1
|
Synthesis and Molecular Docking of Some Grossgemin Amino Derivatives as Tubulin Inhibitors Targeting Colchicine Binding Site. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5586515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Six amino derivatives of grossgemin (2–7) were synthesized according to the reported essential pharmacophoric features of colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSIs). The derivatives 4–6 were obtained for the first time. The pharmacophoric features of 2–7 as CBSIs were studied to be almost identical. Furthermore, the 3D-flexible alignment of compound 5 as a representative example with colchicine showed a very good overlapping. In agreement, compounds 2–7 docked into CBS with binding modes very similar to that of colchicine and exhibited binding free energies of −24.57, −25.05, −32.16, −29.34, −26.38, and −26.86 (kcal/mol), respectively. The binding free energies of 4–7 were better than that of colchicine (−26.13 kcal/mol) with a noticeable superiority to compound 4.
Collapse
|
2
|
Brás T, Rosa D, Gonçalves AC, Gomes AC, Alves VD, Crespo JG, Duarte MF, Neves LA. Development of bioactive films based on chitosan and Cynara cardunculus leaves extracts for wound dressings. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1707-1718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
3
|
Luo G, Chen S, Yu J, Yuan J, Zheng L, Liu L, Chen B, Li J. Naphthalenones and Naphthols Isolated from the Saussurea laniceps Endophytic Fungus Didymella glomerata X223. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000315. [PMID: 32472579 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One new naphthalenone, didymelol A, and three new naphthols, didymelol B-D, together with three known naphthalenones, (3S,4R)-3,4,6-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one, (4S)-4,6-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one, (4S)-4-hydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one, were isolated from the Saussurea laniceps endophytic fungus Didymella glomerata X223. The structures of the isolates were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The absolute configuration of didymelol A was established through single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and didymelols B-D were identified through comparisons of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. All compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells and human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-435 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gangyuan Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Senhua Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jianchen Yu
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, P. R. China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lan Liu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.,Southern Marine Science, Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Southern Marine Science, Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effect of extraction methodologies and solvent selection upon cynaropicrin extraction from Cynara cardunculus leaves. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
5
|
Natural Sesquiterpene Lactones Enhance Chemosensitivity of Tumor Cells through Redox Regulation of STAT3 Signaling. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4568964. [PMID: 31781335 PMCID: PMC6855087 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4568964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 is a nuclear transcription factor that regulates genes involved in cell cycle, cell survival, and immune response. Although STAT3 activation drives cells to physiological response, its deregulation is often associated with the development and progression of many solid and hematological tumors as well as with drug resistance. STAT3 is a redox-sensitive protein, and its activation state is related to intracellular GSH levels. Under oxidative conditions, STAT3 activity is regulated by S-glutathionylation, a reversible posttranslational modification of cysteine residues. Compounds able to suppress STAT3 activation and, on the other hand, to modulate intracellular redox homeostasis may potentially improve cancer treatment outcome. Nowadays, about 35% of commercial drugs are natural compounds that derive from plant extracts used in phytotherapy and traditional medicine. Sesquiterpene lactones are an interesting chemical group of plant-derived compounds often employed in traditional medicine against inflammation and cancer. This review focuses on sesquiterpene lactones able to downmodulate STAT3 signaling leading to an antitumor effect and correlates the anti-STAT3 activity with their ability to decrease GSH levels in cancer cells. These properties make them lead compounds for the development of a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu T, Zhang J, Han X, Xu J, Wu Y, Fang J. Promotion of HeLa cells apoptosis by cynaropicrin involving inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and induction of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 135:216-226. [PMID: 30880248 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is considered as one of the highly mortal diseases globally. This is largely due to the lack of efficacious medicines for tumors, and thus development of potent anticancer agents is urgently needed. The thioredoxin (Trx) system is crucial to the survival ability of cells and its expression is up-regulated in many human tumors. Recently, increasing evidence has been established that mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), a selenocysteine-containing protein and the core component of the thioredoxin system, is a promising therapeutic target. The sesquiterpene lactone compound cynaropicrin (CYN), a major component of Cynara scolymus L., has shown multiple pharmacological functions, especially the anticancer effect, in many experimental models. Most of these functions are concomitant with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nevertheless, the target of this promising natural anticancer product in redox control has rarely been explored. In this study, we showed that CYN induces apoptosis of Hela cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that CYN impinges on the thioredoxin system via inhibition of TrxR, which leads to Trx oxidation and ROS accumulation in HeLa cells. Particularly, the cytotoxicity of CYN is enhanced through the genetic knockdown of TrxR, supporting the pharmacological effect of CYN is relevant to its inhibition of TrxR. Together, our studies reveal an unprecedented mechanism accounting for the anticancer effect of CYN and identify a promising therapeutic agent worthy of further development for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine & Panjin Industrial Technology Institute, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin Campus, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Yueting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Suleimen EM, Sisengalieva GG, Dzhalmakhanbetova RI, Iskakova ZB, Ishmuratova MY. Constituent Composition and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oil from Chartolepis intermedia. Chem Nat Compd 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-018-2587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Oncogenic function and clinical implications of SLC3A2-NRG1 fusion in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69450-69465. [PMID: 27626312 PMCID: PMC5342490 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuregulin 1 (NRG1) fusion is a recently identified novel driver oncogene in invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung (IMA). After identification of a case of SLC3A2-NRG1 in a patient with IMA, we verified this fusion gene in a cohort of 59 patients with IMA. Targeted cancer panel sequencing and RT-PCR identified the possible coexistence of other driver oncogenes. Among 59 IMAs, we found 16 NRG1 fusions (13 SLC3A2-NRG1 and 3 CD74-NRG1). Of 16 patients with NRG1 fusions, concurrent KRAS codon 12 mutations were found in 10 cases. We also found concurrent NRAS Q61L mutation and EML4-ALK fusion in additional two cases with NRG1 fusions. When comparing overall survival (OS) according to the presence of NRG1 fusions showed that patients harboring NRG1 fusions had significantly inferior OS than those without NRG1 fusions (hazard ratio = 0.286; 95% confidence interval, .094 to .865). Ectopic expression of the SLC3A2-NRG1 fusion in lung cancer cells increased cell migration, proliferation and tumor growth in vitro and in xenograft models, suggesting oncogenic function for the fusion protein. We found that the SLC3A2-NRG1 fusion promoted ERBB2-ERBB3 phosphorylation and heteroduplex formation and activated the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway through paracrine signaling. These findings suggested that the SLC3A2-NRG1 fusion was a driver in IMA with an important prognostic impact. SLC3A2-NRG1 should be considered a therapeutic target for patients with IMA.
Collapse
|
9
|
Elsebai MF, Mocan A, Atanasov AG. Cynaropicrin: A Comprehensive Research Review and Therapeutic Potential As an Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Agent. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:472. [PMID: 28008316 PMCID: PMC5143615 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The different pharmacologic properties of plants-containing cynaropicrin, especially artichokes, have been known for many centuries. More recently, cynaropicrin exhibited a potential activity against all genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Cynaropicrin has also shown a wide range of other pharmacologic properties such as anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-trypanosomal, anti-malarial, antifeedant, antispasmodic, anti-photoaging, and anti-tumor action, as well as activation of bitter sensory receptors, and anti-inflammatory properties (e.g., associated with the suppression of the key pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway). These pharmacological effects are very supportive factors to its outstanding activity against HCV. Structurally, cynaropicrin might be considered as a potential drug candidate, since it has no violations for the rule of five and its water-solubility could allow formulation as therapeutic injections. Moreover, cynaropicrin is a small molecule that can be easily synthesized and as the major constituent of the edible plant artichoke, which has a history of safe dietary use. In summary, cynaropicrin is a promising bioactive natural product that, with minor hit-to-lead optimization, might be developed as a drug for HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud F Elsebai
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria; Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of SciencesJastrzebiec, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim MY, Cho JY. Molecular association of CD98, CD29, and CD147 critically mediates monocytic U937 cell adhesion. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 20:515-23. [PMID: 27610038 PMCID: PMC5014998 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2016.20.5.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion events of monocytes represent an important step in inflammatory responses induced by chemokines. The β1-integrin CD29 is a major adhesion molecule regulating leukocyte migration and extravasation. Although several adhesion molecules have been known as regulators of CD29, the molecular interactions between CD29 and its regulatory adhesion molecules (such as CD98 and CD147) have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we examined whether these molecules are functionally, biochemically, and cell-biologically associated using monocytic U937 cells treated with aggregation-stimulating and blocking antibodies, as well as enzyme inhibitors. The surface levels of CD29, CD98, and CD147 (but not CD43, CD44, and CD82) were increased. The activation of CD29, CD98, and CD147 by ligation of them with aggregation-activating antibodies triggered the induction of cell-cell adhesion, and sensitivity to various enzyme inhibitors and aggregation-blocking antibodies was similar for CD29-, CD98-, and CD147-induced U937 cell aggregation. Molecular association between these molecules and the actin cytoskeleton was confirmed by confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation. These results strongly suggest that CD29 might be modulated by its biochemical and cellular regulators, including CD98 and CD147, via the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Depatment of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adekenova AS, Sakenova PY, Ivasenko SA, Khabarov IA, Adekenov SM, Berthod A. Gram-Scale Purification of Two Sesquiterpene Lactones from Chartolepsis Intermedia Boiss. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-3000-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Guo X, Li H, Fei F, Liu B, Li X, Yang H, Chen Z, Xing J. Genetic variations in SLC3A2/CD98 gene as prognosis predictors in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54 Suppl 1:E52-60. [PMID: 24782339 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by poor prognosis and only a few molecular markers may be potentially used to predict the risk of progression. This study aims to assess the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD98 gene on prognosis of NSCLC patients. We genotyped three potential functional SNPs in CD98 gene using Sequenom iPLEX genotyping system in a cohort of 482 NSCLC patients. Multivariate cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier curve were used for the survival analysis. The variant-containing genotypes of rs1059292 in 5'-flanking region of CD98 gene were significantly associated with an increased risk of death in the multivariate analysis (Hazard ratio [HR], 1.49; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.04-2.14 in a dominant model). In stratified analysis, the association remained significant in patients with poor differentiation (HR=1.81, 95% CI=1.01-3.25). In addition, rs1059292 also showed a borderline significant association with T stage (OR=1.49; 95% CI: 0.96-2.35) and N stage (OR=1.53; 95% CI: 0.98-2.39). Functional analysis demonstrated that variant genotype of SNP rs1059292 significantly enhanced the transcription activity of CD98 gene promoter. Our data suggest that genetic variation of rs1059292 in CD98 gene may affect clinical outcome of NSCLC in Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R., China
| | - Hongwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R., China
| | - Fei Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R., China
| | - Boya Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R., China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R., China
| | - Hushan Yang
- Division of Population Science, Department of Medical Oncology, Kimmel Cancer, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhinan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R., China
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, P. R., China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lancemaside A from Codonopsis lanceolata modulates the inflammatory responses mediated by monocytes and macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:405158. [PMID: 24782593 PMCID: PMC3981472 DOI: 10.1155/2014/405158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms of lancemaside A from Codonopsis lanceolata (Campanulaceae) in the inflammatory responses of monocytes (U937 cells) and macrophages (RAW264.7 cells). Lancemaside A significantly suppressed the inflammatory functions of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells by suppressing the production of nitric oxide (NO), the expression of the NO-producing enzyme inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the upregulation of the costimulatory molecule CD80, and the morphological changes induced by LPS exposure. In addition, lancemaside A diminished the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and boosted the neutralizing capacity of these cells when treated with the radical generator sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Interestingly, lancemaside A strongly blocked the adhesion activity of RAW264.7 cells to plastic culture plates, inhibited the cell-cell and cell-fibronectin (FN) adhesion of U937 cells that was triggered by treatment with an anti-β1-integrin (CD29) antibody and immobilized FN, respectively. By evaluating the activation of various intracellular signaling pathways and the levels of related nuclear transcription factors, lancemaside A was found to block the activation of inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) and p65/nuclear factor- (NF-) κB. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory function of lancemaside A is the result of its strong antioxidative and IKK/NF-κB inhibitory activities.
Collapse
|
14
|
Butturini E, Carcereri de Prati A, Chiavegato G, Rigo A, Cavalieri E, Darra E, Mariotto S. Mild oxidative stress induces S-glutathionylation of STAT3 and enhances chemosensitivity of tumoural cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1322-1330. [PMID: 24095958 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 is a transcription factor constitutively activated in a variety of cancers that has a critical role in the inhibition of apoptosis and induction of chemoresistance. Inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway suppresses cell survival signals and leads to apoptosis in cancer cells, suggesting that direct inhibition of STAT3 function is a viable therapeutic approach. Herein, we identify the naturally occurring sesquiterpene lactone cynaropicrin as a potent inhibitor of both IL-6-inducible and constitutive STAT3 activation (IC50=12 μM). Cynaropicrin, which contains an α-β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety and acts as potent Michael reaction acceptor, induces a rapid drop in intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration, thereby triggering S-glutathionylation of STAT3. Furthermore, glutathione ethylene ester, the cell permeable form of GSH, reverts the inhibitory action of cynaropicrin on STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation. These findings suggest that this sesquiterpene lactone is able to induce redox-dependent post-translational modification of cysteine residues of STAT3 protein to regulate its function. STAT3 inhibition led to the suppression of two anti-apoptotic genes, Bcl-2 and survivin, in DU145 cells that constitutively express active STAT3. This event may be responsible for the decline in cell viability after cynaropicrin treatment. As revealed by PI/annexin-V staining, PARP cleavage, and DNA ladder formation, cynaropicrin cytotoxicity is mediated by apoptosis. Finally, cynaropicrin displayed a slight to strong synergism with two well-established chemotherapeutic drugs, cisplatin and docetaxel. Taken together our studies suggest that cynaropicrin suppresses the STAT3 pathway, leading to the down-regulation of STAT3-dependent gene expression and chemosensitization of tumour cells to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butturini
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Chiavegato
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Rigo
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cavalieri
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Darra
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim MY, Cho JY. 20S-dihydroprotopanaxadiol, a ginsenoside derivative, boosts innate immune responses of monocytes and macrophages. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:293-9. [PMID: 24198654 PMCID: PMC3818955 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
20S-dihydroprotopanaxadiol (2H-PPD) is a derivative of protopanaxadiol, a glycone of ginsenosides prepared from Panax ginseng. Although ginsenosides and acidic polysaccharides are known to be major active ingredients in ginseng, the immunopharmacological activities of their metabolites and derivatives have not been fully explored. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory action of 2H-PPD on the function of monocytes and macrophages in innate immune responses. 2H-PPD was able to boost the phagocytic uptake of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran in macrophages and enhance the generation of radicals (reactive oxygen species) in sodium nitroprusside-treated RAW264.7 cells. The surface levels of the costimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86 were also increased during 2H-PPD treatment. In addition, this compound boosted U937 cellcell aggregation induced by CD29 and CD43 antibodies, but not by cell-extracellular matrix (fibronectin) adhesion. Similarly, the surface levels of CD29 and CD43 were increased by 2H-PPD exposure. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that 2H-PPD has the pharmacological capability to upregulate the functional role of macrophages/monocytes in innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biological Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim MY, Cho JY. 20S-dihydroprotopanaxatriol modulates functional activation of monocytes and macrophages. J Ginseng Res 2013; 37:300-7. [PMID: 24198655 PMCID: PMC3818956 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2013.37.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
20S-dihydroprotopanaxatriol (2H-PPT) is a derivative of protopanaxatrol from ginseng. Unlike other components from Panax ginseng, the pharmacological activity of this compound has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the modulatory activity of 2H-PPT on the cellular responses of monocytes and macrophages to understand its immunoregulatory actions. 2H-PPT strongly upregulated the release of radicals in sodium nitroprusside-treated RAW264.7 cells and the surface levels of costimulatory molecule CD86. More importantly, this compound remarkably suppressed nitric oxide production, morphological changes, phagocytic uptake, cell-cell aggregation, and cell-matrix adhesion in RAW264.7 and U937 cells in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide, anti-CD43 antibody, fibronectin, and phorbal 12-myristate 13-acetate. Therefore, our results suggest that 2H-PPT can be applied as a novel functional immunoregulator of macrophages and monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biological Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bruno M, Bancheva S, Rosselli S, Maggio A. Sesquiterpenoids in subtribe Centaureinae (Cass.) Dumort (tribe Cardueae, Asteraceae): distribution, (13)C NMR spectral data and biological properties. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 95:19-93. [PMID: 23948259 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl is one of the biggest and most economically important plant families. The taxonomy and phylogeny of Asteraceae is rather complex and according to the latest and most reliable taxonomic classification of Panero & Funk, based on the analysis of nine chloroplast regions, the family is divided into 12 subfamilies and 35 tribes. One of the largest tribes of Asteraceae is Cardueae Cass. with four subtribes (Carlininae, Echinopinae, Carduinae and Centaureinae) and more than 2500 species. Susanna & Garcia-Jacas have organized the genera of Centaureinae (about 800 species) into seven informal groups, which recent molecular studies have confirmed: 1. Basal genera; 2. Volutaria group; 3. Rhaponticum group; 4. Serratula group; 5. Carthamus group; 6. Crocodylium group; 7. Centaurea group. This review summarizes reports on sesquiterpenoids from the Centaureinae subtribe of the Asteraceae family, as well as the (13)C NMR spectral data described in the literature. It further reviews studies concerning the biological activities of these metabolites. For this work, literature data on sesquiterpenes from the Centaureinae subtribe were retrieved with the help of the SciFinder database and other similar data banks. All entries from 1958 until the end of 2011 were considered. This review is addressed to scientists working in the metabolomics field such as chemists, botanists, etc., the spectroscopic data reported make this work a good tool for structural elucidation, the biological section gives useful information to those who wish to study the structure activity relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bruno
- STEBICEF, Section of Chemistry, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cantor JM, Ginsberg MH. CD98 at the crossroads of adaptive immunity and cancer. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1373-82. [PMID: 22499670 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity, a vertebrate specialization, adds memory and exquisite specificity to the basic innate immune responses present in invertebrates while conserving metabolic resources. In adaptive immunity, antigenic challenge requires extremely rapid proliferation of rare antigen-specific lymphocytes to produce large, clonally expanded effector populations that neutralize pathogens. Rapid proliferation and resulting clonal expansion are dependent on CD98, a protein whose well-conserved orthologs appear restricted to vertebrates. Thus, CD98 supports lymphocyte clonal expansion to enable protective adaptive immunity, an advantage that could account for the presence of CD98 in vertebrates. CD98 supports lymphocyte clonal expansion by amplifying integrin signals that enable proliferation and prevent apoptosis. These integrin-dependent signals can also provoke cancer development and invasion, anchorage-independence and the rapid proliferation of tumor cells. CD98 is highly expressed in many cancers and contributes to formation of tumors in experimental models. Strikingly, vertebrates, which possess highly conserved CD98 proteins, CD98-binding integrins and adaptive immunity, also display propensity towards invasive and metastatic tumors. In this Commentary, we review the roles of CD98 in lymphocyte biology and cancer. We suggest that the CD98 amplification of integrin signaling in adaptive immunity provides survival benefits to vertebrates, which, in turn, bear the price of increased susceptibility to cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cantor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Park WS, Kim HJ, Lee GK, Son HS, Bae Y. Anti-adhesive functions of CD43 expressed on colon carcinoma cells through the modulation of integrins. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 92:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Yoo DS, Rho HS, Lee YG, Yeom MH, Kim DH, Lee SJ, Hong SY, Lee JH, Cho JY. Ginsenoside F1 Modulates Cellular Responses of Skin Melanoma Cells. J Ginseng Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
21
|
Regulatory effect of cinnamaldehyde on monocyte/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:529359. [PMID: 20467561 PMCID: PMC2868184 DOI: 10.1155/2010/529359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde (CA) has been known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Although numerous pharmacological effects have been demonstrated, regulatory effect of CA on the functional activation of monocytes and macrophages has not been fully elucidated yet. To evaluate its monocyte/macrophage-mediated immune responses, macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and monocytes treated with proaggregative antibodies, and extracellular matrix protein fibronectin were employed. CA was able to suppress both the production of nitric oxide (NO) and upregulation of surface levels of costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD69) and pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and complement receptor (CR3)). In addition, CA also blocked cell-cell adhesion induced by the activation of CD29 and CD43 but not cell-fibronectin adhesion. Immunoblotting analysis suggested that CA inhibition was due to the inhibition of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase (PDK)1 as well as nuclear factor-(NF-) kappaB activation. In particular, thiol compounds with sulphydryl group, L-cysteine and dithiothreitol (DTT), strongly abrogated CA-mediated NO production and NF-kappaB activation. Therefore, our results suggest that CA can act as a strong regulator of monocyte/macrophage-mediated immune responses by thiolation of target cysteine residues in PI3K or PDK1.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cell-permeable ceramides act as novel regulators of U937 cell–cell adhesion mediated by CD29, CD98, and CD147. Immunobiology 2010; 215:294-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
23
|
Kim SD, Park SK, Cho JY, Park HJ, Lim JH, Yun HI, Park SC, Lee KY, Kim SK, Rhee MH. Surfactin C inhibits platelet aggregation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:867-70. [PMID: 16734989 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.6.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of surfactin C, which is derived from Bacillus subtilis, on platelet aggregation and homotypic leucocyte aggregation. Surfactin C strongly and dose-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation, which was stimulated both by thrombin (0.1 U mL−1), a potent agonist that activates the G protein-coupled protease receptor, and by collagen (5 μg mL−1), a potent ligand that activates αIIbβ3 with IC50 values (concentration inhibiting platelet aggregation by 50%) of 10.9 and 17.0 μM, respectively. Moreover, surfactin C significantly suppressed the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in thrombin-activated platelets. Surfactin C, however, did not affect various integrin-mediated U937 cell aggregation, implying that the anti-platelet activity of surfactin C was not due to its detergent effect but by its action on the downstream signalling pathway. Therefore, the results suggest that surfactin C may have a beneficial therapeutic effect on aberrant platelet aggregation-mediated cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Dae Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology & Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kim BH, Cho JY. Regulatory Effect of Ginsenosides Rh1 on Monocytic U937 Cell Adhesion. J Ginseng Res 2009. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2009.33.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
25
|
Kim BH, Cho JY. Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Cell Adhesion, Surface Molecule Expression and Morphological Changes. J Ginseng Res 2009. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2009.33.4.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
26
|
Suppressive effect of hydroquinone, a benzene metabolite, on in vitro inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2008:298010. [PMID: 19148301 PMCID: PMC2625402 DOI: 10.1155/2008/298010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory effects of hydroquinone on cytokine release, phagocytosis, NO production, ROS generation, cell-cell/cell fibronectin adhesion, and lymphocyte proliferation. We found that hydroquinone suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6], secretion of toxic molecules [nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)], phagocytic uptake of FITC-labeled dextran, upregulation of costimulatory molecules, U937 cell-cell adhesion induced by CD18 and CD29, and the proliferation of lymphocytes from the bone marrow and spleen. Considering that (1) environmental chemical stressors reduce the immune response of chronic cigarette smokers and children against bacterial and viral infections and that (2) workers in petroleum factories are at higher risk for cancer, our data suggest that hydroquinone might pathologically inhibit inflammatory responses mediated by monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Src kinase-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of davallialactone from Inonotus xeranticus in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:852-63. [PMID: 18454171 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mushrooms are popular both as food and as a source of natural compounds of biopharmaceutical interest. Some mushroom-derived compounds such as beta-glucan have been shown to be immunostimulatory; this study explores the anti-inflammatory properties of hispidin analogues derived from the mushroom, Inonotus xeranticus. We sought to identify the molecular mechanism of action of these hispidin analogues by determining their effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory responses in a macrophage cell line. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The production of inflammatory mediators was determined by Griess assay, reverse transcription-PCR and ELISA. The inhibitory effect of davalliactone on LPS-induced activation of signalling cascades was assessed by western blotting, immunoprecipitation and direct kinase assay. KEY RESULTS In activated RAW264.7 cells, davallialactone strongly downregulated LPS-mediated inflammatory responses, including NO production, prostaglandin E2 release, expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes and cell surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Davallialactone treatment did not alter cell viability or morphology. Davallialactone was found to exert its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting a signalling cascade that activates nuclear factor kappa B via PI3K, Akt and IKK, but not mitogen-activated protein kinases. Treatment with davallialactone affected the phosphorylation of these signalling proteins, but not their level of expression. These inhibitory effects were not due to the interruption of toll-like receptor 4 binding to CD14. In particular, davallialactone strongly inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation and kinase activity of Src, implying that Src may be a potential pharmacological target of davallialactone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that davallialactone, a small molecule found in edible mushrooms, has anti-inflammatory activity. Davallialactone can be developed as a pharmaceutically valuable anti-Src kinase agent.
Collapse
|
28
|
MacKinnon AC, Farnworth SL, Hodkinson PS, Henderson NC, Atkinson KM, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ, Haslett C, Forbes SJ, Sethi T. Regulation of alternative macrophage activation by galectin-3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2650-8. [PMID: 18250477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alternative macrophage activation is implicated in diverse disease pathologies such as asthma, organ fibrosis, and granulomatous diseases, but the mechanisms underlying macrophage programming are not fully understood. Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding lectin present on macrophages. We show that disruption of the galectin-3 gene in 129sv mice specifically restrains IL-4/IL-13-induced alternative macrophage activation in bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and in resident lung and recruited peritoneal macrophages in vivo without affecting IFN-gamma/LPS-induced classical activation or IL-10-induced deactivation. IL-4-mediated alternative macrophage activation is inhibited by siRNA-targeted deletion of galectin-3 or its membrane receptor CD98 and by inhibition of PI3K. Increased galectin-3 expression and secretion is a feature of alternative macrophage activation. IL-4 stimulates galectin-3 expression and release in parallel with other phenotypic markers of alternative macrophage activation. By contrast, classical macrophage activation with LPS inhibits galectin-3 expression and release. Galectin-3 binds to CD98, and exogenous galectin-3 or cross-linking CD98 with the mAb 4F2 stimulates PI3K activation and alternative activation. IL-4-induced alternative activation is blocked by bis-(3-deoxy-3-(3-methoxybenzamido)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl) sulfane, a specific inhibitor of extracellular galectin-3 carbohydrate binding. These results demonstrate that a galectin-3 feedback loop drives alternative macrophage activation. Pharmacological modulation of galectin-3 function represents a novel therapeutic strategy in pathologies associated with alternatively activated macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison C MacKinnon
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cho JY. Chloroquine, an Anti-malarial Agent, Acts as a Novel Regulator of .BETA.1-Integrin-Mediated Cell-Cell Adhesion. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:726-30. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Cho
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Microarray analyses in dendritic cells reveal potential biomarkers for chemical-induced skin sensitization. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3222-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
31
|
Cho JY, Kim AR, Jung JH, Chun T, Rhee MH, Yoo ES. Cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activities of cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, on the viability of leukocyte cancer cell lines. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 492:85-94. [PMID: 15178350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone from Saussurea lappa, has been reported to possess immunomodulatory effects on cytokine release, nitric oxide production and immunosuppressive effects. In this study, we have examined cytotoxic effect of cynaropicrin against several types of cell lines such as macrophages, eosinophils, fibroblasts and lymphocytes. Cynaropicrin potently inhibited the proliferation of leukocyte cancer cell lines, such as U937, Eol-1 and Jurkat T cells, but some other cells such as Chang liver cells and human fibroblast cell lines were not strongly suppressed by cynaropicrin treatment. The cytotoxic effect of cynaropicrin was due to inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G1/S phase, according to flow-cytometric, DNA fragmentation and morphological analyses using U937 cells. Evidence that combination treatment with l-cysteine and N-acetyl-l-cysteine, reactive oxygen species scavengers, or rottlerin (1-[6-[(3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylphenyl)methyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-8-yl]-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one), a specific protein kinase (PK) Cdelta inhibitor, abolished cynaropicrin-mediated cytotoxicity and morphological change, and that cynaropicrin-induced proteolytic cleavage of PKCdelta suggests that reactive oxygen species and PKCdelta may play an important role in mediating pro-apoptotic activity by cynaropicrin. Taken together, these results indicate that cynaropicrin may be a potential anticancer agent against some leukocyte cancer cells such as lymphoma or leukemia, through pro-apoptotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Cho
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 192-1, Hyoja2-Dong, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|