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Kim JY, Le TAN, Lee SY, Song DG, Hong SC, Cha KH, Lee JW, Pan CH, Kang K. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Improves Intestinal Permeability Dysfunction in Cultured Human Intestinal Cells and the Model Animal Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9277-9285. [PMID: 31353906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a digestive metabolite originating from cruciferous vegetables, has dietary potential for the treatment of various human intestinal diseases. Although intestinal permeability dysfunction is closely related to the initiation and progression of human intestinal inflammatory diseases (IBDs), the effect of DIM on intestinal permeability is unclear. We evaluated the effect of DIM on the intestinal permeability of human intestinal cell monolayers and the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans, which were treated with IL-1β and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, to mimic IBD conditions. DIM substantially restored the intestinal permeability of differentiated Caco-2 cells by enhancing the expression of tight junction proteins (including occludin and ZO-1). Compared to the IL-1β single treatment (551.0 ± 49.0 Ω·cm2), DIM (10 μM) significantly increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cell monolayers (919.0 ± 66.4 Ω·cm2, p < 0.001). DIM also ameliorated the impaired intestinal permeability and extended the lifespan of C. elegans fed P. aeruginosa. The mean lifespan of DIM-treated worms (10.8 ± 1.3 days) was higher than that of control-treated worms (9.7 ± 1.1 days, p < 0.01). Thus, DIM is a potential nutraceutical candidate for the treatment of leaky gut syndrome by improving intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeon Kim
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tram Anh Ngoc Le
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Hong
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Natural Products Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsu Kang
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Gangneung , Gangwon-do 25451 , Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology (UST) , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
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Lorkowski SW, Brubaker G, Gulshan K, Smith JD. V-ATPase (Vacuolar ATPase) Activity Required for ABCA1 (ATP-Binding Cassette Protein A1)-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2615-2625. [PMID: 30354238 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- We have shown that ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette protein A1) mediates unfolding of the apoA1 (apolipoprotein A1) N-terminal helical hairpin during apoA1 lipidation. Others have shown that an acidic pH exposes the hydrophobic surface of apoA1. We postulated that the V-ATPase (vacuolar ATPase) proton pump facilitates apoA1 unfolding and promotes ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. Approach and Results- We found that V-ATPase inhibitors dose-dependently decreased ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to apoA1 in baby hamster kidney cells and RAW264.7 cells; and similarly, siRNA knockdown of ATP6V0C inhibited ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to apoA1 in RAW264.7 cells. Although ABCA1 expression did not alter total cellular levels of V-ATPase, ABCA1 increased the cell surface levels of the V0A1 and V1E1 subunits of V-ATPase. We generated a fluorescein isothiocyanate/Alexa647 double-labeled fluorescent ratiometric apoA1 pH indicator whose fluorescein isothiocyanate/Alexa647 emission ratio decreased as the pH drops. We found that ABCA1 induction in baby hamster kidney cells led to acidification of the cell-associated apoA1 pH indicator, compared with control cells without ABCA1 expression. The V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 dose-dependently inhibited the apoA1 pH shift in ABCA1-expressing cells, without affecting the levels of cell-associated apoA1. However, we were not able to detect ABCA1-mediated extracellular proton release. We showed that acidic pH facilitated apoA1 unfolding, apoA1 solubilization of phosphatidycholine:phosphatidyserine liposomes, and increased lipid fluidity of these liposomes. Conclusions- Our results support a model that ABCA1 recruits V-ATPase to the plasma membrane where V-ATPase mediates apoA1 acidification and membrane remodeling that promote apoA1 unfolding and ABCA1-mediated HDL (high-density lipoprotein) biogenesis and lipid efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Wang Lorkowski
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (S.W.L., G.B., K.G., J.D.S.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Gregory Brubaker
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (S.W.L., G.B., K.G., J.D.S.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Kailash Gulshan
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (S.W.L., G.B., K.G., J.D.S.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Jonathan D Smith
- From the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (S.W.L., G.B., K.G., J.D.S.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.D.S.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
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Godoy P, Lian J, Beech RN, Prichard RK. Haemonchus contortus P-glycoprotein-2: in situ localisation and characterisation of macrocyclic lactone transport. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:85-93. [PMID: 25486495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a veterinary nematode that infects small ruminants, causing serious decreases in animal production worldwide. Effective control through anthelmintic treatment has been compromised by the development of resistance to these drugs, including the macrocyclic lactones. The mechanisms of resistance in H. contortus have yet to be established but may involve efflux of the macrocyclic lactones by nematode ATP-binding-cassette transporters such as P-glycoproteins. Here we report the expression and functional activity of H. contortus P-glycoprotein 2 expressed in mammalian cells and characterise its interaction with the macrocyclic lactones, ivermectin, abamectin and moxidectin. The ability of H. contortus P-glycoprotein 2 to transport different fluorophore substrates was markedly inhibited by ivermectin and abamectin in a dose-dependent and saturable way. The profile of transport inhibition by moxidectin was markedly different. H. contortus P-glycoprotein 2 was expressed in the pharynx, the first portion of the worm's intestine and perhaps in adjacent nervous tissue, suggesting a role for this gene in regulating the uptake of avermectins and in protecting nematode tissues from the effects of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintic drugs. H. contortus P-glycoprotein 2 may thus contribute to resistance to these drugs in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Godoy
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, H9X3V9 QC, Canada
| | - Jing Lian
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, H9X3V9 QC, Canada
| | - Robin N Beech
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, H9X3V9 QC, Canada.
| | - Roger K Prichard
- Institute of Parasitology, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, H9X3V9 QC, Canada
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AlGusbi S, Krücken J, Ramünke S, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Demeler J. Analysis of putative inhibitors of anthelmintic resistance mechanisms in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:647-58. [PMID: 24907555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide and the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil on the efficacy of ivermectin and thiabendazole were studied in vitro in susceptible and resistant isolates of the cattle parasitic nematodes Cooperia oncophora and Ostertagia ostertagi. The effects of combined use of drug and piperonyl butoxide/verapamil, respectively, were investigated in the Egg Hatch Assay, the Larval Development Assay and the Larval Migration Inhibition Assay. The effects of piperonyl butoxide and verapamil as inhibitors of thiabendazole and ivermectin responses were particularly marked for larval development, where both inhibitors were able to completely eliminate all differences between susceptible and resistant isolates. Even the lowest concentrations of anthelmintics used in combination with inhibitors caused complete inhibition of development. Differences and/or similarities among responses in different isolates were only obtained in the two other assays: in the Egg Hatch Assay piperonyl butoxide caused a shift in concentration-response curves obtained with thiabendazole to the left for all isolates tested, changing relative differences between isolates. In contrast, an effect of verapamil in the Egg Hatch Assay was only apparent for benzimidazole-resistant isolates. In the Larval Migration Inhibition Assay only ivermectin was tested and piperonyl butoxide shifted the concentration-response curves for all isolates to the left, again eliminating differences in EC50 values between susceptible and resistant isolates. This was not the case using verapamil as an inhibitor, where curves for both susceptible and benzimidazole-resistant isolates shifted to the left in Ostertagia isolates. In Cooperia the picture was more complex with ivermectin-resistant isolates showing a larger shift than the susceptible isolate. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene were investigated. Significantly increased frequencies of resistance-associated alleles were observed for the codons 167 and 200 in one benzimidazole-resistant isolate but not in an isolate selected for benzimidazole resistance at an early stage of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salha AlGusbi
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ramünke
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14136 Berlin, Germany.
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Ardelli BF. Transport proteins of the ABC systems superfamily and their role in drug action and resistance in nematodes. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:639-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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De Graef J, Demeler J, Skuce P, Mitreva M, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E, Geldhof P. Gene expression analysis of ABC transporters in a resistant Cooperia oncophora isolate following in vivo and in vitro exposure to macrocyclic lactones. Parasitology 2013; 140:499-508. [PMID: 23279803 PMCID: PMC3690601 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family (P-glycoproteins, Half-transporters and Multidrug Resistant Proteins) potentially play a role in the development of anthelmintic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of ABC transporters in anthelmintic resistance in the bovine parasite, Cooperia oncophora. Partial sequences of 15 members of the ABC transporter protein family were identified, by mining a transcriptome dataset combined with a degenerate PCR approach. Reverse transcriptase PCR showed that most of the ABC transporters identified were constitutively transcribed throughout the life cycle of C. oncophora. Constitutive differences in gene transcript levels between a susceptible and resistant isolate were only observed for Con-haf-9 and Con-mrp-1 in eggs of the resistant isolate, while no differences were observed in L3 or the adult life stage. Analysis of resistant adult worms, collected from calves 14 days after treatment with either ivermectin or moxidectin, showed a significant 3- to 5-fold increase in the transcript levels of Con-pgp-11 compared to non-exposed worms. Interestingly, a 4-fold transcriptional up-regulation of Con-pgp-11 was also observed in L3 of the resistant isolate, after in vitro exposure to different concentrations of ivermectin, whereas this effect was not observed in exposed L3 of the susceptible isolate. The results suggest that the worms of this particular resistant isolate have acquired the ability to up-regulate Con-pgp-11 upon exposure to macrocyclic lactones. Further work is needed to understand the genetic basis underpinning this process and the functional role of PGP-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. De Graef
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J. Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - P. Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - M. Mitreva
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - G. von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Vercruysse
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E. Claerebout
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P. Geldhof
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Design and probing of efflux functions of EGFP fused ABC membrane transporters in live cells using fluorescence spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:223-35. [PMID: 21336797 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and constructed fusion genes of C-terminal (Ct) or N-terminal (Nt) bmrA with EGFP vectors and successfully expressed them in ΔBmrA (BmrA deletion strain of Bacillus subtilis), generating two new strains of B. subtilis (Ct-BmrA-EGFP and Nt-BmrA-EGFP). The fusion genes were characterized using gel electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. Their expression in live cells was determined by measuring the fluorescence of EGFP in single live cells using fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy. The efflux function of the new strains was studied by measuring their accumulation kinetics of intracellular Hoechst dye molecules (a pump substrate) using fluorescence spectroscopy, which were compared with wild-type (WT-BmrA) and ΔBmrA strains. Both new strains show lower accumulation rates than ΔBmrA, and their efflux kinetics are inhibited by a pump inhibitor (orthovanadate). The results suggest that both strains extrude the dye molecules and the fusion proteins retain the efflux function of BmrA (ATP-binding cassette, ABC, transporter). Notably, Nt-BmrA-EGFP strain shows lower accumulation rates (higher efflux rates) than Ct-BmrA-EGFP. Modeled structures of the fusion proteins illustrate a highly flexible linker region connecting EGFP with BmrA, suggesting a minimal obstruction of EGFP to the BmrA. A closer distance of two C termini (~14 Å) than two N termini (47.9 Å) of the "closed" BmrA dimer depicts the larger steric effect of C-terminal fusion. This study also shows that glucose affects the fluorescence study of efflux function of BmrA, suggesting that efflux kinetics of ABC membrane transporters in live cells must be characterized in the absence of glucose.
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Hadwiger G, Dour S, Arur S, Fox P, Nonet ML. A monoclonal antibody toolkit for C. elegans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10161. [PMID: 20405020 PMCID: PMC2854156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies are critical tools in many avenues of biological research. Though antibodies can be produced in the research laboratory setting, most research labs working with vertebrates avail themselves of the wide array of commercially available reagents. By contrast, few such reagents are available for work with model organisms. Methodology/Principal Findings We report the production of monoclonal antibodies directed against a wide range of proteins that label specific subcellular and cellular components, and macromolecular complexes. Antibodies were made to synaptobrevin (SNB-1), a component of synaptic vesicles; to Rim (UNC-10), a protein localized to synaptic active zones; to transforming acidic coiled-coil protein (TAC-1), a component of centrosomes; to CENP-C (HCP-4), which in worms labels the entire length of their holocentric chromosomes; to ORC2 (ORC-2), a subunit of the DNA origin replication complex; to the nucleolar phosphoprotein NOPP140 (DAO-5); to the nuclear envelope protein lamin (LMN-1); to EHD1 (RME-1) a marker for recycling endosomes; to caveolin (CAV-1), a marker for caveolae; to the cytochrome P450 (CYP-33E1), a resident of the endoplasmic reticulum; to β-1,3-glucuronyltransferase (SQV-8) that labels the Golgi; to a chaperonin (HSP-60) targeted to mitochondria; to LAMP (LMP-1), a resident protein of lysosomes; to the alpha subunit of the 20S subcomplex (PAS-7) of the 26S proteasome; to dynamin (DYN-1) and to the α-subunit of the adaptor complex 2 (APA-2) as markers for sites of clathrin-mediated endocytosis; to the MAGUK, protein disks large (DLG-1) and cadherin (HMR-1), both of which label adherens junctions; to a cytoskeletal linker of the ezrin-radixin-moesin family (ERM-1), which localized to apical membranes; to an ERBIN family protein (LET-413) which localizes to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells and to an adhesion molecule (SAX-7) which localizes to the plasma membrane at cell-cell contacts. In addition to working in whole mount immunocytochemistry, most of these antibodies work on western blots and thus should be of use for biochemical fractionation studies. Conclusions/Significance We have produced a set of monoclonal antibodies to subcellular components of the nematode C. elegans for the research community. These reagents are being made available through the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank (DSHB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayla Hadwiger
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Scott Dour
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Swathi Arur
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Paul Fox
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Nonet
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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O'Rourke EJ, Soukas AA, Carr CE, Ruvkun G. C. elegans major fats are stored in vesicles distinct from lysosome-related organelles. Cell Metab 2009; 10:430-5. [PMID: 19883620 PMCID: PMC2921818 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic conservation allows ancient features of fat storage endocrine pathways to be explored in C. elegans. Multiple studies have used Nile red or BODIPY-labeled fatty acids to identify regulators of fat mass. When mixed with their food, E. coli bacteria, Nile red, and BODIPY-labeled fatty acids stain multiple spherical cellular structures in the C. elegans major fat storage organ, the intestine. However, here we demonstrate that, in the conditions previously reported, the lysosome-related organelles stained by Nile red and BODIPY-labeled fatty acids are not the C. elegans major fat storage compartment. We show that the major fat stores are contained in a distinct cellular compartment that is not stained by Nile red. Using biochemical assays, we validate oil red O staining as a method to assess major fat stores in C. elegans, allowing for efficient and accurate genetic and functional genomic screens for genes that control fat accumulation at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyleen J O'Rourke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kawai H, Tanji T, Shiraishi H, Yamada M, Iijima R, Inoue T, Kezuka Y, Ohashi K, Yoshida Y, Tohyama K, Gengyo-Ando K, Mitani S, Arai H, Ohashi-Kobayashi A, Maeda M. Normal formation of a subset of intestinal granules in Caenorhabditis elegans requires ATP-binding cassette transporters HAF-4 and HAF-9, which are highly homologous to human lysosomal peptide transporter TAP-like. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:2979-90. [PMID: 19403699 PMCID: PMC2695804 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-09-0912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
TAP-like (TAPL; ABCB9) is a half-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that localizes in lysosome and putatively conveys peptides from cytosol to lysosome. However, the physiological role of this transporter remains to be elucidated. Comparison of genome databases reveals that TAPL is conserved in various species from a simple model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, to mammals. C. elegans possesses homologous TAPL genes: haf-4 and haf-9. In this study, we examined the tissue-specific expression of these two genes and analyzed the phenotypes of the loss-of-function mutants for haf-4 and haf-9 to elucidate the in vivo function of these genes. Both HAF-4 and HAF-9 tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were mainly localized on the membrane of nonacidic but lysosome-associated membrane protein homologue (LMP-1)-positive intestinal granules from larval to adult stage. The mutants for haf-4 and haf-9 exhibited granular defects in late larval and young adult intestinal cells, associated with decreased brood size, prolonged defecation cycle, and slow growth. The intestinal granular phenotype was rescued by the overexpression of the GFP-tagged wild-type protein, but not by the ATP-unbound form of HAF-4. These results demonstrate that two ABC transporters, HAF-4 and HAF-9, are related to intestinal granular formation and some other physiological aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kawai
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanji
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Shiraishi
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Yamada
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryoko Iijima
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takao Inoue
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kezuka
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ohashi
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshida
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan; and
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8505, Japan; and
| | - Keiko Gengyo-Ando
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Shohei Mitani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayako Ohashi-Kobayashi
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Masatomo Maeda
- *Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Elle IC, Olsen LC, Mosbech MB, Rødkær SV, Pultz D, Boelt SG, Fredens J, Sørensen P, Færgeman NJ. C. elegans: A Model for Understanding Lipid Accumulation. Lipid Insights 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation and coordination of lipid metabolism involve complex interactions between the feeding regulatory centres in the nervous system and the regulated uptake, intracellular transport, storage, and utilization of stored lipids. As energy is essential to all cellular processes, it is thought that complex networks have evolved to ensure survival by maintaining adequate energy reservoirs. However, in times of nutrient abundance and imbalance, improper regulation and coordination of these networks can lead to obesity and other metabolic diseases and syndromes. Obesity genes must be considered as molecular components of such networks which function at an organismal level to orchestrate energy intake and expenditure. Thus, the functions of obesity genes must be understood within the context of these networks in intact animals. Since the majority of genes required for lipid homeostasis are evolutionarily conserved, much information can be obtained relevant to complex organisms by studying simple eukaryotes like C. elegans. Its genetic tractability makes C. elegans a highly attractive platform for identifying lipid regulatory pathways, drugs, and their molecular targets which ultimately will help us to understand the origin of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Here we briefly present some central aspects of lipid accumulation in C. elegans and discuss its merits as a platform for identification and development of novel bioactive compounds regulating lipid storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida C. Elle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Louise C.B. Olsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mai-Britt Mosbech
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Steven V. Rødkær
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Dennis Pultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sanne G. Boelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Julius Fredens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Pernille Sørensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Nils Joakim Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Schlegel A, Stainier DYR. Lessons from "lower" organisms: what worms, flies, and zebrafish can teach us about human energy metabolism. PLoS Genet 2008; 3:e199. [PMID: 18081423 PMCID: PMC2098794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A pandemic of metabolic diseases (atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and obesity), unleashed by multiple social and economic factors beyond the control of most individuals, threatens to diminish human life span for the first time in the modern era. Given the redundancy and inherent complexity of processes regulating the uptake, transport, catabolism, and synthesis of nutrients, magic bullets to target these diseases will be hard to find. Recent studies using the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the zebrafish Danio rerio indicate that these “lower” metazoans possess unique attributes that should help in identifying, investigating, and even validating new pharmaceutical targets for these diseases. We summarize findings in these organisms that shed light on highly conserved pathways of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon Schlegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Endocrinology at the University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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13
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms are conserved and consist of an interrelated network of activities that not only respond to exogenous dsRNA, but also perform endogenous functions required in the fine tuning of gene expression and in maintaining genome integrity. Not surprisingly, RNAi functions have widespread influences on cellular function and organismal development. Previously, we observed a reduced capacity to mount an RNAi response in nine Caenorhabditis elegans mutants that are defective in ABC transporter genes (ABC(RNAi) mutants). Here, we report an exhaustive study of mutants, collectively defective in 49 different ABC transporter genes, that allowed for the categorization of one additional transporter into the ABC(RNAi) gene class. Genetic complementation tests reveal functions for ABC(RNAi) transporters in the mut-7/rde-2 branch of the RNAi pathway. These second-site noncomplementation interactions suggest that ABC(RNAi) proteins and MUT-7/RDE-2 function together in parallel pathways and/or as multiprotein complexes. Like mut-7 and rde-2, some ABC(RNAi) mutants display transposon silencing defects. Finally, our analyses reveal a genetic interaction network of ABC(RNAi) gene function with respect to this part of the RNAi pathway. From our results, we speculate that the coordinated activities of ABC(RNAi) transporters, through their effects on endogenous RNAi-related mechanisms, ultimately affect chromosome function and integrity.
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Role of the Caenorhabditis elegans multidrug resistance gene, mrp-4, in gut granule differentiation. Genetics 2007; 177:1569-82. [PMID: 17947407 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.080689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans gut granules are lysosome-related organelles with birefringent contents. mrp-4, which encodes an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter homologous to mammalian multidrug resistance proteins, functions in the formation of gut granule birefringence. mrp-4(-) embryos show a delayed appearance of birefringent material in the gut granule but otherwise appear to form gut granules properly. mrp-4(+) activity is required for the extracellular mislocalization of birefringent material, body-length retraction, and NaCl sensitivity, phenotypes associated with defective gut granule biogenesis exhibited by embryos lacking the activity of GLO-1/Rab38, a putative GLO-1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor GLO-4, and the AP-3 complex. Multidrug resistance protein (MRP)-4 localizes to the gut granule membrane, consistent with it playing a direct role in the transport of molecules that compose and/or facilitate the formation of birefringent crystals within the gut granule. However, MRP-4 is also present in oocytes and early embryos, and our genetic analyses indicate that its site of action in the formation of birefringent material may not be limited to just the gut granule in embryos. In a search for genes that function similarly to mrp-4(+), we identified WHT-2, another ABC transporter that acts in parallel to MRP-4 for the formation of birefringent material in the gut granule.
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Schroeder LK, Kremer S, Kramer MJ, Currie E, Kwan E, Watts JL, Lawrenson AL, Hermann GJ. Function of the Caenorhabditis elegans ABC transporter PGP-2 in the biogenesis of a lysosome-related fat storage organelle. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:995-1008. [PMID: 17202409 PMCID: PMC1805080 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-08-0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans gut granules are intestine specific lysosome-related organelles with birefringent and autofluorescent contents. We identified pgp-2, which encodes an ABC transporter, in screens for genes required for the proper formation of gut granules. pgp-2(-) embryos mislocalize birefringent material into the intestinal lumen and are lacking in acidified intestinal V-ATPase-containing compartments. Adults without pgp-2(+) function similarly lack organelles with gut granule characteristics. These cellular phenotypes indicate that pgp-2(-) animals are defective in gut granule biogenesis. Double mutant analysis suggests that pgp-2(+) functions in parallel with the AP-3 adaptor complex during gut granule formation. We find that pgp-2 is expressed in the intestine where it functions in gut granule biogenesis and that PGP-2 localizes to the gut granule membrane. These results support a direct role of an ABC transporter in regulating lysosome biogenesis. Previously, pgp-2(+) activity has been shown to be necessary for the accumulation of Nile Red-stained fat in C. elegans. We show that gut granules are sites of fat storage in C. elegans embryos and adults. Notably, levels of triacylglycerides are relatively normal in animals defective in the formation of gut granules. Our results provide an explanation for the loss of Nile Red-stained fat in pgp-2(-) animals as well as insight into the specialized function of this lysosome-related organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Kremer
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219; and
| | - Maxwell J. Kramer
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219; and
| | - Erin Currie
- *Department of Biology and
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219; and
| | - Elizabeth Kwan
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219; and
| | - Jennifer L. Watts
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | | | - Greg J. Hermann
- *Department of Biology and
- Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219; and
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Schaheen L, Patton G, Fares H. Suppression of thecup-5mucolipidosis type IV-related lysosomal dysfunction by the inactivation of an ABC transporter inC. elegans. Development 2006; 133:3939-48. [PMID: 16943270 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in MCOLN1, which encodes the protein mucolipin 1, result in the lysosomal storage disease mucolipidosis Type IV. Studies on human mucolipin 1 and on CUP-5, the Caenorhabditis elegans ortholog of mucolipin 1, have shown that these proteins are required for lysosome biogenesis/function. Loss of CUP-5 results in a defect in lysosomal degradation, leading to embryonic lethality. We have identified a mutation in the ABC transporter MRP-4 that rescues the degradation defect and the corresponding lethality, owing to the absence of CUP-5. MRP-4 localizes to endocytic compartments and its levels are elevated in the absence of CUP-5. These results indicate that the lysosomal degradation defect is exacerbated in some cells because of the accumulation of MRP-4 in lysosomes rather than the loss of CUP-5 per se. We also show that under some conditions, loss of MRP-4 rescues the embryonic lethality caused by the loss of the cathepsin L protease, indicating that the accumulation of ABC transporters may be a more general mechanism whereby an initial lysosomal dysfunction is more severely compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Schaheen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Life Sciences South Room 531, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Artal-Sanz M, Samara C, Syntichaki P, Tavernarakis N. Lysosomal biogenesis and function is critical for necrotic cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 173:231-9. [PMID: 16636145 PMCID: PMC2063814 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200511103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic cell death is defined by distinctive morphological characteristics that are displayed by dying cells (Walker, N.I., B.V. Harmon, G.C. Gobe, and J.F. Kerr. 1988. Methods Achiev. Exp. Pathol. 13:18–54). The cellular events that transpire during necrosis to generate these necrotic traits are poorly understood. Recent studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans show that cytoplasmic acidification develops during necrosis and is required for cell death (Syntichaki, P., C. Samara, and N. Tavernarakis. 2005. Curr. Biol. 15:1249–1254). However, the origin of cytoplasmic acidification remains elusive. We show that the alkalization of endosomal and lysosomal compartments ameliorates necrotic cell death triggered by diverse stimuli. In addition, mutations in genes that result in altered lysosomal biogenesis and function markedly affect neuronal necrosis. We used a genetically encoded fluorescent marker to follow lysosome fate during neurodegeneration in vivo. Strikingly, we found that lysosomes fuse and localize exclusively around a swollen nucleus. In the advanced stages of cell death, the nucleus condenses and migrates toward the periphery of the cell, whereas green fluorescent protein–labeled lysosomal membranes fade, indicating lysosomal rupture. Our findings demonstrate a prominent role for lysosomes in cellular destruction during necrotic cell death, which is likely conserved in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Artal-Sanz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
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