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Xie G, Qin Y, Wu N, Han X, Li J. Single-Nucleus Transcriptome Profiling from the Hippocampus of a PTSD Mouse Model and CBD-Treated Cohorts. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:519. [PMID: 38674453 PMCID: PMC11050643 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychiatric disorder after a catastrophic event; however, the efficacious treatment options remain insufficient. Increasing evidence suggests that cannabidiol (CBD) exhibits optimal therapeutic effects for treating PTSD. To elucidate the cell-type-specific transcriptomic pathology of PTSD and the mechanisms of CBD against this disease, we conducted single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) in the hippocampus of PTSD-modeled mice and CBD-treated cohorts. We constructed a mouse model by adding electric foot shocks following exposure to single prolonged stress (SPS+S) and tested the freezing time, anxiety-like behavior, and cognitive behavior. CBD was administrated before every behavioral test. The PTSD-modeled mice displayed behaviors resembling those of PTSD in all behavioral tests, and CBD treatment alleviated all of these PTSD-like behaviors (n = 8/group). Three mice with representative behavioral phenotypes were selected from each group for snRNA-seq 15 days after the SPS+S. We primarily focused on the excitatory neurons (ExNs) and inhibitory neurons (InNs), which accounted for 68.4% of the total cell annotations. A total of 88 differentially upregulated genes and 305 differentially downregulated genes were found in the PTSD mice, which were found to exhibit significant alterations in pathways and biological processes associated with fear response, synaptic communication, protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and oxidative stress response. A total of 63 overlapping genes in InNs were identified as key genes for CBD in the treatment of PTSD. Subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that the anti-PTSD effect of CBD was related to the regulation of protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress response, and fear response. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that CBD also enhanced retrograde endocannabinoid signaling in ExNs, which was found to be suppressed in the PTSD group. Our research may provide a potential explanation for the pathogenesis of PTSD and facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for drug development. Moreover, it may shed light on the therapeutic mechanisms of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (G.X.); (Y.Q.); (N.W.); (J.L.)
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2
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Dmytriv TR, Tsiumpala SA, Semchyshyn HM, Storey KB, Lushchak VI. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a possible trigger of neuroinflammation at post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1222826. [PMID: 37942228 PMCID: PMC10628526 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1222826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder that occurs in approximately 15% of people as a result of some traumatic events. The main symptoms are re-experiencing and avoidance of everything related to this event and hyperarousal. The main component of the pathophysiology of PTSD is an imbalance in the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and development of neuroinflammation. In parallel with this, mitochondrial dysfunction is observed, as in many other diseases. In this review, we focus on the question how mitochondria may be involved in the development of neuroinflammation and its maintaining at PTSD. First, we describe the differences in the operation of the neuro-endocrine system during stress versus PTSD. We then show changes in the activity/expression of mitochondrial proteins in PTSD and how they can affect the levels of hormones involved in PTSD development, as well as how mitochondrial damage/pathogen-associated molecule patterns (DAMPs/PAMPs) trigger development of inflammation. In addition, we examine the possibility of treating PTSD-related inflammation using mitochondria as a target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana R. Dmytriv
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Sviatoslav A. Tsiumpala
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Halyna M. Semchyshyn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Volodymyr I. Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
- Research and Development University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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Tseilikman VE, Shatilov VA, Zhukov MS, Buksha IA, Epitashvily AE, Lipatov IA, Aristov MR, Koshelev AG, Karpenko MN, Traktirov DS, Maistrenko VA, Kamel M, Buhler AV, Kovaleva EG, Kalinina TS, Pashkov AA, Kon’kov VV, Novak J, Tseilikman OB. Limited Cheese Intake Paradigm Replaces Patterns of Behavioral Disorders in Experimental PTSD: Focus on Resveratrol Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14343. [PMID: 37762647 PMCID: PMC10532287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the efficacy of drug therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD leaves much to be desired, making nutraceutical support a promising avenue for treatment. Recent research has identified the protective effects of resveratrol in PTSD. Here, we tested the behavioral and neurobiological effects of combining cheese consumption with resveratrol supplements in an experimental PTSD model. Using the elevated plus maze test, we observed that cheese intake resulted in a shift from anxiety-like behavior to depressive behavior, evident in increased freezing acts. However, no significant changes in the anxiety index value were observed. Interestingly, supplementation with cheese and resveratrol only led to the elimination of freezing behavior in half of the PTSD rats. We further segregated the rats into two groups based on freezing behavior: Freezing+ and Freezing0 phenotypes. Resveratrol ameliorated the abnormalities in Monoamine Oxidize -A and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor gene expression in the hippocampus, but only in the Freezing0 rats. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the number of freezing acts and the levels of Monoamine Oxidize-A and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNAs in the hippocampus. The study results show promise for resveratrol supplementation in PTSD treatment. Further research is warranted to better understand the underlying mechanisms and optimize the potential benefits of resveratrol supplementation for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim E. Tseilikman
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
| | - Vladislav A. Shatilov
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Maxim S. Zhukov
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Irina A. Buksha
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Alexandr E. Epitashvily
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Ilya A. Lipatov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Maxim R. Aristov
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Alexandr G. Koshelev
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
| | - Marina N. Karpenko
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Dmitrii S. Traktirov
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Viktoriya A. Maistrenko
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Pavlov Department of Physiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.N.K.); (D.S.T.)
| | - Mustapha Kamel
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Research, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Alexey V. Buhler
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Research, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Elena G. Kovaleva
- Research, Educational and Innovative Center of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Tatyana S. Kalinina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Anton A. Pashkov
- Federal Neurosurgical Center, 630048 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Department of Data Collection and Processing Systems, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630087 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Kon’kov
- Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Jurica Novak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Olga B. Tseilikman
- Scientific and Educational Center ‘Biomedical Technologies’, School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (V.A.S.); (M.S.Z.); (M.R.A.); (V.A.M.); (A.V.B.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (I.A.B.); (I.A.L.); (A.G.K.)
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Dai W, Yao RM, Mi TY, Zhang LM, Wu HL, Cheng JB, Li YF. Cognition-enhancing effect of YL-IPA08, a potent ligand for the translocator protein (18 kDa) in the 5 × FAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's pathology. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:1176-1187. [PMID: 36069168 DOI: 10.1177/02698811221122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracerebral translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) mediates the transport of cholesterol from cytoplasm to mitochondria and activation of microglia. The change of TSPO and the dysfunction of microglia are closely related to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effects of microglial TSPO and its selective ligand YL-IPA08 on the cognitive function of transgenic mice in 5 × familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) mouse model of AD. METHODS The TSPO knockout 5 × FAD transgenic mice were bred, and tested by Morris water maze. The effects of YL-IPA08 on cognitive abilities and expression of Aβ in 5 × FAD mice were also explored into. RESULTS The latency of escape by TSPO knockout 5 × FAD mice was significantly prolonged compared with the 5 × FAD group, indicating that the cognitive impairment of mice aggravated. With the attenuated phagocytic ability of microglia, the deposition of Aβ in prefrontal cortex of TSPO knockout 5 × FAD mice increased, and the expression of proinflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) were upregulated. In addition, YL-IPA08 significantly reduced the latency of escape by 5 × FAD mice, increased the number of times of crossing over the platform by mice, and inhibited the deposition of Aβ in the prefrontal cortex of 5 × FAD mice without affecting the cleavage of APP. CONCLUSION Our findings suggested that TSPO knockout in 5 × FAD mice inhibited microglial phagocytosis, promoted Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation, and aggravated cognitive dysfunction in AD mice. YL-IPA08 had a significant cognition-enhancing effect in 5 × FAD transgenic mice, which might provide a new basis for potential drug candidates in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratories of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Meng Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tian-Yue Mi
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratories of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Liang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Bo Cheng
- Center on Translational Neuroscience, College of Life and Environmental Science, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Key Laboratories of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Yue YY, Wang YC, Liao ZX, Hu FY, Liu QY, Dong J, Zhong M, Chen MH, Pan YM, Zhong H, Shang J. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor TSPO needs to be reconsidered before using as a drug target for a pigmentary disorder. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22454. [PMID: 35839067 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101746rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (TSPO/PBR) is highly conserved among different species but with perplexing biochemical functions. Multiple ligands of TSPO show commendable regulatory activities in lots of biological functions, such as neuro-protection, cholesterol transport, and so on. These researches support that TSPO may be a potential target for disease treatment and drug development. Previous studies have shown that its ligands benzodiazepines show a satisfactory effect on melanogenic promotion. However, the potential application of TSPO in drug development for pigmentary disorder needs further investigation. In this study, we confirmed the melanogenesis induction of TSPO ligand, Ro5-4864 in mouse melanoma cell lines, human skin tissue, and zebrafish embryos by inducing melanin synthesis and melanosome transport. Molecular genetics and pharmacological studies showed that TSPO deficiency did not affect melanin production in B16F10 cells and zebrafish embryos, nor did it affect the melanin promotion effect of Ro5-4864. Whether or not TSPO exists, the expression of lots of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as TYR, TRP-1, DCT, Mlph, and Rab27 was upregulated with the Ro5-4864 administration. These results indicated that Ro5-4864 induces melanogenesis in a TSPO-independent manner, which is inconsistent with previous research. This research is a reminder that we need to be very careful during target validation in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Yue
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Chuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Xian Liao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Han Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Min Pan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Shang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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6
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Young KA. Matthew J. Friedman and the VA National PTSD Brain Bank: New Transcriptomic Insight into PTSD Pathophysiology. Psychiatry 2022; 85:171-182. [PMID: 35588482 DOI: 10.1080/00332747.2022.2068932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pang L, Zhu S, Ma J, Zhu L, Liu Y, Ou G, Li R, Wang Y, Liang Y, Jin X, Du L, Jin Y. Intranasal temperature-sensitive hydrogels of cannabidiol inclusion complex for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2031-2047. [PMID: 34386336 PMCID: PMC8343172 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disease that seriously affects brain function. Currently, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used to treat PTSD clinically but have decreased efficiency and increased side effects. In this study, nasal cannabidiol inclusion complex temperature-sensitive hydrogels (CBD TSGs) were prepared and evaluated to treat PTSD. Mice model of PTSD was established with conditional fear box. CBD TSGs could significantly improve the spontaneous behavior, exploratory spirit and alleviate tension in open field box, relieve anxiety and tension in elevated plus maze, and reduce the freezing time. Hematoxylin and eosin and c-FOS immunohistochemistry slides showed that the main injured brain areas in PTSD were the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus CA1. CBD TSGs could reduce the level of tumor necrosis factor-α caused by PTSD. Western blot analysis showed that CBD TSGs increased the expression of the 5-HT1A receptor. Intranasal administration of CBD TSGs was more efficient and had more obvious brain targeting effects than oral administration, as evidenced by the pharmacokinetics and brain tissue distribution of CBD TSGs. Overall, nasal CBD TSGs are safe and effective and have controlled release. There are a novel promising option for the clinical treatment of PTSD.
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Key Words
- AUC, area under the curve
- BBB, blood‒brain barrier
- Blood‒brain barrier
- Brain targeting
- CBD TSGs, cannabidiol inclusion complex temperature-sensitive hydrogels
- CNS, central nervous system
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- Cannabidiol
- DSC, differential scanning calorimetry
- HP-β-CD, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
- Hydrogels
- Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
- IR, infrared
- IS, internal standard
- Inclusion complex
- Intranasal administration
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- PPV, percentage of persistent vibration
- PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder
- PVD, persistent vibration duration
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- WB, Western blot
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Kikutani K, Giga H, Hosokawa K, Shime N, Aizawa H. Microglial translocator protein and stressor-related disorder. Neurochem Int 2020; 140:104855. [PMID: 32980493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of neuroinflammation in psychiatric disorders, molecular mechanism underlying it remains elusive. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), also known as peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a mitochondrial protein implicated in the synthesis of steroids in a variety of tissues. Multiple reports have shown increased expression of TSPO in the activated microglia in the CNS. Radioactive probes targeting TSPO have been developed and used for imaging assessment in neurological and psychiatric disorders to examine neuroinflammation. Recent studies revealed that the wide range of stressors ranging from psychological to physical insults induced TSPO in human, suggesting that this protein could be an important tool to explore the contribution of microglia in stressor-related disorders. In this review, we first overview the microglial activation with TSPO in a wide range of stressors in human and animal models to discuss prevalent roles of TSPO in response of CNS to stressors. With recent update of the signaling pathway revealing link connecting TSPO with neuroinflammatory effectors such as reactive oxygen species, we discuss TSPO as a therapeutic targeting tool for suppression of adverse effect of stressors on long-lasting changes in animal behaviors and activities. Targeting TSPO which mediates neuroinflammation under the stress might pave the way to develop therapeutic intervention and prophylaxis of stressor-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kikutani
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Giga
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Koji Hosokawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shime
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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