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Dubovskii PV, Utkin YN. Specific Amino Acid Residues in the Three Loops of Snake Cytotoxins Determine Their Membrane Activity and Provide a Rationale for a New Classification of These Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:262. [PMID: 38922156 PMCID: PMC11209149 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxins (CTs) are three-finger membrane-active toxins present mainly in cobra venom. Our analysis of the available CT amino acid sequences, literature data on their membrane activity, and conformational equilibria in aqueous solution and detergent micelles allowed us to identify specific amino acid residues which interfere with CT incorporation into membranes. They include Pro9, Ser28, and Asn/Asp45 within the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal loops, respectively. There is a hierarchy in the effect of these residues on membrane activity: Pro9 > Ser28 > Asn/Asp45. Taking into account all the possible combinations of special residues, we propose to divide CTs into eight groups. Group 1 includes toxins containing all of the above residues. Their representatives demonstrated the lowest membrane activity. Group 8 combines CTs that lack these residues. For the toxins from this group, the greatest membrane activity was observed. We predict that when solely membrane activity determines the cytotoxic effects, the activity of CTs from a group with a higher number should exceed that of CTs from a group with a lower number. This classification is supported by the available data on the cytotoxicity and membranotropic properties of CTs. We hypothesize that the special amino acid residues within the loops of the CT molecule may indicate their involvement in the interaction with non-lipid targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Dubovskii
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 117997 Moscow, Russia;
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2
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Envenomation by Micrurus psyches in French Guiana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:276-280. [PMID: 28808936 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-017-0567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here the first known envenomation by Micrurus psyches, the so-called Carib coral snake, which occurred on April 2016 in the surroundings of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, Western French Guiana. Besides local neurological symptoms, it featured unexpected electrocardiogram changes, which were emergence of a first-degree atrioventricular block and biphasic T waves, both transient. NewWorld elapid venoms were not known for being cardiotoxic so far. The possible reasons of this cardiac injury are discussed.
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3
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Nie YW, Wang M, Zhang P, Huan L, Liu DJ. Identification and characterization of an endoplasmic reticulum localization motif. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:249-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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4
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Suzuki-Matsubara M, Athauda SBP, Suzuki Y, Matsubara K, Moriyama A. Comparison of the primary structures, cytotoxicities, and affinities to phospholipids of five kinds of cytotoxins from the venom of Indian cobra, Naja naja. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 179:158-64. [PMID: 26456928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism underlying the hemolytic and cytolytic processes of cobra cytotoxins (CTXs) is not yet fully elucidated. To examine this, we analyzed the amino acid sequences, hemolytic and cytotoxic activities, and affinities to phospholipids of the five major CTXs purified from the venom of Indian cobra, Naja naja. CTX2, CTX7, and CTX8 belonged to S-type, and CTX9 and CTX10 to P-type. Comparisons of CTX7 with CTX8 and CTX9 with CTX10 revealed similar primary structures and hemolytic and cytolytic activities. CTX2, whose primary structure was rather different from the others, showed several times weaker hemolytic and cytolytic biological activities than the others. The comparison of CTX2 with CTX7 suggested the importance of Lys30 in loop II for the strong hemolytic and cytolytic activities of S-type CTXs. Cloning of 12 CTX cDNAs from the Naja naja venom cDNA library revealed that 18 out of 23 substitutions found in CTX cDNAs were nonsynonymous. This clearly indicated the accelerated evolution of CTX genes. Multiple sequence alignment of 51 kinds of CTX cDNAs and calculations of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions indicated that the codons coding the three loops' regions, which may interact with the hydrophobic tails of phospholipids, have undergone an accelerated evolution. In contrast, the codons coding for amino acid residues considered to participate in the recognition and binding of the hydrophilic head groups of phospholipids, eight Cys residues, and those likely stabilizing β core structure, were all conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Suzuki-Matsubara
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan.
| | - Senarath B P Athauda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Peradeniya University, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Kazumi Matsubara
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Moriyama
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
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5
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Williams K, Gokulan K, Shelman D, Akiyama T, Khan A, Khare S. Cytotoxic Mechanism ofCytolethal Distending Toxinin NontyphoidalSalmonellaSerovar (SalmonellaJaviana) During Macrophage Infection. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:113-24. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Williams
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Diamond Shelman
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Tatsuya Akiyama
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Ashraf Khan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
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6
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Wilburn DB, Bowen KE, Doty KA, Arumugam S, Lane AN, Feldhoff PW, Feldhoff RC. Structural insights into the evolution of a sexy protein: novel topology and restricted backbone flexibility in a hypervariable pheromone from the red-legged salamander, Plethodon shermani. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96975. [PMID: 24849290 PMCID: PMC4029566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to pervasive sexual selection, protein sex pheromones often display rapid mutation and accelerated evolution of corresponding gene sequences. For proteins, the general dogma is that structure is maintained even as sequence or function may rapidly change. This phenomenon is well exemplified by the three-finger protein (TFP) superfamily: a diverse class of vertebrate proteins co-opted for many biological functions - such as components of snake venoms, regulators of the complement system, and coordinators of amphibian limb regeneration. All of the >200 structurally characterized TFPs adopt the namesake "three-finger" topology. In male red-legged salamanders, the TFP pheromone Plethodontid Modulating Factor (PMF) is a hypervariable protein such that, through extensive gene duplication and pervasive sexual selection, individual male salamanders express more than 30 unique isoforms. However, it remained unclear how this accelerated evolution affected the protein structure of PMF. Using LC/MS-MS and multidimensional NMR, we report the 3D structure of the most abundant PMF isoform, PMF-G. The high resolution structural ensemble revealed a highly modified TFP structure, including a unique disulfide bonding pattern and loss of secondary structure, that define a novel protein topology with greater backbone flexibility in the third peptide finger. Sequence comparison, models of molecular evolution, and homology modeling together support that this flexible third finger is the most rapidly evolving segment of PMF. Combined with PMF sequence hypervariability, this structural flexibility may enhance the plasticity of PMF as a chemical signal by permitting potentially thousands of structural conformers. We propose that the flexible third finger plays a critical role in PMF:receptor interactions. As female receptors co-evolve, this flexibility may allow PMF to still bind its receptor(s) without the immediate need for complementary mutations. Consequently, this unique adaptation may establish new paradigms for how receptor:ligand pairs co-evolve, in particular with respect to sexual conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien B. Wilburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kathleen E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kari A. Doty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sengodagounder Arumugam
- J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Lane
- J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Pamela W. Feldhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Richard C. Feldhoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Nguyen TTN, Folch B, Létourneau M, Vaudry D, Truong NH, Doucet N, Chatenet D, Fournier A. Cardiotoxin-I: an unexpectedly potent insulinotropic agent. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1805-12. [PMID: 22807058 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells is a complex process, involving the integration and interaction of multiple external and internal stimuli, in which glucose plays a major role. Understanding the physiology leading to insulin release is a crucial step toward the identification of new targets. In this study, we evaluated the presence of insulinotropic metabolites in Naja kaouthia snake venom. Only one fraction, identified as cardiotoxin-I (CTX-I) was able to induce insulin secretion from INS-1E cells without affecting cell viability and integrity, as assessed by MTT and LDH assays. Interestingly, CTX-I was also able to stimulate insulin secretion from INS-1E cells even in the absence of glucose. Although cardiotoxins have been characterized as potent hemolytic agents and vasoconstrictors, CTX-I was unable to induce direct hemolysis of human erythrocytes or to induce potent vasoconstriction. As such, this newly identified insulin-releasing toxin will surely enrich the pool of existing tools to study β-cell physiology or even open a new therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuyet Nhung Nguyen
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Ville de Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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8
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Kini RM, Doley R. Structure, function and evolution of three-finger toxins: mini proteins with multiple targets. Toxicon 2010; 56:855-67. [PMID: 20670641 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of pharmacologically active peptides and proteins. These protein toxins belong to a small number of superfamilies of proteins. Three-finger toxins belong to a superfamily of non-enzymatic proteins found in all families of snakes. They have a common structure of three beta-stranded loops extending from a central core containing all four conserved disulphide bonds. Despite the common scaffold, they bind to different receptors/acceptors and exhibit a wide variety of biological effects. Thus, the structure-function relationships of this group of toxins are complicated and challenging. Studies have shown that the functional sites in these 'sibling' toxins are located on various segments of the molecular surface. Targeting to a wide variety of receptors and ion channels and hence distinct functions in this group of mini proteins is achieved through a combination of accelerated rate of exchange of segments as well as point mutations in exons. In this review, we describe the structural and functional diversity, structure-function relationships and evolution of this group of snake venom toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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9
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Down-regulation of the JAK2/PI3K-mediated signaling activation is involved in Taiwan cobra cardiotoxin III-induced apoptosis of human breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Toxicon 2010; 55:1263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Chen XY, Yang HX, Qu SF, Liu J, Lv P, Xu JP, Xu KS. Involvement of p38 and c-Jun N-Terminal Protein Kinase in Cardiotoxin III-Induced Apoptosis of K562 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:583-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing-yong Chen
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Hua-xin Yang
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, No. 2
| | - Shou-fang Qu
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, No. 2
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Ping Lv
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, No. 2
| | - Jia-ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Kang-sen Xu
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, No. 2
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11
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Increase of the cytotoxic effect of Bothrops jararacussu venom on mouse extensor digitorum longus and soleus by potassium channel blockers and by Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition. Toxicon 2008; 52:551-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Yang SH, Chien CM, Chang LS, Lin SR. Involvement of c-jun N-terminal kinase in G2/M arrest and caspase-mediated apoptosis induced by cardiotoxin III (Naja naja atra) in K562 leukemia cells. Toxicon 2007; 49:966-74. [PMID: 17368702 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxin III (CTX III), a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom, may have a potentiality as a structural template for rational drug design in killing cancer cells. Treatment of K562 cells with 0.3 microM of CTX III resulted in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest that was associated with a marked decline in protein levels of G2/M regulatory proteins including cyclin A, cyclin B1, Cdk2 and Cdc25C. In contrast to no effect on the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 MAPK and Akt, an activation of JNK was noted when K562 cells were exposed to CTX III. CTX III-mediated G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis were reduced by treatment with the JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125, but not by ERK and p38MAPK inhibitors. Further investigation showed that the specific JNK inhibitor, SP600125, reduced the activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and reversed the decline in the expression of cyclin B1. Taken together, our data show for the first time that JNK, but not ERK, p38MAPK or Akt signaling, plays an important role in CTX III-mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis in K562 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Yang
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
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13
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Chen CP, Lee L, Chang LS. Effects of metal-binding properties of human Kv channel-interacting proteins on their molecular structure and binding with Kv4.2 channel. Protein J 2007; 25:345-51. [PMID: 16951992 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-9020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study is to explore whether Ca2+ and Mg2+-binding properties of isomeric Kv channel-interacting proteins (KChIPs) have different effects on their molecular structure and the binding with Kv channel. 8-Anilinonaphthalene- 1-sulfonate fluorescence measurement showed that KChIP4.1 and KChIP2.2 possessed one and two types of Ca2+-binding sites, respectively, and only one type of Mg2+-binding site was noted in the two KChIP proteins. Removal of EF-hand 4 (EF-4) caused a marked drop in their high affinities for Ca2+, but the binding affinity for Mg2+ remained mostly the same. Unlike KChIP4.1, the intact EF-4 was essential for the Kv channel-binding ability of KChIP2.2 in a metal-free buffer. Nevertheless, the interaction of wild-type KChIPs and EF-4-truncated mutants with Kv channel was enhanced by the addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+. In contrast to KChIP4.1, the thermal stability of KChIP2.2 was decreased by the binding of Mg2+ and Ca2+. These results suggest that the conformational change with metal-bound KChIP4.1 is crucial for its interaction with Kv channel but not for KChIP2.2, and that the Mg2+- and Ca2+-binding properties of KChIP2.2 and KChIP4.1 have different effects on their molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Ping Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Yang SH, Chien CM, Lu MC, Lu YJ, Wu ZZ, Lin SR. Cardiotoxin III induces apoptosis in K562 cells through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 32:515-20. [PMID: 16026508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Cardiotoxin (CTX) III is a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom. This is the first report on the mechanism of the anticancer effect of CTX III on human leukaemia K562 cells. 2. Cardiotoxin III was found to inhibit the growth of K562 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, with an IC(50) value of 1.7 mug/mL, and displayed several features of apoptosis, including apoptotic body formation, an increase in the sub-G(1) population, DNA fragmentation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. 3. Investigation of the mechanism of CTX III-induced apoptosis revealed that treatment of K562 cells with CTX III resulted in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and the subsequent cleavage of the caspase-3 substrate PARP; however, CTX III did not generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). 4. Taken together, the results indicate that CTX III induces apoptosis in K562 cells through an ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Yang
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ROC
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15
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Jheng FF, Wang L, Lee L, Chang LS. Functional Contribution of Ca2+ and Mg2+ to the Intermolecular Interaction of Visinin-like Proteins. Protein J 2006; 25:250-6. [PMID: 16703469 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-006-9008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of human visinin-like protein 1 (VILIP1) and visinin-like protein 3 (VILIP3) with divalent cations (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+) was explored using circular dichroism and fluorescence measurement. These results showed that the four cations each induced a different subtle change in the conformation of VILIPs. Moreover, VILIP1 and VILIP3 bound with Ca2+ or Mg2+ in a cooperative manner. Studies on the truncated mutants showed that the intact EF-3 and EF-4 were essential for the binding of VILIP1 with Ca2+ and Mg2+. Pull-down assay revealed that Ca2+ and Mg2+ enhanced the intermolecular interaction of VILIPs, and led to the formation of homo- and hetero-oligomer of VILIPs. Together with previous findings that Ca2+-dependent localization of VILIPs may be involved in the regulation of distinct cascades and deprivation of Ca2+-binding capacity of VILIPs did not completely eliminate their activity, it is likely to reflect that Mg2+-bound VILIPs may play a role in regulating the biological function of VILIPs in response to a concentration fluctuation of Ca2+ in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Fin Jheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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Tsai CH, Yang SH, Chien CM, Lu MC, Lo CS, Lin YH, Hu XW, Lin SR. Mechanisms of cardiotoxin lll-induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer colo205 cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 33:177-82. [PMID: 16487259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardiotoxin III (CTX III) is a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom. This is the first report on the mechanism of the anticancer effect of CTX III in human colorectal cancer Colo205 cells. 2. Cardiotoxin III-induced Colo205 cell apoptosis was confirmed by DNA fragmentation (DNA ladder and sub-G1 formation) with an IC(50) of 4 mg/mL at 48 h. 3. Further mechanistic analysis demonstrate that CTX III induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Dym), cytochrome c release from mitochondria into the cytosol and activation of capase-9, caspase 3, as well as markedly enhancing the expression of Bax, but not Bcl-2, protein in the cells. Moreover, the CTX III-induced apoptosis was significantly blocked by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone. 4. However, CTX III did not generate the formation of reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidants, including N-acetylcysteine, and catalase could not block CTX III-induced apoptosis in the Colo205 cells. 5. Taken together, these results suggest that CTX III may induce apoptosis through a mitochondrial- and caspase-dependent mechanism and alteration of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in human colorectal Colo205 cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Houng Tsai
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Graduate Institute of Natural Products and Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Lin YL, Wu PF, Wu TT, Chang LS. KChIP3: a binding protein for Taiwan banded krait beta-bungarotoxin. Toxicon 2005; 47:265-70. [PMID: 16356520 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using B1 chain of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-Bgt) as bait in yeast two-hybrid screen, we found that KChIP3 was a binding protein of B1 chain. Thus, protein-protein interaction between beta-Bgt and KChIP3 is investigated in the present study. Pull-down assay showed that recombinant KChIP3 proteins were associated with beta-Bgt as well as B1 chain, whereas the inability of KChIPs 1, 2 and 4 to bind with beta-Bgt was observed. Although Ca2+ was not a crucial factor essential for the binding of KChIP3 with beta-Bgt and B1 chain, their interaction could be enhanced by the addition of Ca2+. Alternatively, the association of A1 chain of beta-Bgt with KChIP3 was marginally detected. The dissociation constant of beta-Bgt with KChIP3 were 12.2 and 6.08 microM in the absence and presence of 2mM Ca2+, respectively. Moreover, native KChIP3 from rat brain was to be isolated by beta-Bgt-Sepharose. These observations indicate that KChIP3 is a binding protein of beta-Bgt. In view of the multiple functions of KChIP3 in neuronal cells, the interaction of KChIP3 with beta-Bgt may represent an event for the manifestation of the biological activities of beta-Bgt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Number 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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Yang SH, Lu MC, Chien CM, Tsai CH, Lu YJ, Hour TC, Lin SR. Induction of apoptosis in human leukemia K562 cells by cardiotoxin III. Life Sci 2005; 76:2513-22. [PMID: 15763081 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxin III (CTX III), a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. CTX III was found to inhibit the growth of K562 cells in a time-and dose-dependent manner with IC50 value of 1.7 microg/ml, and it displayed several features of apoptosis including apoptotic body formation, increase of sub G1 population, DNA fragmentation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Investigation of the mechanism of CTXIII--induced apoptosis revealed that the treatment of K562 cells with CTX III resulted in the activation of caspase-9, caspase-3 and subsequent cleavage of its substrate PARP and that CTXIII was also associated with an early release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. These results suggest that CTX III may induce apoptosis through a mitochondria- and caspase-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Huei Yang
- Faculty of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 807, ROC
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Chien CM, Yang SH, Lu MC, Chang LS, Lin SR. Cardiotoxin III induces apoptosis in T24 cells via reactive oxygen species-independent mitochondrial death pathway. Drug Dev Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lin YL, Chen CY, Cheng CP, Chang LS. Protein–protein interactions of KChIP proteins and Kv4.2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 321:606-10. [PMID: 15358149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To prove heteromeric assembly of KChIP proteins, the present study is carried out. The results of chemical crosslinking and pull down assay revealed that KChIP1, KChIP2.1, and KChIP2.2 could form homo- as well as hetero-oligomer, and this oligomerization exhibited a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Moreover, homomeric and heteromeric assembly of KChIPs did not perturb their interaction with Kv4.2 K(+) channel, indicating that the region associated with oligomerization of KChIPs was distinct from that for binding with Kv4.2. Together with previous findings that the net effects of KChIP proteins on the molecular properties and trafficking of Kv channel were different, these observations open a fascinating possibility that the electrophysiological properties of Kv channel may be differently regulated by homomeric and heteromeric assembly of KChIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
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