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Custodio RJP, Ortiz DM, Lee HJ, Sayson LV, Kim M, Lee YS, Kim KM, Cheong JH, Kim HJ. Serotonin 2C receptors are also important in head-twitch responses in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06482-9. [PMID: 37882810 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Serotonergic psychedelics exert their effects via their high affinity for serotonin (5-HT) receptors, particularly through activating 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2AR), employing the frontal cortex-dependent head-twitch response (HTR). Although universally believed to be so, studies have not yet fully ascertained whether 5-HT2AR activation is the sole initiator of these psychedelic effects. This is because not all 5-HT2AR agonists exhibit similar pharmacologic properties. OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify and discriminate the roles of 5-HT2AR and 5-HT2CR in the HTR induced by Methallylescaline (MAL) and 4-Methyl-2,5,β-trimethoxyphenethylamine (BOD) in male mice. Also, an analysis of their potential neurotoxic properties was evaluated. METHODS Male mice treated with MAL and BOD were evaluated in different behavioral paradigms targeting HTR and neurotoxicity effects. Drug affinity, pharmacological blocking, and molecular analysis were also conducted to support the behavioral findings. The HTR induced by DOI has been extensively characterized in male mice, making it a good positive control for this study, specifically for comparing the pharmacological effects of our test compounds. RESULTS The activation of 5-HT2CR, alone or in concert with 5-HT2AR, produces a comparable degree of HTRs (at a dose of 1 mg·kg-1), with divergent 5-HT2CR- and 5-HT2AR-Gqα11-mediated signaling and enhanced neurotoxic properties (at a dose of 30 mg·kg-1) coupled with activated pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings show these compounds' potential psychedelic and neurotoxic effects in male mice. CONCLUSION These findings showed that while 5-HT2AR is the main initiator of HTR, the 5-HT2CR also has a distinct property that renders it effective in inducing HTR in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Networking Group Aging, Department of Ergonomics, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors - IfADo, Ardeystrasse 67, Dortmund, 44139, Germany.
| | - Darlene Mae Ortiz
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Leandro Val Sayson
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy & Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Institute for New Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea.
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Custodio RJP, Sayson LV, Botanas CJ, Abiero A, You KY, Kim M, Lee HJ, Yoo SY, Lee KW, Lee YS, Seo J, Ryu IS, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. 25B-NBOMe, a novel N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamine (NBOMe) derivative, may induce rewarding and reinforcing effects via a dopaminergic mechanism: Evidence of abuse potential. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12850. [PMID: 31749223 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of N-2-methoxybenzyl-phenethylamine (NBOMe) derivatives are being misused worldwide, including the potent hallucinogen 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B-NBOMe). However, the number of studies characterizing the abuse potential and psychopharmacological properties of 25B-NBOMe is limited; thus, we examined its rewarding and reinforcing effects using conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration (SA) tests. Pretreatment with SCH23390 (SCH), Haloperidol (HAL), and ketanserin (KS), antagonists of dopamine D1 (DRD1 ), dopamine D2 (DRD2 ), and serotonin 2A (5-HT2A receptor) receptors, respectively, was utilized during a CPP test to investigate the involvement of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in 25B-NBOMe-mediated effects. We also examined the effects of 25B-NBOMe on the expression of dopamine-related proteins in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Then, we measured the dopamine level, phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), deltaFosB (ΔFosB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the NAcc. In addition, we explored the involvement of 5-HT2A receptors in the 25B-NBOMe-induced head twitch response (HTR). We also examined the effects of 25B-NBOMe on brain wave activity using electroencephalography. 25B-NBOMe elicited CPP and SA. SCH and HAL blocked 25B-NBOMe-induced CPP, whereas KS did not. Moreover, 25B-NBOMe altered the DRD1 , DRD2 , and dopamine transporter expression and increased dopamine levels. It also induced changes in p-CREB, ΔFosB, and BDNF expression. 25B-NBOMe induced HTR and increased 5-HT2A receptor mRNA levels, effects inhibited by KS. Furthermore, 25B-NBOMe altered delta and gamma wave activity, which was normalized by SCH and HAL. These findings show that 25B-NBOMe may induce rewarding and reinforcing effects via a dopaminergic mechanism, suggesting its abuse potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raly James Perez Custodio
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Leandro Val Sayson
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Arvie Abiero
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yi You
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yeun Yoo
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Won Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Joung‐Wook Seo
- Center for Safety Pharmacology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Ryu
- Center for Safety Pharmacology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Pharmacy Chonbuk National University Jeonju‐si Republic of Korea
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Ryu IS, Yoon SS, Choi MJ, Lee YE, Kim JS, Kim WH, Cheong JH, Kim HJ, Jang C, Lee YS, Steffensen SC, Ka M, Woo DH, Jang EY, Seo J. The potent psychomotor, rewarding and reinforcing properties of 3-fluoromethamphetamine in rodents. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12846. [PMID: 31797481 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3-fluoromethamphetamine (3-FMA), a derivative of methamphetamine (METH), produces behavioral impairment and deficits in dopaminergic transmission in the striatum of mice. The abuse potential of 3-FMA has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3-FMA on locomotor activity as well as its rewarding and reinforcing properties in the conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration procedures. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of 3-FMA (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly increased locomotor activity in a dose-dependent manner in rats. In the CPP procedure, intraperitoneal administration of 3-FMA (10 and 30 mg/kg) produced a significant alteration in place preference in mice. In the self-administration paradigms, 3-FMA showed drug-taking behavior at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg/infusion (i.v.) during 2 hr sessions under fixed ratio schedules and high breakpoints at the dose of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg/infusion (i.v.) during 6 hr sessions under progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement in rats. A priming injection of 3-FMA (0.4 mg/kg, i.v.), METH (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.), or cocaine (2.0 mg/kg, i.v.) reinstated 3-FMA-seeking behavior after an extinction period in 3-FMA-trained rats during 2 hr session. Taken together, these findings demonstrate robust psychomotor, rewarding and reinforcing properties of 3-FMA, which may underlie its potential for compulsive use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Soo Ryu
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Seong Shoon Yoon
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Mee Jung Choi
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Ji Sun Kim
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Kim
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy Sahmyook University Seoul South Korea
| | - Choon‐Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Kyung Hee University Seoul South Korea
| | - Scott C. Steffensen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Minhan Ka
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Dong Ho Woo
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
| | - Joung‐Wook Seo
- Research Center for Convergence Toxicology Korea Institute of Toxicology Daejeon South Korea
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Custodio RJP, Sayson LV, Botanas CJ, Abiero A, Kim M, Lee HJ, Ryu HW, Lee YS, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. Two newly-emerging substituted phenethylamines MAL and BOD induce differential psychopharmacological effects in rodents. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1056-1067. [PMID: 32648801 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120936458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the recreational use of substituted phenethylamines has grown rapidly. Among these are 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-((2-methylallyl)oxy)phenyl)ethanamine (MAL) and 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-methoxyethan-1-amine (BOD). However, studies characterizing their abuse potential are still lacking. AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the abuse potential of MAL and BOD. METHODS The psychostimulant, reinforcing, and rewarding properties of MAL and BOD were analyzed using locomotor sensitization, self-administration, and conditioned place preference tests. Dopamine antagonists (i.e. SCH23390, haloperidol) were administered during conditioned place preference to evaluate the involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Furthermore, dopamine-related protein expression in the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area was measured along with dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens. Electroencephalography was conducted to determine effects of MAL and BOD on brain wave activity. RESULTS MAL induced psychostimulant effects and sensitization, while BOD induced locomotor depression in mice. Only MAL was self-administered by rats. Both drugs induced conditioned place preference in mice at different doses; dopamine receptor antagonists blocked MAL- and BOD-induced conditioned place preference. Both the compounds altered the expression of dopamine receptor D1 and D2 proteins in the nucleus accumbens and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter in the ventral tegmental area, enhanced dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, and increased delta and gamma wave activities in the brain. CONCLUSIONS MAL may induce abuse potential via the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and possibly accompanied by alterations in brain wave activity. Moreover, the lack of rewarding and reinforcing effects in BOD suggest that this drug may have little to no capability to engender compulsive behavior, though having found to induce alterations in dopaminergic system and brain wave activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Val Sayson
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Arvie Abiero
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Ryu
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Sahmyook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Brandt SD, Carlino L, Kavanagh PV, Westphal F, Dreiseitel W, Dowling G, Baumann MH, Sitte HH, Halberstadt AL. Syntheses and analytical characterizations of novel (2-aminopropyl)benzo[b]thiophene (APBT) based stimulants. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1109-1125. [PMID: 32372465 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two groups of amphetamine-like drugs with psychostimulant properties that were first developed during the course of scientific studies and later emerged as new psychoactive substances (NPS) are based on the (2-aminopropyl)indole (API) and (2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (APB) structural scaffolds. However, sulfur-based analogs with a benzo[b]thiophene structure (resulting in (2-aminopropyl)benzo[b]thiophene (APBT) derivatives) have received little attention. In the present investigation, all six racemic APBT positional isomers were synthesized in an effort to understand their structure-activity relationships relative to API- and APB-based drugs. One lesson learned from the NPS phenomenon is that one cannot exclude the appearance of such substances on the market. Therefore, an in-depth analytical characterization was performed, including various single- and tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and ionization platforms coupled to gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and solid phase and GC condensed phase infrared spectroscopy (GC-sIR). Various derivatizations have also been explored; it was found that all six APBT isomers could be differentiated during GC analysis after derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and ethyl chloroformate (or heptafluorobutyric anhydride and acetic anhydride) under non-routine conditions. Discriminating analytical features can also be derived from NMR, GC-EI/CI- single- and tandem mass spectrometry, LC (pentafluorophenyl stationary phase), and various infrared spectroscopy approaches (including GC-sIR). Availability of detailed analytical data obtained from these novel APBT-type stimulants may be useful to researchers and scientists in cases where forensic and clinical investigations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laura Carlino
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,School of Chemical Engineers, University of Upper Alsace, Mulhouse, France
| | - Pierce V Kavanagh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Folker Westphal
- Section Narcotics/Toxicology, State Bureau of Criminal Investigation Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Geraldine Dowling
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, Sligo Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harald H Sitte
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abiero A, Botanas CJ, Custodio RJ, Sayson LV, Kim M, Lee HJ, Kim HJ, Lee KW, Jeong Y, Seo JW, Ryu IS, Lee YS, Cheong JH. 4-MeO-PCP and 3-MeO-PCMo, new dissociative drugs, produce rewarding and reinforcing effects through activation of mesolimbic dopamine pathway and alteration of accumbal CREB, deltaFosB, and BDNF levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:757-772. [PMID: 31828394 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A high number of synthetic dissociative drugs continue to be available through online stores, leading to their misuse. Recent inclusions in this category are 4-MeO-PCP and 3-MeO-PCMo, analogs of phencyclidine. Although the dissociative effects of these drugs and their recreational use have been reported, no studies have investigated their abuse potential. OBJECTIVES To examine their rewarding and reinforcing effects and explore the mechanistic correlations. METHODS We used conditioned place preference (CPP), self-administration, and locomotor sensitization tests to assess the rewarding and reinforcing effects of the drugs. We explored their mechanism of action by pretreating dopamine receptor (DR) D1 antagonist SCH23390 and DRD2 antagonist haloperidol during CPP test and investigated the effects of 4-MeO-PCP and 3-MeO-PCMo on dopamine-related proteins in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. We also measured the levels of dopamine, phosphorylated cyclic-AMP response element-binding (p-CREB) protein, deltaFosB, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the nucleus accumbens. Additionally, we examined the effects of both drugs on brain wave activity using electroencephalography. RESULTS While both 4-MeO-PCP and 3-MeO-PCMo induced CPP and self-administration, only 4-MeO-PCP elicited locomotor sensitization. SCH23390 and haloperidol inhibited the acquisition of drug CPP. 4-MeO-PCP and 3-MeO-PCMo altered the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, DRD1, DRD2, and dopamine, as well as that of p-CREB, deltaFosB, and BDNF. All drugs increased the delta and gamma wave activity, whereas pretreatment with SCH23390 and haloperidol inhibited it. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that 4-MeO-PCP and 3-MeO-PCMo induce rewarding and reinforcing effects that are probably mediated by the mesolimbic dopamine system, suggesting an abuse liability in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvie Abiero
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Raly James Custodio
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Leandro Val Sayson
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Lee
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Won Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy & Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Jeong
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy & Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Wook Seo
- Center for Safety Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Ryu
- Center for Safety Pharmacology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sup Lee
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy & Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, College of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea. .,School of Pharmacy, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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