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Silva TA, Garlet GP, Fukada SY, Silva JS, Cunha FQ. Chemokines in Oral Inflammatory Diseases: Apical Periodontitis and Periodontal Disease. J Dent Res 2016; 86:306-19. [PMID: 17384024 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory oral diseases are characterized by the persistent migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma and mast cells, and osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the last decade, there has been a great interest in the mediators responsible for the selective recruitment and activation of these cell types at inflammatory sites. Of these mediators, the chemokines have received particular attention in recent years. Chemokine messages are decoded by specific receptors that initiate signal transduction events, leading to a multitude of cellular responses, including chemotaxis and activation of inflammatory and bone cells. However, little is known about their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory oral diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings regarding the role of chemokines in periapical and periodontal tissue inflammation, and the integration, into experimental models, of the information about the role of chemokines in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Silva
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Nakao J, Fujii Y, Kusuyama J, Bandow K, Kakimoto K, Ohnishi T, Matsuguchi T. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses of osteoblasts through TLR4-MyD88 dissociation. Bone 2014; 58:17-25. [PMID: 24091132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that osteoblasts are mechano-sensitive. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) induces osteoblast differentiation and is an established therapy for bone fracture. Here we have examined how LIPUS affects inflammatory responses of osteoblasts to LPS. LPS rapidly induced mRNA expression of several chemokines including CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL10 in both mouse osteoblast cell line and calvaria-derived osteoblasts. Simultaneous treatment by LIPUS significantly inhibited mRNA induction of CXCL1 and CXCL10 by LPS. LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERKs, p38 kinases, MEK1/2, MKK3/6, IKKs, TBK1, and Akt was decreased in LIPUS-treated osteoblasts. Furthermore, LIPUS inhibited the transcriptional activation of NF-κB responsive element and Interferon-sensitive response element (ISRE) by LPS. In a transient transfection experiment, LIPUS significantly inhibited TLR4-MyD88 complex formation. Thus LIPUS exerts anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated osteoblasts by inhibiting TLR4 signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juna Nakao
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Field of Developmental Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Krishnan V, Vogler EA, Sosnoski DM, Mastro AM. In Vitro Mimics of Bone Remodeling and the Vicious Cycle of Cancer in Bone. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:453-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
| | - Erwin A. Vogler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
- Materials Research Institute; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M. Sosnoski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea M. Mastro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania
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Seper A, Hosseinzadeh A, Gorkiewicz G, Lichtenegger S, Roier S, Leitner DR, Röhm M, Grutsch A, Reidl J, Urban CF, Schild S. Vibrio cholerae evades neutrophil extracellular traps by the activity of two extracellular nucleases. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003614. [PMID: 24039581 PMCID: PMC3764145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the secretory diarrheal disease cholera, which has traditionally been classified as a noninflammatory disease. However, several recent reports suggest that a V. cholerae infection induces an inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract indicated by recruitment of innate immune cells and increase of inflammatory cytokines. In this study, we describe a colonization defect of a double extracellular nuclease V. cholerae mutant in immunocompetent mice, which is not evident in neutropenic mice. Intrigued by this observation, we investigated the impact of neutrophils, as a central part of the innate immune system, on the pathogen V. cholerae in more detail. Our results demonstrate that V. cholerae induces formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) upon contact with neutrophils, while V. cholerae in return induces the two extracellular nucleases upon presence of NETs. We show that the V. cholerae wild type rapidly degrades the DNA component of the NETs by the combined activity of the two extracellular nucleases Dns and Xds. In contrast, NETs exhibit prolonged stability in presence of the double nuclease mutant. Finally, we demonstrate that Dns and Xds mediate evasion of V. cholerae from NETs and lower the susceptibility for extracellular killing in the presence of NETs. This report provides a first comprehensive characterization of the interplay between neutrophils and V. cholerae along with new evidence that the innate immune response impacts the colonization of V. cholerae in vivo. A limitation of this study is an inability for technical and physiological reasons to visualize intact NETs in the intestinal lumen of infected mice, but we can hypothesize that extracellular nuclease production by V. cholerae may enhance survival fitness of the pathogen through NET degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Seper
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ava Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sandro Roier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Marc Röhm
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andreas Grutsch
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Joachim Reidl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Constantin F. Urban
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Nassimi M, Schleh C, Lauenstein HD, Hussein R, Hoymann HG, Koch W, Pohlmann G, Krug N, Sewald K, Rittinghausen S, Braun A, Müller-Goymann C. A toxicological evaluation of inhaled solid lipid nanoparticles used as a potential drug delivery system for the lung. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 75:107-16. [PMID: 20206256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation is a non-invasive approach for both local and systemic drug delivery. This study aimed to define the therapeutic window for solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as a drug delivery system by inhalation from a toxicological point of view. To estimate the toxic dose of SLNs in vitro, A549 cells and murine precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were exposed to increasing concentrations of SLNs. The cytotoxic effect of SLNs on A549 cells was evaluated by MTT and NRU assays. Viability of lung tissue was determined with WST assay and by life/dead staining using calcein AM/EthD-1 for confocal microscopy (CLSM) followed by quantitative analysis with IMARIS. Inflammation was assessed by measuring chemokine KC and TNF-alpha levels. The in vivo effects were determined in a 16-day repeated-dose inhalation toxicity study using female BALB/c mice, which were daily exposed to different concentrations of SLN30 aerosols (1-200 microg deposit dose). Local inflammatory effects in the respiratory tract were evaluated by determination of total protein content, LDH, chemokine KC, IL-6, and differential cell counts, performed on days 4, 8, 12, and 16 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Additionally, a histopathological evaluation of toxicologically relevant organs was accomplished. The in vitro and ex vivo dose finding experiments showed toxic effects beginning at concentrations of about 500 microg/ml. Therefore, we used 1-200 microg deposit doses/animal for the in vivo experiments. Even after 16 days of challenge with a 200-microg deposit dose, SLNs induced no significant signs of inflammation. We observed no consistent increase in LDH release, protein levels, or other signs of inflammation such as chemokine KC, IL-6, or neutrophilia. In contrast, the particle control (carbon black) caused inflammatory and cytotoxic effects at corresponding concentrations. These results confirm that repeated inhalation exposure to SLN30 at concentrations lower than a 200-microg deposit dose is safe in a murine inhalation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nassimi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Allergology and Immunotoxicology, Hannover, Germany
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Yang Q, El-Sayed Y, Rosenberg-Hasson Y, Hirschberg DL, Nayak NR, Schilling J, Madan A. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Multiple Cytokine Profile in Plasma and Amniotic Fluid in a Mouse Model of Pre-Term Labor. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 62:339-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Onan D, Allan EH, Quinn JMW, Gooi JH, Pompolo S, Sims NA, Gillespie MT, Martin TJ. The chemokine Cxcl1 is a novel target gene of parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH-related protein in committed osteoblasts. Endocrinology 2009; 150:2244-53. [PMID: 19147675 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The PTH receptor (PTHR1) is expressed on osteoblasts and responds to PTH or PTHrP in an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine manner, respectively. A microarray study carried out on PTHR1-positive osteoblasts (Kusa 4b10 cells) identified the cysteine-X-cysteine (CXC) family chemokine ligand 1 (Cxcl1) as a novel immediate PTH/PTHrP-responsive gene. Cxcl1 is a potent neutrophil chemoattractant with recognized roles in angiogenesis and inflammation, but a role in bone biology has not been described. Cxcl1 mRNA levels were up-regulated 1 h after either PTH or PTHrP treatment of differentiated Kusa 4b10 osteoblasts (15-fold) and mouse calvarial osteoblasts (160-fold) and in rat metaphyseal bone (5-fold) 1 h after a single sc injection of PTH. Furthermore, PTH treatment stimulated a 10-fold increase in secreted Cxcl1 protein by both Kusa 4b10 cells and calvarial osteoblasts. Immunohistochemistry and PCR demonstrated that CXCR2, the receptor for Cxcl1, is highly expressed in osteoclast precursors (hemopoietic cells) but is predominantly undetectable in the osteoblast lineage, suggesting that osteoblast-derived Cxcl1 may act as a chemoattractant for osteoclast precursors. Confirming this hypothesis, recombinant Cxcl1 dose-dependently stimulated migration of osteoclast precursors in cell culture studies, as did conditioned media from Kusa 4b10 cells treated with PTH. These data indicate that local action through the PTHR1 could stimulate cells of the osteoblast lineage to release a chemokine capable of attracting osteoclast precursors to the bone environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Döne Onan
- Bone Joint and Cancer Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
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Schauer IG, Ressler SJ, Rowley DR. Keratinocyte-derived chemokine induces prostate epithelial hyperplasia and reactive stroma in a novel transgenic mouse model. Prostate 2009; 69:373-84. [PMID: 19021203 PMCID: PMC2719820 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is upregulated in fibrotic and malignant diseases and is a key mediator of proliferative responses. Elevated IL-8 was recently correlated with benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelium and a myofibroblast reactive stroma. Thus, we sought to determine whether overexpressed IL-8 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), the functional murine homolog of IL-8, induce prostate epithelial hyperplasia and a reactive phenotype. METHODS Transgenic mice that overexpress KC within prostate epithelia and xenograft models with engineered human cells that overexpress IL-8 were developed. RESULTS Overexpression of KC in transgenic mice produced hyperplastic prostate epithelial acini associated with a periacinar reactive stroma. KC induced an altered epithelial/stroma proliferation index ratio, increased acini diameter, epithelial infolding, and expression of prototypical reactive stroma markers. Overexpression of IL-8 in normal human prostate epithelial xenografts correlated with elevated epithelial proliferation index and altered morphology. Elevated human prostate stromal and epithelial cell proliferation, nodule-like morphology and increased xenograft survival were observed in IL-8-overexpressing orthotopic xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data demonstrate that overexpression of IL-8/KC results in a prostate epithelial hyperplasia with an associated reactive stroma phenotype. The novel transgenic mouse and human xenograft models described here may be useful in dissecting key mechanisms of IL-8 induced prostate hyperplasia and reactive stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David R. Rowley
- To whom requests for reprints should be addressed: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, 325D, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: (713) 798-6220; Fax: (713) 790-1275; E-mail:
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Abstract
The skeleton is a common destination for many cancer metastases including breast and prostate cancer. There are many characteristics of bone that make it an ideal environment for cancer cell migration and colonization. Metaphyseal bone, found at the ends of long bone, in ribs, and in vertebrae, is comprised of trabecular bone interspersed with marrow and rich vasculature. The specialized microvasculature is adapted for the easy passage of cells in and out of the bone marrow. Moreover, the metasphyseal regions of bone are constantly undergoing remodeling, a process that releases growth factors from the matrix. Bone turnover also involves the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines that provide a means of communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but co-incidentally can also attract and support metastatic cells. Once in the marrow, cancer cells can interact directly and indirectly with osteoblasts and osteclasts, as well as hematopoietic and stromal cells. Cancer cells secrete factors that affect the network of cells in the bone microenvironment as well as interact with other cytokines. Additionally, transient cells of the immune system may join the local mileau to ultimately support cancer cell growth. However, most metastasized cells that enter the bone marrow are transient; a few may remain in a dormant state for many years. Advances in understanding the bone cell-tumor cell interactions are key to controlling, if not preventing metastasis to bone.
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Differential expression of osteoblast and osteoclast chemmoatractants in compression and tension sides during orthodontic movement. Cytokine 2008; 42:330-5. [PMID: 18406624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is achieved by the remodeling of alveolar bone in response to mechanical loading, and is supposed to be mediated by several host mediators, such as chemokines. In this study we investigated the pattern of mRNAs expression encoding for osteoblast and osteoclast related chemokines, and further correlated them with the profile of bone remodeling markers in palatal and buccal sides of tooth under orthodontic force, where tensile (T) and compressive (C) forces, respectively, predominate. Real-time PCR was performed with periodontal ligament mRNA from samples of T and C sides of human teeth submitted to rapid maxillary expansion, while periodontal ligament of normal teeth were used as controls. Results showed that both T and C sides exhibited significant higher expression of all targets when compared to controls. Comparing C and T sides, C side exhibited higher expression of MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1alpha/CCL3 and RANKL, while T side presented higher expression of OCN. The expression of RANTES/CCL5 and SDF-1/CXCL12 was similar in C and T sides. Our data demonstrate a differential expression of chemokines in compressed and stretched PDL during orthodontic tooth movement, suggesting that chemokines pattern may contribute to the differential bone remodeling in response to orthodontic force through the establishment of distinct microenvironments in compression and tension sides.
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Wareing MD, Lyon A, Inglis C, Giannoni F, Charo I, Sarawar SR. Chemokine regulation of the inflammatory response to a low-dose influenza infection in CCR2-/- mice. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:793-801. [PMID: 17179466 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0506299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections induce chemokines and cytokines, which regulate the immune response. The chemokine receptor CCR2 plays an important role in macrophage recruitment and in the development of T1 immunity. In the present study, we addressed the role of CCR2 in influenza A virus infection. CCR2 knockout (-/-) mice are protected against influenza A virus infection, despite delayed recruitment of macrophages. We show that low-dose influenza infection of CCR2-/- mice leads to increased neutrophilia between Days 5 and 10 after infection and decreased monocyte/macrophage and CD4(+) T cell recruitment to the lungs between Days 5 and 7 after infection. These changes in leukocyte recruitment did not result from or cause increased viral titers or delayed viral clearance. Neutrophilia in the lungs correlated with increased keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) and/or MIP-2 expression in CCR2-/- mice between Days 5 to 10 after infection, although the kinetics of neutrophil recruitment was not altered. MIP-2 mRNA and protein expression was increased three- to fivefold, and KC protein levels were increased two- to threefold in CCR2-/- compared with CCR2 wild-type mice at Day 5 after infection. This preceded the peak neutrophil influx, which occurred 7 days after infection. In vitro studies confirmed that MIP-2 and KC accounted for neutrophil chemotactic activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage. CCR2 deficiency also resulted in increased MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MCP-1, and IFN-inducible protein 10 and decreased RANTES mRNA expression. Furthermore, IL-6 and TNF-alpha cytokine production were elevated after infection. These studies suggest that CCR2 plays a multifactorial role in the development of the immune response to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Wareing
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San diego, CA, USA.
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Delgado MA, Poschet JF, Deretic V. Nonclassical pathway of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DNA-induced interleukin-8 secretion in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2006; 74:2975-84. [PMID: 16622236 PMCID: PMC1459729 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.5.2975-2984.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a critical colonizer of the respiratory tract in cystic fibrosis. The chronic infections with this microorganism contribute to excessive inflammation and progressive lung damage in cystic fibrosis patients. The full repertoire of Pseudomonas products that promote inflammation in the cystic fibrosis lung is not known. Here we show that P. aeruginosa DNA released from the bacterium, but not human DNA from epithelial cells or Escherichia coli DNA, displays proinflammatory properties and induces human respiratory epithelial cells to secrete interleukin-8 (IL-8), a key chemokine causing excessive neutrophil infiltration in the cystic fibrosis lung. IL-8 secretion was not due to an increase in NF-kappaB- or activator protein-1-dependent IL-8 promoter transcription, but instead depended on p38 and Erk mitogen-activated protein kinases. No secretion of IL-8 was observed using conventional Toll-like receptor 9 ligands (CpG oligonucleotides), although it could be demonstrated that parts of the Toll-like receptor 9-signaling pathway were functional, since class B and C CpG oligonucleotide ligands stimulated production of RANTES chemokine. The IL-8 secretion in response to P. aeruginosa DNA was decreased by treatments that inhibit acidification of intracellular organelles, using chloroquine, a pH-neutralizing compound, or bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of vacuolar H+-ATPase. These data indicate that DNA released from P. aeruginosa during chronic infections may significantly contribute to the proinflammatory processes in cystic fibrosis. Our findings also show that treatments with drugs diminishing organellar acidification may reduce the inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica A Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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