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Kilgore R, Minzoni A, Shastry S, Smith W, Barbieri E, Wu Y, LeBarre JP, Chu W, O'Brien J, Menegatti S. The downstream bioprocess toolbox for therapeutic viral vectors. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1709:464337. [PMID: 37722177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral vectors are poised to acquire a prominent position in modern medicine and biotechnology owing to their role as delivery agents for gene therapies, oncolytic agents, vaccine platforms, and a gateway to engineer cell therapies as well as plants and animals for sustainable agriculture. The success of viral vectors will critically depend on the availability of flexible and affordable biomanufacturing strategies that can meet the growing demand by clinics and biotech companies worldwide. In this context, a key role will be played by downstream process technology: while initially adapted from protein purification media, the purification toolbox for viral vectors is currently undergoing a rapid expansion to fit the unique biomolecular characteristics of these products. Innovation efforts are articulated on two fronts, namely (i) the discovery of affinity ligands that target adeno-associated virus, lentivirus, adenovirus, etc.; (ii) the development of adsorbents with innovative morphologies, such as membranes and 3D printed monoliths, that fit the size of viral vectors. Complementing these efforts are the design of novel process layouts that capitalize on novel ligands and adsorbents to ensure high yield and purity of the product while safeguarding its therapeutic efficacy and safety; and a growing panel of analytical methods that monitor the complex array of critical quality attributes of viral vectors and correlate them to the purification strategies. To help explore this complex and evolving environment, this study presents a comprehensive overview of the downstream bioprocess toolbox for viral vectors established in the last decade, and discusses present efforts and future directions contributing to the success of this promising class of biological medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kilgore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
| | - Arianna Minzoni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Shriarjun Shastry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Will Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Eduardo Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Jacob P LeBarre
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Wenning Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Juliana O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; North Carolina Viral Vector Initiative in Research and Learning, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
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2
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Serrano GE, Walker JE, Tremblay C, Piras IS, Huentelman MJ, Belden CM, Goldfarb D, Shprecher D, Atri A, Adler CH, Shill HA, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta SH, Caselli R, Woodruff BK, Haarer CF, Ruhlen T, Torres M, Nguyen S, Schmitt D, Rapscak SZ, Bime C, Peters JL, Alevritis E, Arce RA, Glass MJ, Vargas D, Sue LI, Intorcia AJ, Nelson CM, Oliver J, Russell A, Suszczewicz KE, Borja CI, Cline MP, Hemmingsen SJ, Qiji S, Hobgood HM, Mizgerd JP, Sahoo MK, Zhang H, Solis D, Montine TJ, Berry GJ, Reiman EM, Röltgen K, Boyd SD, Pinsky BA, Zehnder JL, Talbot P, Desforges M, DeTure M, Dickson DW, Beach TG. SARS-CoV-2 Brain Regional Detection, Histopathology, Gene Expression, and Immunomodulatory Changes in Decedents with COVID-19. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:666-695. [PMID: 35818336 PMCID: PMC9278252 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brains of 42 COVID-19 decedents and 107 non-COVID-19 controls were studied. RT-PCR screening of 16 regions from 20 COVID-19 autopsies found SARS-CoV-2 E gene viral sequences in 7 regions (2.5% of 320 samples), concentrated in 4/20 subjects (20%). Additional screening of olfactory bulb (OB), amygdala (AMY) and entorhinal area for E, N1, N2, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and S gene sequences detected one or more of these in OB in 8/21 subjects (38%). It is uncertain whether these RNA sequences represent viable virus. Significant histopathology was limited to 2/42 cases (4.8%), one with a large acute cerebral infarct and one with hemorrhagic encephalitis. Case-control RNAseq in OB and AMY found more than 5000 and 700 differentially expressed genes, respectively, unrelated to RT-PCR results; these involved immune response, neuronal constituents, and olfactory/taste receptor genes. Olfactory marker protein-1 reduction indicated COVID-19-related loss of OB olfactory mucosa afferents. Iba-1-immunoreactive microglia had reduced area fractions in cerebellar cortex and AMY, and cytokine arrays showed generalized downregulation in AMY and upregulation in blood serum in COVID-19 cases. Although OB is a major brain portal for SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 brain changes are more likely due to blood-borne immune mediators and trans-synaptic gene expression changes arising from OB deafferentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geidy E Serrano
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Jessica E Walker
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Cécilia Tremblay
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Danielle Goldfarb
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - David Shprecher
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Alireza Atri
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Shyamal H Mehta
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard Caselli
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Bryan K Woodruff
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Thomas Ruhlen
- Banner Boswell Medical Center, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Maria Torres
- Banner Boswell Medical Center, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Steve Nguyen
- Banner Boswell Medical Center, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Dasan Schmitt
- Banner Boswell Medical Center, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Richard A Arce
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael J Glass
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Daisy Vargas
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Courtney M Nelson
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Javon Oliver
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Aryck Russell
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Claryssa I Borja
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Madison P Cline
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Sanaria Qiji
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Holly M Hobgood
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Haiyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Daniel Solis
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease & Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pierre Talbot
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Desforges
- Laboratory of Virology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael DeTure
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- From the Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, Arizona, USA
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3
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Kikusui T, Sonobe M, Yoshida Y, Nagasawa M, Ey E, de Chaumont F, Bourgeron T, Nomoto K, Mogi K. Testosterone Increases the Emission of Ultrasonic Vocalizations With Different Acoustic Characteristics in Mice. Front Psychol 2021; 12:680176. [PMID: 34248780 PMCID: PMC8267093 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone masculinizes male sexual behavior through an organizational and activational effects. We previously reported that the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in male mice was dependent on the organizational effects of testosterone; females treated with testosterone in the perinatal and peripubertal periods, but not in adults, had increased USV emissions compared to males. Recently, it was revealed that male USVs have various acoustic characteristics and these variations were related to behavioral interactions with other mice. In this regard, the detailed acoustic characteristic changes induced by testosterone have not been fully elucidated. Here, we revealed that testosterone administered to female and male mice modulated the acoustic characteristics of USVs. There was no clear difference in acoustic characteristics between males and females. Call frequencies were higher in testosterone propionate (TP)-treated males and females compared to control males and females. When the calls were classified into nine types, there was also no distinctive difference between males and females, but TP increased the number of calls with a high frequency, and decreased the number of calls with a low frequency and short duration. The transition analysis by call type revealed that even though there was no statistically significant difference, TP-treated males and females had a similar pattern of transition to control males and females, respectively. Collectively, these results suggest that testosterone treatment can enhance the emission of USVs both in male and female, but the acoustic characteristics of TP-treated females were not the same as those of intact males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Miku Sonobe
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yoshida
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Miho Nagasawa
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Elodie Ey
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice de Chaumont
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bourgeron
- Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions, Institut Pasteur, UMR 3571 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kensaku Nomoto
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
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4
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Kikusui T, Shima Y, Sonobe M, Yoshida Y, Nagasawa M, Nomoto K, Mogi K. Testosterone regulates the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations and mounting behavior during different developmental periods in mice. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:725-733. [PMID: 33070342 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone masculinizes male sexual behavior by providing organizational and activational effects during the perinatal and peripubertal periods and during adulthood, respectively. We revealed that the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and mounting behavior was regulated by different neural circuits. However, the detailed testosterone effects on these two behaviors have not been fully elucidated. Here, we evaluated the time-dependent effects of testosterone on USVs and mounting behavior in mice using a testosterone treatment model, in which females were treated with testosterone to assess the "gain-of-function" and a "loss-of-function" model. In the loss-of-function model, we used Ad4BP/SF-1ΔFLC/- male mice, in which testosterone production was abolished in prenatal and postnatal stages, and Ad4BP/SF-1ΔFLC/ΔFLC mice, in which testosterone production was markedly reduced only in prenatal stages. When testosterone was administered to female mice during the neonatal and peripubertal periods, but not during adulthood, USV emissions increased. Conversely, testosterone treatment in adult female mice increased the mounting behavior, but not USVs. In Ad4BP/SF-1ΔFLC/- mice, USVs and mounting behavior was completely absent. Ad4BP/SF-1ΔFLC/ΔFLC male mice displayed equivalent levels of USVs but less mounting behavior. Collectively, these results suggest that testosterone has dual regulatory roles in USV emissions and mounting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kikusui
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University. Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shima
- Department of Anatomy, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Miku Sonobe
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University. Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yoshida
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University. Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miho Nagasawa
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University. Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kensaku Nomoto
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University. Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Mogi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University. Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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5
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El Andari J, Grimm D. Production, Processing, and Characterization of Synthetic AAV Gene Therapy Vectors. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000025. [PMID: 32975881 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, gene therapy vectors based on wild-type Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are safe and efficacious in numerous clinical trials and are translated into three approved gene therapy products. Concomitantly, a large body of preclinical work has illustrated the power and potential of engineered synthetic AAV capsids that often excel in terms of an organ or cell specificity, the efficiency of in vitro or in vivo gene transfer, and/or reactivity with anti-AAV immune responses. In turn, this has created a demand for new, scalable, easy-to-implement, and plug-and-play platform processes that are compatible with the rapidly increasing range of AAV capsid variants. Here, the focus is on recent advances in methodologies for downstream processing and characterization of natural or synthetic AAV vectors, comprising different chromatography techniques and thermostability measurements. To illustrate the breadth of this portfolio, two chimeric capsids are used as representative examples that are derived through forward- or backwards-directed molecular evolution, namely, AAV-DJ and Anc80. Collectively, this ever-expanding arsenal of technologies promises to facilitate the development of the next AAV vector generation derived from synthetic capsids and to accelerate their manufacturing, and to thus boost the field of human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad El Andari
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Wang F, Wu X, Gao J, Li Y, Zhu Y, Fang Y. The relationship of olfactory function and clinical traits in major depressive disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 386:112594. [PMID: 32194189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
People who have developed a good sense of smell could experience much more happiness and pleasure, which would trigger a discussion that olfactory disorder might correlate with the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Similar experiments conducted on rats have confirmed that nerve damage of olfactory pathway can induce a series of depression-like changes, including behavior, neurobiochemistry, and neuroimmunity. These changes will recover progressively with anti-depression treatment. While in similar studies on human beings, olfactory dysfunction has been found in people suffering from depression. This review briefly discusses the correlation between olfactory deficits and clinical traits of depression in different dimensions, such as the severity, duration and cognitive impairment of depression. Improving olfactory function may be expected to be a potential antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Shanghai Yangpu Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200093, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jerry Gao
- Yennora Public School, NSW, 2161, Australia
| | - Yongchao Li
- Shanghai Yangpu Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Yuncheng Zhu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yiru Fang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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Abstract
(1) Background: Although olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in rodents, studies focusing on lateralisation of olfactory processing remain scarce, and they are limited to the exploration of brain asymmetries. This study aimed to test whether outbred and inbred mice (NMRI and C57BL/6J mice strains) show nostril-use preference in processing olfactory stimuli differing in terms of emotional valence under unrestrained conditions. (2) Methods: Five odour stimuli were used in the study: vanilla, female urine, garlic, rat, distilled water. We measured the number of times mice used their left or right nostril for each testing session. (3) Results: We here showed that mice preferentially used their right nostril when sniffing attractive stimuli (female urine, vanilla), and their left nostril when sniffing aversive stimuli (rat odour). Results were consistent for both strains. (4) Conclusions: Surprisingly, the results obtained seem opposite to the valence theory assessing that the left and the right hemispheres are dominant in processing stimuli with a positive and a negative valence, respectively. It remains to be determined whether this valence-dependent pattern is specific or not to olfaction in mice. These new findings will be important to better understand how both hemispheres contribute to odour processing in rodents.
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Lee TK, Chen BH, Lee JC, Shin MC, Cho JH, Lee HA, Choi JH, Hwang IK, Kang IJ, Ahn JH, Park JH, Choi SY, Won MH. Age‑dependent decreases in insulin‑like growth factor‑I and its receptor expressions in the gerbil olfactory bulb. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8161-8166. [PMID: 29658594 PMCID: PMC5983990 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a multifunctional protein present in the central nervous system. A number of previous studies have revealed alterations in IGF-I and its receptor (IGF-IR) expression in various regions of the brain. However, there are few reports on age-dependent alterations in IGF-I and IGF-IR expressions in the olfactory bulb, which contains the secondary neurons of the olfactory system. The present study examined the cellular morphology in the olfactory bulb by using cresyl violet (CV) staining at postnatal month (PM) 3 in the young group, PM 6 in the adult group and PM 24 in the aged group in gerbils. In addition, detailed examinations were performed of the protein levels and immunoreactivities of IGF-I and IGF-IR in the olfactory bulb in each group. There were no significant changes in the cellular morphology between the three groups. The protein levels and immunoreactivities of the IGF-I and IGF-IR were the highest in the young group and they decreased with age. He protein levels and immunoreactivities of the IGF-I and IGF-IR were the lowest in the aged group. In brief, our results indicate that IGF-I and IGF-IR expressions are strong in young olfactory bulbs and significantly reduced in aged olfactory bulbs. In conclusion, subsequent decreases in IGF-I and IGF-IR expression with age may be associated with olfactory decline. Further studies are required to investigate the roles of IFG-I and IGF-IR in disorders of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Bai Hui Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroscience, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Cheol Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Ah Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Choi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Jun Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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