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Jing Y, Cheng B, Wang H, Bai X, Zhang Q, Wang N, Li H, Wang S. The landscape of the long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs of the abdominal fat tissues in the chicken lines divergently selected for fatness. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:790. [PMID: 36456907 PMCID: PMC9714206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-09045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive deposition of abdominal fat poses serious problems in broilers owing to rapid growth. Recently, the evolution of the existing knowledge on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have established their indispensable roles in multiple physiological metabolic processes, including adipogenesis and fat deposition. However, not much has been explored on their profiles in the abdominal fat tissues of broilers to date. In the study, we aimed to characterize the vital candidates of lncRNAs and circRNAs and their underlying regulations for abdominal fat deposition in broilers. RESULTS The present study sequenced the lncRNAs and circRNAs expression profiles in the abdominal fat tissues isolated from 7-week-old broilers, who were divergently selected for their fatness. It identified a total of 3359 lncRNAs and 176 circRNAs, demonstrating differential expressed (DE) 30 lncRNAs and 17 circRNAs between the fat- and lean-line broilers (|log2FC| ≥ 1, P < 0.05). Subsequently, the 20 cis-targets and 48 trans-targets of the candidate DE lncRNAs were identified for depositing abdominal fat by adjacent gene analysis and co-expression analysis, respectively. In addition, the functional enrichment analysis showed the DE lncRNAs targets and DE circRNAs host genes to be mainly involved in the cellular processes, amino/fatty acid metabolism, and immune inflammation-related pathways and GO terms. Finally, the vital 16 DE lncRNAs located in cytoplasm and specifically expressed in fat/lean line and their targets were used to construct the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network, comprising 7 DE lncRNAs, 28 miRNAs, 11 DE mRNAs. Notably, three lncRNAs including XR_001468036.2, XR_003077610.1 and XR_001466431.2 with the most connected degrees might play hub regulatory roles in abdominal fat deposition of broilers. CONCLUSIONS This study characterized the whole expression difference of lncRNAs and circRNAs between the two lines broilers with divergently ability of abdominal fat. The vital candidate DE lncRNAs/circRNAs and ceRNA regulations were identified related to the deposition of abdominal fat in chicken. These results might further improve our understanding of regulating the non-coding RNAs in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jing
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bohan Cheng
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Bai
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouzhi Wang
- grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.453075.0Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412243.20000 0004 1760 1136College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030 People’s Republic of China
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Kunnen S, Van Eck M. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase: old friend or foe in atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1783-99. [PMID: 22566575 PMCID: PMC3413220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of free cholesterol in plasma lipoproteins and plays a critical role in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism. Deficiency leads to accumulation of nascent preβ-HDL due to impaired maturation of HDL particles, whereas enhanced expression is associated with the formation of large, apoE-rich HDL(1) particles. In addition to its function in HDL metabolism, LCAT was believed to be an important driving force behind macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and, therefore, has been a subject of great interest in cardiovascular research since its discovery in 1962. Although half a century has passed, the importance of LCAT for atheroprotection is still under intense debate. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the insights that have been gained in the past 50 years on the biochemistry of LCAT, the role of LCAT in lipoprotein metabolism and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in animal models, and its impact on cardiovascular disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kunnen
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Van Eck
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Effects of lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase genotypes, enzyme levels, and activity on high-density lipoprotein levels. J Clin Lipidol 2011; 5:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pan JP, Wei SLP, Chiang SC, Lee-Chen GJ. Association of apolipoprotein J polymorphism 1598delT with coronary artery disease and lipoprotein levels. Cardiology 2011; 118:83-92. [PMID: 21508640 DOI: 10.1159/000326852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate a polymorphism of the apolipoprotein J (APOJ) gene in relation to coronary artery disease (CAD) and lipid variables in a Chinese male population of genetically unrelated individuals. METHODS In this study, we recruited 126 control male subjects and 237 CAD male patients. CAD was defined as a fixed stenotic lesion with luminal narrowing ≥50% in at least one of the major or minor coronary arteries. In cases with documented myocardial infarction, only those rated as fully recovered for more than 3 months were enrolled. Patients with acute or chronic infectious diseases and those with malignancies were excluded. All subjects with a fasting serum triglyceride level higher than 300 mg/dl were likewise excluded. RESULTS We identified a single nucleotide polymorphism, 1598delT, and showed its association with CAD. Subjects with the I/I genotype showed a significantly higher CAD risk compared to those with the D/D genotype (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.11-4.94, p = 0.026). Patients with the I/I genotype also had abnormal levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol associated with CAD. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that the APOJ single nucleotide polymorphism (1598delT) is associated with risk factors for CAD in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Pin Pan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Strang AC, Hovingh GK, Stroes ES, Kastelein JJ. The genetics of high-density lipoprotein metabolism: clinical relevance for therapeutic approaches. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104:22E-31E. [PMID: 19895941 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) is inversely correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol plasma levels. These plasma HDL cholesterol levels are influenced by the activity of a number of enzymes and receptors, and therefore, variations in the genes encoding for these proteins may consequently result in an altered CAD risk. Identification of such pivotal players in HDL cholesterol metabolism that are also strongly associated with CAD risk is crucial for the materialization of novel therapeutic modalities. A large amount of knowledge has been obtained by studies involving families with extreme HDL phenotypes specific to molecular defects. In fact, thus far, monogenetic defects have been described in the genes coding for apolipoprotein A-I, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1, cholesterol ester transfer protein, the lack of endothelial lipase (LIPG), phospholipid transfer protein, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Despite the fact that the total number of carriers of such mutations is rather small, much can be gained by extensively studying the metabolic and vascular consequences of these mutations. Surrogate markers for atherosclerosis have proved to be useful to overcome this sample size limitation and have been widely exploited to study families with decreased or increased HDL cholesterol levels in order to correlate HDL cholesterol phenotypes to atherosclerotic burden in cases and controls. Apart from such extreme phenotype approaches, novel population-based genome-wide association studies have been used to decipher the link between genetic loci and HDL cholesterol levels, and the identification of novel HDL cholesterol-related genes is eagerly awaited. These might be instrumental in the ongoing fight against atherosclerosis.
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Rousset X, Vaisman B, Amar M, Sethi AA, Remaley AT. Lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase--from biochemistry to role in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:163-71. [PMID: 19306528 PMCID: PMC2910390 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328329233b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss the latest findings on the biochemistry of lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), the effect of LCAT on atherosclerosis, clinical features of LCAT deficiency, and the impact of LCAT on cardiovascular disease from human studies. RECENT FINDINGS Although there has been much recent progress in the biochemistry of LCAT and its effect on high-density lipoprotein metabolism, its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is still not fully understood. Studies from various animal models have revealed a complex interaction between LCAT and atherosclerosis that may be modified by diet and by other proteins that modify lipoproteins. Furthermore, the ability of LCAT to lower apoB appears to be the best way to predict its effect on atherosclerosis in animal models. Recent studies on patients with LCAT deficiency have shown a modest but significant increase in incidence of cardiovascular disease consistent with a beneficial effect of LCAT on atherosclerosis. The role of LCAT in the general population, however, has not revealed a consistent association with cardiovascular disease. SUMMARY Recent research findings from animal and human studies have revealed a potential beneficial role of LCAT in reducing atherosclerosis but additional studies are necessary to better establish the linkage between LCAT and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rousset
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Boris Vaisman
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Marcelo Amar
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Amar A. Sethi
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
| | - Alan T. Remaley
- National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Bethesda, MD. 20814
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, 10 Center Dr. Bldg. 10/2C-433, Bethesda, MD. 20814, , 301-402-9796
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Roy H, Bhardwaj S, Yla-Herttuala S. Molecular genetics of atherosclerosis. Hum Genet 2009; 125:467-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Boes E, Coassin S, Kollerits B, Heid IM, Kronenberg F. Genetic-epidemiological evidence on genes associated with HDL cholesterol levels: a systematic in-depth review. Exp Gerontol 2008; 44:136-60. [PMID: 19041386 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles exhibit multiple antiatherogenic effects. They are key players in the reverse cholesterol transport which shuttles cholesterol from peripheral cells (e.g. macrophages) to the liver or other tissues. This complex process is thought to represent the basis for the antiatherogenic properties of HDL particles. The amount of cholesterol transported in HDL particles is measured as HDL cholesterol (HDLC) and is inversely correlated with the risk for coronary artery disease: an increase of 1mg/dL of HDLC levels is associated with a 2% and 3% decrease of the risk for coronary artery disease in men and women, respectively. Genetically determined conditions with high HDLC levels (e.g. familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia) often coexist with longevity, and higher HDLC levels were found among healthy elderly individuals. HDLC levels are under considerable genetic control with heritability estimates of up to 80%. The identification and characterization of genetic variants associated with HDLC concentrations can provide new insights into the background of longevity. This review provides an extended overview on the current genetic-epidemiological evidence from association studies on genes involved in HDLC metabolism. It provides a path through the jungle of association studies which are sometimes confusing due to the varying and sometimes erroneous names of genetic variants, positions and directions of associations. Furthermore, it reviews the recent findings from genome-wide association studies which have identified new genes influencing HDLC levels. The yet identified genes together explain only a small amount of less than 10% of the HDLC variance, which leaves an enormous room for further yet to be identified genetic variants. This might be accomplished by large population-based genome-wide meta-analyses and by deep-sequencing approaches on the identified genes. The resulting findings will probably result in a re-drawing and extension of the involved metabolic pathways of HDLC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Boes
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HDL is a recognized negative risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases. Establishing the genetic determinants of HDL concentration and functions would add to the prediction of cardiovascular risk and point to the biochemical mechanisms underlying this risk. The present review focuses on various approaches to establish genetic determinants of the HDL concentration, structure and function. RECENT FINDINGS While many genes contribute to the HDL concentration and collectively account for half of the variability, polymorphism of individual candidate genes contributes little. There are strong interactions between environmental and genetic influences. Recent findings have confirmed that APOA1 and ABCA1 exert the strongest influence on HDL concentrations and risk of atherosclerosis. CETP and lipases also affect the HDL concentration and functionality, but their connection to the atherosclerosis risk is conditional on the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. SUMMARY Analysis of genetic determinants of HDL-cholesterol in patients with specific disease states or in response to the environmental condition may be a more accurate way to assess variations in HDL concentration. This may result in defining the rules of interaction between genetic and environmental factors and lead to understanding the mechanisms responsible for the variations in HDL concentration and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Stein O, Stein Y. Lipid transfer proteins (LTP) and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2005; 178:217-30. [PMID: 15694928 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review deals with four lipid transfer proteins (LTP): three are involved in cholesteryl ester (CE) synthesis or transport, the fourth deals with plasma phospholipid (PL) transfer. Experimental models of atherosclerosis, clinical and epidemiological studies provided information as to the relationship of these LTP(s) to atherosclerosis, which is the main focus of this review. Thus, inhibition of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) 1 and 2 decreases cholesterol absorption, plasma cholesterol and aortic cholesterol esterification in the aorta. The discovery that tamoxifen is a potent ACAT inhibitor explained the plasma cholesterol lowering of the drug. The use of ACAT inhibition in humans is under current investigation. As low cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity is connected with high HDL-C, several CETP inhibitors were tried in rabbits, with variable results. A new CETP inhibitor, Torcetrapib, was tested in humans and there was a 50-100% increase in HDL-C. Lecithin cholesterol acyl-transferase (LCAT) influences oxidative stress, which can be lowered by transient LCAT gene transfer in LCAT-/- mice. Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) deficiency reduced apo B production in apo E-/- mice, as well as oxidative stress in four models of mouse atherosclerosis. In conclusion, the ability to increase HDL-C so markedly by inhibitors of CETP introduces us into a new era in prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD).
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Affiliation(s)
- O Stein
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shioji K, Mannami T, Kokubo Y, Goto Y, Nonogi H, Iwai N. An association analysis between ApoA1 polymorphisms and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level and myocardial infarction (MI) in Japanese. J Hum Genet 2004; 49:433-439. [PMID: 15258834 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-004-0172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Association studies were performed to confirm the effect of polymorphisms in apolipoprotein A1 ( ApoA1) on the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level and the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI). A sequence analysis identified nine polymorphisms in ApoA1. After considering linkage disequilibrium, four polymorphisms in ApoA1 and four polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking regions and 3'-flanking regions from the JSNP database were determined in 1,880 subjects recruited from the Suita study, which represents the general population in Japan. Of the eight polymorphisms tested, the ApoA1 T84C polymorphism had the greatest effect on the levels of HDL-C ( P=0.0005, P(c)=0.0040 corrected by the Bonferroni method) and triglyceride ( P<0.0001, P(c)=0.0008). The ApoA1 MspI polymorphism was not associated with HDL-C or triglyceride levels. We confirmed that the ApoA1 T84C polymorphism was associated with the HDL-C level but not the triglyceride level in patients with MI ( n=637). Moreover, this polymorphism was associated with the incidence of MI in male subjects ( P=0.0326). A logistic analysis indicated that the frequency of MI in the CC genotype was lower than that in the CT+TT genotype ( P=0.0145, OR=0.4955, 95% CI: 0.2746-0.8525). The ApoA1 T84C polymorphism is an important marker for the HDL-C level and may be a new risk marker for MI in Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shioji
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
- Department of Cardiology, Kishiwada City Hospital, 1001 Gakuhara-cho, Kishiwada, Osaka, 596-8501, Japan.
- The Organization for Pharmaceutical Safety and Research of Japan, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Mannami
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kokubo
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoichi Goto
- Division of Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonogi
- Division of Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Naoharu Iwai
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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