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Khan MIH, Sawyer BJ, Akins NS, Le HV. A systematic review on the kappa opioid receptor and its ligands: New directions for the treatment of pain, anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114785. [PMID: 36179400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a member of the opioid receptor system, the G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and play crucial roles in the modulation of antinociception and a variety of behavioral states like anxiety, depression, and drug abuse. KOR agonists are known to produce potent analgesic effects and have been used clinically for the treatment of pain, while KOR antagonists have shown efficacy in the treatment of anxiety and depression. This review summarizes the history, design strategy, discovery, and development of KOR ligands. KOR agonists are classified as non-biased, G protein-biased, and β-arrestin recruitment-biased, according to their degrees of bias. The mechanisms and associated effects of the G protein signaling pathway and β-arrestin recruitment signaling pathway are also discussed. Meanwhile, KOR antagonists are classified as long-acting and short-acting, based on their half-lives. In addition, we have special sections for mixed KOR agonists and selective peripheral KOR agonists. The mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and behavioral studies for each of these categories are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imdadul H Khan
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Benjamin J Sawyer
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Nicholas S Akins
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Hoang V Le
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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Kishikawa Y, Kawahara Y, Ohnishi YN, Sotogaku N, Koeda T, Kawahara H, Nishi A. Dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens in immobilization-induced hypersensitivity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:988178. [PMID: 36160381 PMCID: PMC9493457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.988178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cast immobilization causes sensory hypersensitivity, which is also a symptom of neuropathic pain and chronic pain. However, the mechanisms underlying immobilization-induced hypersensitivity remain unclear. The present study investigated the role of dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) of rats with cast immobilization-induced mechanical hypersensitivity using in vivo microdialysis. Cast immobilization of the hind limb decreased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT). Mechanical stimulation of the cast-immobilized hind limb induced a decrease in dopamine in the NAcSh, and this decrease was associated with the upregulation of presynaptic D2-like receptors. A D2-like receptor antagonist infused into the NAcSh reversed the decrease in PWT in rats with cast immobilization, whereas a D2-like receptor agonist infused into the NAcSh induced a decrease in PWT in control rats. In addition, the expression of the D2 receptor (Drd2) mRNA in the NAcSh was increased by cast immobilization. Importantly, systemic administration of the D2-like receptor antagonist reversed the decrease in PWT in rats with cast immobilization. As dopamine levels regulated by presynaptic D2-like receptors did not correlate with the PWT, it is presumed that the D2-like receptor antagonist or agonist acts on postsynaptic D2-like receptors. These results suggest that immobilization-induced mechanical hypersensitivity is attributable to the upregulation of postsynaptic D2-like receptors in the NAc. Blockade of D2-like receptors in the NAcSh is a potential therapeutic strategy for immobilization-induced hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishikyushu University, Kanzaki, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yukie Kawahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukie Kawahara, ; Akinori Nishi,
| | | | - Naoki Sotogaku
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tomoko Koeda
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagoya Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawahara
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukie Kawahara, ; Akinori Nishi,
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Antinociceptive Effects and Interaction Mechanisms of Intrathecal Pentazocine and Neostigmine in Two Different Pain Models in Rats. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:4819910. [PMID: 35646201 PMCID: PMC9132711 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4819910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Pentazocine produces a wide variety of actions in the treatment of perioperative analgesia. Neostigmine is a cholinesterase inhibitor used to antagonize the residual effects of muscle relaxants and also produces an analgesic effect. Objectives To investigate the analgesic effects of intrathecally injected pentazocine and neostigmine and their interaction. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were used to test the analgesic effect of pentazocine and neostigmine using the paw formalin pain model and the incision mechanical allodynia model. Pentazocine (3, 10, 30, and 100 μg), neostigmine (0.3, 1, 3, and 10 μg) or a pentazocine-neostigmine mixture were separately injected to evaluate their antinociceptive effects alone on the treatment groups. The corresponding control group received an intrathecal injection containing the same volume of saline. The formalin pain test, or the plantar incision pain behavior test were performed 30 minutes later. Isobolographic analysis was used to evaluate the interaction between pentazocine and neostigmine. Intrathecally administered selective mu-opioid receptor antagonist CTAP, selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-Binaltorphimine (nor-BNI), nonselective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist atropine were also used to test the possible interaction mechanism. These antagonists were used 30 minutes before the pentazocine and neostigmine mixtures which were intrathecally injected. Results Intrathecally administered pentazocine (3, 10, 30, and 100 μg) and neostigmine (0.3, 1, 3, and 10 μg) alone had a marked dose-related impact on suppressing the biphasic responses in the formalin test. Pentazocine (3, 10, 30, and 100 μg) and neostigmine (0.3, 1, 3, and 10 μg) alone attenuated the mechanical allodynia in a plantar incision model in a dose-dependent manner. Isobolographic analysis revealed that the mixture of intrathecal pentazocine and neostigmine synergistically decreased both phase I and II activity in the formalin test and mechanical allodynia in the plantar incision model. Pretreatment of intrathecally administered nor-BNI, naloxone, atropine, but not CTAP, antagonized the analgesic effect of the pentazocine-neostigmine mixture. Conclusions All of these results suggest that the combined application of pentazocine and neostigmine is an effective way to relieve pain from formalin and acute incision mechanical allodynia. The synergistic effect between pentazocine and neostigmine is mostly attributed to the kappa-opioid receptor and the cholinergic receptor in the spinal cord.
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Yang CX, Wang Y, Lu Q, Lian YN, Anto EO, Zhang Y, Wang W. Chronic stress influences nociceptive sensitivity of female rats in an estrous cycle-dependent manner. Stress 2020; 23:386-392. [PMID: 31672079 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2019.1687683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chronic stress can influence nociception and further induce hyperalgesia. Whether stress modulation of pain in female animals occurs in an estrous cycle-specific manner is still unclear. We profiled the changes in nociception (thermal, mechanical, formalin-evoked acute and inflammatory pain) of female Sprague-Dawley rats after treatment with chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and investigated whether these changes occur in an estrous cycle-dependent manner. The results showed that CUMS female rats exhibited a lower mechanical withdrawal threshold in proestrus and estrus, a longer formalin-evoked licking time in metestrus and diestrus, but no changes in the latency time on the tail-flick test. The present study findings suggest that chronic stress induces mechanical and formalin-evoked acute hyperalgesia of female rats in an estrous cycle-dependent manner.SUMMARYOur studies showed that chronic stress increased nociceptive sensitivity of female rats. Furthermore females had different stress-induced pain responses in different estrous phases: mechanical hyperalgesia in proestrus and estrus, formalin-evoked acute hyperalgesia in metestrus and diestrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xiao Yang
- Department of Neurology of second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Biotechnology Experimental Teaching Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Na Lian
- Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Enoch Odame Anto
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P. R. China
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
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Custodio-Patsey L, Donahue RR, Fu W, Lambert J, Smith BN, Taylor BK. Sex differences in kappa opioid receptor inhibition of latent postoperative pain sensitization in dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 2019; 163:107726. [PMID: 31351975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury produces a delicate balance between latent pain sensitization (LS) and compensatory endogenous opioid receptor analgesia that continues for months, even after re-establishment of normal pain thresholds. To evaluate the contribution of mu (MOR), delta (DOR), and/or kappa (KOR) opioid receptors to the silencing of chronic postoperative pain, we performed plantar incision at the hindpaw, waited 21 days for the resolution of hyperalgesia, and then intrathecally injected subtype-selective ligands. We found that the MOR-selective inhibitor CTOP (1-1000 ng) dose-dependently reinstated mechanical hyperalgesia. Two DOR-selective inhibitors naltrindole (1-10 μg) and TIPP[Ψ] (1-20 μg) reinstated mechanical hyperalgesia, but only at the highest dose that also produced itching, licking, and tail biting. Both the prototypical KOR-selective inhibitors nor-BNI (0.1-10 μg) and the newer KOR inhibitor with more canonical pharmocodynamic effects, LY2456302 (0.1-10 μg), reinstated mechanical hyperalgesia. Furthermore, LY2456302 (10 μg) increased the expression of phosphorylated signal-regulated kinase (pERK), a marker of central sensitization, in dorsal horn neurons but not glia. Sex studies revealed that LY2456302 (0.3 μg) reinstated hyperalgesia and pERK expression to a greater degree in female as compared to male mice. Our results suggest that spinal MOR and KOR, but not DOR, maintain LS within a state of remission to reduce the intensity and duration of postoperative pain, and that endogenous KOR but not MOR analgesia is greater in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Custodio-Patsey
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Renée R Donahue
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Weisi Fu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Joshua Lambert
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, 302 Multidisciplinary Science Building, Lexington, KY, 40536-0082, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - Bradley K Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, and the Pittsburgh Project to End Opioid Misuse, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Gao P, Ding XW, Dong L, Luo P, Zhang GH, Rong WF. Expression of aromatase in the rostral ventromedial medulla and its role in the regulation of visceral pain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2017; 23:980-989. [PMID: 29047208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Estrogens are known to exert a wide spectrum of actions on brain functions including modulation of pain. Besides the circulating estrogens produced mainly by the ovaries, many brain regions are also capable of de novo synthesizing estrogens, which may exert important modulatory effects on neuronal functions. This study was aimed to test the hypothesis that aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of testosterone to estradiols, may be distributed in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), where it may impact on visceral pain. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult female rats were treated with cyclophosphamide (CPM, 50 mg/kg, ip, once every 3 days) or saline. At approximately day 10 following the 3rd injection, CPM-treated rats exhibited colorectal hyperalgesia as they showed significantly greater abdominal withdrawal responses (AWR) to graded colorectal distension (CRD, 0-100 mm Hg) than the saline group. Immunofluorescent staining and Western blot assay revealed that CPM-induced colorectal hyperalgesia was associated with significantly increased expression of aromatase and phosphorylated μ-type opioid receptor (pMOR) and decreased expression of total MOR in the RVM. Intracisternal application of aromatase inhibitors, fadrozole, and letrozole reversed CPM-induced colorectal hyperalgesia and restored pMOR and MOR expression in the RVM. CONCLUSIONS Our observations confirmed the expression of aromatase in the RVM, a pivotal brain region in descending modulation of pain and opioid analgesia. The results support the hypothesis that locally produced estrogens in the RVM may be involved in the maintenance of chronic visceral hyperalgesia and the downstream signaling may involve phosphorylation of MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Gao
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ding
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Dong
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Luo
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Hua Zhang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Fang Rong
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medical Research, Tongren Hospital and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Wang J, Gu J, Wu H, Zhu G, Feng D, Li Y, Guo W, Tian K, Gao G, Gao L. Pentazocine Protects SN4741 Cells Against MPP +-Induced Cell Damage via Up-Regulation of the Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:196. [PMID: 28659791 PMCID: PMC5469889 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD). A glycoprotein named Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) can combine with the receptor complex on cell membrane to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Opioids, a series of compounds including morphine, fentanyl and pentazocine, have been reported to contribute to the up-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Naloxone is an antagonist that has been used as an antidote to opioids through mu-opioid receptor. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), which serves as a selective toxin for dopaminergic neurons, has been used to create experimental models of PD. In our study, we examined the protective effects of pentazocine against MPP+-induced cell death in the nigral dopaminergic cell line, SN4741 and tried to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying such protective effects. The data showed that pretreatment with pentazocine significantly rescued the SN4741 cell against MPP+. Moreover, the MPP+-exposed SN4741 cells exhibited a down-regulation of β-catenin, which could be restored by treatment with pentazocine. However, Dkk1 but not naloxonewas associated with the abrogation of protective effect of pentazocine. These results suggest that pentazocine alleviates MPP+-induced SN4741 cells apoptosis via the up-regulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Jintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Yuqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Keyong Tian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an, China
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Tao PL. Reply to: Agonism at delta-opioid receptor contributes to the antinociceptive effect of oxycodone in mice. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:293. [PMID: 27777132 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Luh Tao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ruan X, Luo JJ. Agonism at delta-opioid receptor contributes to the antinociceptive effect of oxycodone in mice. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:291-292. [PMID: 27769833 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulu Ruan
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, 1542 Tulane Ave. New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
| | - Jin Jun Luo
- EMG/Neuromuscular Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3401 North Broad Street, Suite C525, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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