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Blithikioti C, Miquel L, Paniello B, Nuño L, Gual A, Ballester BR, Fernandez A, Herreros I, Verschure P, Balcells-Olivero M. Chronic cannabis use affects cerebellum dependent visuomotor adaptation. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:8-15. [PMID: 36219905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is one of the most commonly used substances in the world. However, its effects on human cognition are not yet fully understood. Although the cerebellum has the highest density of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) in the human brain, literature on how cannabis use affects cerebellar-dependent learning is sparse. This study examined the effect of chronic cannabis use on sensorimotor adaptation, a cerebellar-mediated task, which has been suggested to depend on endocannabinoid signaling. METHODS Chronic cannabis users (n = 27) with no psychiatric comorbidities and healthy, cannabis-naïve controls (n = 25) were evaluated using a visuomotor rotation task. Cannabis users were re-tested after 1 month of abstinence (n = 13) to assess whether initial differences in performance would persist after cessation of use. RESULTS Cannabis users showed lower adaptation rates compared to controls at the first time point. However, this difference in performance did not persist when participants were retested after one month of abstinence (n = 13). Healthy controls showed attenuated implicit learning in the late phase of the adaptation during re-exposure, which was not present in cannabis users. This explains the lack of between group differences in the second time point and suggests a potential alteration of synaptic plasticity required for cerebellar learning in cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results suggest that chronic cannabis users show alterations in sensorimotor adaptation, likely due to a saturation of the endocannabinoid system after chronic cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Blithikioti
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Miquel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Paniello
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Nuño
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gual
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Rubio Ballester
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Fernandez
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul Verschure
- IBEC, Institute for Biomedical Engineering of Catalonia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Balcells-Olivero
- Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Recerca en addiccions clinic. GRAC, Institut clinic de Neurosciències, Barcelona, Spain.
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. The mouse at the popcorn stage of development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:199-204. [PMID: 35080044 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, rats, and rabbits vigorous jumping and hyperexcitability occur at the popcorn stage of postnatal development. In view of subcortical structures appearing before cortical ones, the trait is deemed to occur at the maturation time of ascending excitatory projections from the brainstem and to disappear at the maturation time of descending inhibitory projections from the forebrain. There is evidence that the popcorn stage may be due in part to the lack of a cholinergic influence on dopamine systems. Based mostly on results found in adult mice and rats, there may also be a role for cortico-subcortical systems that include the cerebellum and basal ganglia requiring the influence of biogenic amines, glutamate, and endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- University of Lorraine, Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- University of Lorraine, Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), Medical School, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.,CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Hetrick WP, Green JT. Differential effects of two early life stress paradigms on cerebellar-dependent delay eyeblink conditioning. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100242. [PMID: 33344698 PMCID: PMC7739029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress paradigms have become prominent in the animal literature to model atypical development. Currently, two models have prevailed within the literature: (1) limited bedding or nesting and (2) maternal separation or deprivation. Both models have produced aberrations spanning behavior and neural circuitry. Surprisingly, these two models have yet to be directly compared. The current study utilized delay eyeblink conditioning, an associative learning task with a well-defined cerebellar circuit, to compare the behavioral effects of standard limited bedding (postnatal day 2–9, n = 15) and maternal separation (60 min per day during postnatal day 2–14, n = 13) early life stress paradigms. Animals in all groups exhibited robust learning curves. Surprisingly, facilitated conditioning was observed in the maternal separation group. Rats that underwent limited bedding did not differ from the control or maternal separation groups on any conditioning measures. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of early life stress paradigms and the claims made about their mechanisms, which if better clarified can be properly leveraged to increase translational value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Moussa-Tooks
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William P Hetrick
- Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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