pre-clinical Models to Clinical Studies

Tardive dyskinesia is a severe motor adverse event of antipsychotic medication, characterized by involuntary athetoid movements of the trunk, limbs, and/or orofacial areas. It affects two to ten patients under long-term administration of antipsychotics that do not subside for years even after the drug is stopped. Dopamine, serotonin, cannabinoid receptors, oxidative stress, plasticity factors, signaling cascades, as well as CYP isoenzymes and transporters have been associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD) occurrence in terms of genetic variability and metabolic capacity. Besides the factors related to the drug and the dose and patients’ clinical characteristics, a very crucial variable of TD development is individual susceptibility and genetic predisposition. This review summarizes the studies in experimental animal models and clinical studies focusing on the impact of genetic variations on TD occurrence. We identified eight genes emerging from preclinical findings that also reached statistical significance in at least one clinical study. The results of clinical studies are often conflicting and non-conclusive enough to support implementation in clinical practice.

Resveratrol prevents haloperidol-induced mitochondria dysfunction through the induction of autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells

BACKGROUND

Haloperidol is a commonly used antipsychotic drug and may increase neuronal oxidative stress associated with the side effects, including tardive dyskinesia and neurite withdraw. Autophagy plays a protective role in response to the accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced mitochondria damage. Resveratrol is an antioxidant compound having neuroprotective effects; however, it is unknown if resveratrol may stimulate autophagy and decrease mitochondria damage induced by haloperidol.

HYPOTHESIS

We hypothesis that resveratrol stimulates the autophagic process and protects mitochondria lesion induced by haloperidol.

METHODS

MitoSOX™ Red Mitochondrial Superoxide Indicator and MitoTracker™ Green FM staining were used to measure the amount of the mitochondria ROS production and mitochondria mass in human SH-SY5Y cells treated with haloperidol and/or resveratrol. Autophagic related dyes and Western blot were applied to study the autophagic process and related protein expression. Besides, tandem monomeric mRFP-GFP-LC3 was used to investigate the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the mitochondrial and autophagic ultrastructures with or without haloperidol and resveratrol treatment.

RESULTS

Haloperidol administration significantly increased mitochondria ROS and mitochondrial mass, indicating the increase of mitochondria dysfunction. Although haloperidol increased the autophagosomes and lysosome formation, the autophagosome-lysosome fusion and degradation were impaired. This was because we found an increased p62 after haloperidol treatment, an indication of autophagy incompletion. Importantly, resveratrol promoted the degradation of p62, upregulated the formation of autophagolysosome, and reversed haloperidol-induced mitochondria damage.

CONCLUSION

These results collectively suggest that resveratrol may be introduced as a protective compound against haloperidol-induced mitochondria impairment and aberrant autophagy.

Antioxidant effects of rice bran oil mitigate repeated haloperidol-induced tardive dyskinesia in male rats

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs such as D2 antagonist haloperidol (HP). The chronic use of HP is involved in the causation of free radicals and/or oxidative stress. In view of the nootropic, anti-anxiety, anti-inflammatory-like effects of rice bran oil (RBO) in a variety of investigations, we assessed the protective properties of RBO on HP-induced TD and neurochemical alteration. Rats treated with HP orally at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day for a period of 5 weeks developed VCMs which increased progressively as the treatment continued for 5 weeks. Co-administration of RBO by oral tubes at a dose of 0.4 ml/day prevented the induction of HP-induced VCMs. Repeated administration of HP increases the turnover of dopamine metabolism in the striatum. Conversely animals treated with HP + RBO decrease the metabolism of DA than water + HP treated animals. Striatal, malondieldehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were also determined. It is suggested that beneficial role of RBO in attenuation of HP-induced TD. The results therefore recommended that supplementation of RBO may be useful in the HP-induced TD. The findings have also potential implication in the treatment of schizophrenia and motor disorders.