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Todeschi MR, El Backly R, Capelli C, Daga A, Patrone E, Introna M, Cancedda R, Mastrogiacomo M. Transplanted Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modify the In Vivo Microenvironment Enhancing Angiogenesis and Leading to Bone Regeneration. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1570-81. [PMID: 25685989 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) show properties similar to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), although controversial data exist regarding their osteogenic potential. We prepared clinical-grade UC-MSCs from Wharton's Jelly and we investigated if UC-MSCs could be used as substitutes for BM-MSCs in muscoloskeletal regeneration as a more readily available and functional source of MSCs. UC-MSCs were loaded onto scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously (ectopically) and in critical-sized calvarial defects (orthotopically) in mice. For live cell-tracking experiments, UC-MSCs were first transduced with the luciferase gene. Angiogenic properties of UC-MSCs were tested using the mouse metatarsal angiogenesis assay. Cell secretomes were screened for the presence of various cytokines using an array assay. Analysis of implanted scaffolds showed that UC-MSCs, contrary to BM-MSCs, remained detectable in the implants for 3 weeks at most and did not induce bone formation in an ectopic location. Instead, they induced a significant increase of blood vessel ingrowth. In agreement with these observations, UC-MSC-conditioned medium presented a distinct and stronger proinflammatory/chemotactic cytokine profile than BM-MSCs and a significantly enhanced angiogenic activity. When UC-MSCs were orthotopically transplanted in a calvarial defect, they promoted increased bone formation as well as BM-MSCs. However, at variance with BM-MSCs, the new bone was deposited through the activity of stimulated host cells, highlighting the importance of the microenvironment on determining cell commitment and response. Therefore, we propose, as therapy for bone lesions, the use of allogeneic UC-MSCs by not depositing bone matrix directly, but acting through the activation of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Todeschi
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Rania El Backly
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy .,2 Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University , Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Chiara Capelli
- 3 A.O.Papa Giovanni XXIII-USS Center of Cell Therapy "G. Lanzani" USC Hematology , Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Daga
- 4 IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute , Genoa, Italy
| | - Eugenio Patrone
- 5 Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- 3 A.O.Papa Giovanni XXIII-USS Center of Cell Therapy "G. Lanzani" USC Hematology , Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ranieri Cancedda
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy .,4 IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute , Genoa, Italy
| | - Maddalena Mastrogiacomo
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy .,4 IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Cancer Research Institute , Genoa, Italy
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Shohara R, Yamamoto A, Takikawa S, Iwase A, Hibi H, Kikkawa F, Ueda M. Mesenchymal stromal cells of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly accelerate wound healing by paracrine mechanisms. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:1171-81. [PMID: 22900957 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.706705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be isolated from the perivascular connective tissue of umbilical cords, called Wharton's jelly. These human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVC) might provide therapeutic benefits when treating skeletal or cutaneous malformations in neonatal patients. METHODS HUCPVC were isolated, and their proliferation rate, marker expression and multilineage differentiation potential determined. HUCPVC or their conditioned medium (HUCPVC-CM) was injected into the excisional wound of a mouse splinted-wound model. The effects of the treatment on wound closure were examined by morphohistochemical and gene expression analyses. RESULTS HUCPVC expressed typical MSC markers and could differentiate into osteoblastic and adipogenic lineages. HUCPVC transplanted into the mouse wound accelerated wound closure. Immunohistologic analysis showed that the HUCPVC accelerated wound healing by enhancing collagen deposition and angiogenesis via paracrine mechanisms. Furthermore, treatment with HUCPVC-CM alone significantly enhanced wound closure. HUCPVC-CM increased the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages expressing resistin-like molecule (RELM)-α/CD11b and promoted neovessel maturation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that HUCPVC-CM increased the expression of tissue-repairing cytokines interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-1 and angiopoietin-1 at the healing wound. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that HUCPVC promotes wound healing via multifaceted paracrine mechanisms. Together with their ability to differentiate into the osteogenic linage, HUCPVC may provide significant therapeutic benefits for treating wounds in neonatal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Shohara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466 – 8550, Japan
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Sim JH, Park MJ, Park S, Lee ES. Altered expression of costimulatory molecules in Behçet's disease according to clinical activity. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:1285-91. [PMID: 21574973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reduced expression of molecules limiting excessive immune responses has been considered a pathogenic mechanism associated with autoimmune diseases. OBJECTIVES To understand the implications of costimulatory molecules in Behçet's disease (BD), the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 on T-cell subsets and of their ligands CD80, CD86 and PD-L1 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was investigated. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 11 patients with active BD, eight patients with inactive BD, eight patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers and 10 healthy volunteers as healthy controls (HC) were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. The expression of costimulatory molecules was then analysed by flow cytometry. Soluble CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the transcript level of PD-L1 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The PD-L1 expression in skin lesions of patients with BD was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the HC group, reduced expression of CTLA-4 in CD4+ T cells after stimulation was observed in the active BD group, with no difference in the production of sCTLA-4. CD86 expression, in the resting APCs, was reduced in the active BD group compared with the HC group. PD-L1 expression in the APCs was decreased in the active BD group with or without stimulation of cells. Concordantly, the mRNA levels of PD-L1 in PBMC, and PD-L1 expression in the cutaneous lesions, were low in the active BD group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that altered expression of PD-L1, CTLA-4 and CD86 may be involved in the pathogenesis of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Sim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Yeongtong-Gu, Suwon 443-721, Korea
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Epstein-Barr virus Zta-induced immunomodulators from nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells upregulate interleukin-10 production from monocytes. J Virol 2011; 85:7333-42. [PMID: 21543473 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00182-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During lytic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), several viral lytic proteins function to evade immune recognition or to actively suppress immune cells. An EBV lytic transactivator, Zta, induces an immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) in B cells, but whether it regulates IL-10 in the context of epithelial cells is unclear. In this study, we tested nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines and found that Zta did not induce IL-10 in these epithelial cells. Interestingly, the conditioned medium of Zta-expressing NPC cells enhanced IL-10 production from monocytes. We further revealed that the IL-10-inducing effect involved at least two immunomodulators that were upregulated by Zta and secreted from NPC cells: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Zta was recruited to and activated the GM-CSF promoter, thus upregulating GM-CSF expression. Zta also activated the promoter of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and Zta-induced COX-2 increased downstream PGE(2) production. Cotreatment with GM-CSF and PGE(2) synergistically induced IL-10 production from monocytes. The IL-10-inducing effect of the Zta-conditioned medium was reduced when GM-CSF or the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway was blocked. The conditioned medium of NPC cells with EBV lytic infection showed a similar increase of GM-CSF and PGE(2) levels as well as the IL-10-inducing effect on monocytes, and knockdown of Zta abolished all the effects. Therefore, through Zta-induced immunomodulators, EBV lytic infection in NPC cells can direct bystander monocytes to produce IL-10, which may be a novel way of EBV to promote local immunosuppression.
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Zhang QZ, Su WR, Shi SH, Wilder-Smith P, Xiang AP, Wong A, Nguyen AL, Kwon CW, Le AD. Human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells elicit polarization of m2 macrophages and enhance cutaneous wound healing. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1856-68. [PMID: 20734355 DOI: 10.1002/stem.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has supported the important role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in wound healing, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Recently, we have isolated a unique population of MSCs from human gingiva (GMSCs) with similar stem cell-like properties, immunosuppressive, and anti-inflammatory functions as human bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). We describe here the interplay between GMSCs and macrophages and the potential relevance in skin wound healing. When cocultured with GMSCs, macrophages acquired an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype characterized by an increased expression of mannose receptor (MR; CD206) and secretory cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6, a suppressed production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and decreased ability to induce Th-17 cell expansion. In vivo, we demonstrated that systemically infused GMSCs could home to the wound site in a tight spatial interaction with host macrophages, promoted them toward M2 polarization, and significantly enhanced wound repair. Mechanistically, GMSC treatment mitigated local inflammation mediated by a suppressed infiltration of inflammatory cells and production of IL-6 and TNF-α, and an increased expression of IL-10. The GMSC-induced suppression of TNF-α secretion by macrophages appears to correlate with impaired activation of NFκB p50. These findings provide first evidence that GMSCs are capable to elicit M2 polarization of macrophages, which might contribute to a marked acceleration of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Zhou Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, The Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Ichikawa H, Okamoto S, Kamada N, Nagamoto H, Kitazume MT, Kobayashi T, Chinen H, Hisamatsu T, Hibi T. Tetomilast suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes and ameliorated chronic colitis in IL-10-deficient mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:1483-90. [PMID: 18618633 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetomilast (OPC-6535) was originally developed as a compound inhibiting superoxide production in neutrophils. Although its mechanism of action is not completely understood, phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitory function has been postulated. The therapeutic effect of PDE4 inhibitors has been reported for chronic inflammatory disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In this study we aimed to examine whether tetomilast could be a novel drug for inflammatory bowel diseases by further clarifying its antiinflammatory effects. METHODS Cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Cytokine Beads Array. The transcripts were quantified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phosphorylation of transcription factors was examined by phosflow. To examine its in vivo effect, a once-daily oral dose of tetomilast was tested in murine IL-10(-/-) chronic colitis. RESULTS Tetomilast suppressed TNF-alpha and IL-12 but not IL-10 production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human monocytes. It suppressed TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 from CD4 lymphocytes. Tetomilast suppressed cytokine production at the transcriptional level but did not alter phosphorylation of p65, ERK, p38, and STAT3. HT-89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, did not abolish the effect of tetomilast, suggesting that it was independent from the classical cAMP/PKA pathway. IL-10 was not essential to the inhibitory effect of tetomilast on TNF-alpha and IL-12. Tetomilast ameliorated IL-10(-/-) chronic colitis with reduced clinical symptoms, serum amyloid A, and histological scores with decreased TNF-alpha mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Tetomilast exerts its antiinflammatory effects on human monocytes and CD4 cells. Combined with in vivo data these findings support the feasibility of tetomilast as a novel drug for inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Ichikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang X, Lennartz MR, Loegering DJ, Stenken JA. Multiplexed cytokine detection of interstitial fluid collected from polymeric hollow tube implants--a feasibility study. Cytokine 2008; 43:15-9. [PMID: 18519165 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are important cellular signaling proteins involved in inflammation, wound healing and are thought to direct the foreign body response to implanted materials. In this work, polyurethane tubes (25 mm length, 1.02 mm i.d., and 1.65 mm o.d.) were implanted into subcutaneous tissue of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The tubes served as the biomaterial and a means to collect the interstitial fluid that would be exchanged within the tube lumen and the surrounding tissue. After 3 and 7 days, the tubes were explanted and cytokines in the fluid were quantified with a multiplexed cytokine immunoassay. Six cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), were simultaneously quantified. All cytokine concentrations with the exception of IL-4 and TNF-alpha ranged between low pg/mL to mid ng/mL levels. Neither TNF-alpha nor IL-4 was detected from any sample. These results illustrate the potential of using the tube materials combined with bead-based immunoassays as a direct method for in vivo collection of multiple cytokines in low microliter sample volumes for fixed day biomaterial implant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA
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