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Zhang X, Yin Z, Ma Z, Liang J, Zhang Z, Yao L, Chen X, Liu X, Zhang R. Shell Matrix Protein N38 of Pinctada fucata, Inducing Vaterite Formation, Extends the DING Protein to the Mollusca World. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:531-541. [PMID: 35499596 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the animal kingdom, DING proteins were only found in Chordata and Aschelminthes. At present study, a potential DING protein, matrix protein N38, was isolated and purified from the shell of Pinctada fucata. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that 14 peptide segments matched between N38 and human phosphate-binding protein (HPBP). HPBP belongs to the DING protein family and has a "DINGGG-" sequence, which is considered a "signature" of HPBP. In this study, the mass spectrometry analysis results showed that N38 had a "DIDGGG-" sequence; this structure is a mutation from the "DINGGG-" structure, which is a distinctive feature of the DING protein family. The role of N38 during calcium carbonate formation was explored through the in vitro crystallization experiment. The results of scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectrum analysis indicated that N38 induced vaterite formation. These findings revealed that N38 might regulate and participate in the precise control of the crystal growth of the shell, providing new clues for biomineralization mechanisms in P. fucata and DING protein family studies. In addition, this study helped extend the research of DING protein to the Mollusca world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zehui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhuojun Ma
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China
| | - Jian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Liping Yao
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Protein Science laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, 314000, China.
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Ji Y, Yang X, Yang D, Zhang R. PU14, a Novel Matrix Protein, Participates in Pearl Oyster, Pinctada Fucata, Shell Formation. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:189-200. [PMID: 33689053 PMCID: PMC8032588 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-10014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is a widespread biological process, involved in the formation of shells, teeth, and bones. Shell matrix proteins have been widely studied for their importance during shell formation. In 2015, our group identified 72 unique shell matrix proteins in Pinctada fucata, among which PU14 is a matrix protein detected in the soluble fraction that solely exists in the prismatic layer. However, the function of PU14 is still unclear. In this study, the full-length cDNA sequence of PU14 was obtained and functional analyses of PU14 protein during shell formation were performed. The deduced protein has a molecular mass of 77.8 kDa and an isoelectric point of 11.34. The primary protein structure contains Gln-rich and random repeat units, which are typical characteristics of matrix protein and indicate its potential function during shell formation. In vivo and in vitro experiments indicated PU14 has prismatic layer functions during shell formation. The tissue expression patterns showed that PU14 was mainly expressed in the mantle tissue, which is consistent with prismatic layer formation. Notching experiments suggested that PU14 responded to repair and regenerate the injured shell. After inhibiting gene expression by injecting PU14-specific double-stranded RNA, the inner surface of the prismatic layer changed significantly and became rougher. Further, in vitro experiments showed that recombinant protein rPU14 impacted calcite crystal morphology. Taken together, characterization and functional analyses of a novel matrix protein, PU14, provide new insights about basic matrix proteins and their functions during shell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Ji
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Zhe Jiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, 705 Yatai Road, Jiaxing, 314006, China.
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
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Biomimetic synthesis of oriented aragonite crystals and nacre-like composite material by controlling the fluid type. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Pendola M, Jain G, Davidyants A, Huang YC, Gebauer D, Evans JS. A nacre protein forms mesoscale hydrogels that “hijack” the biomineralization process within a seawater environment. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01887d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Goh CY, Baldini L, Casnati A, Jones F, Mocerino M, Ogden MI, Sansone F, Ungaro R. Upper-rim acidic peptidocalixarenes as crystal growth modifiers. Supramol Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2014.891738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Yong Goh
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Laura Baldini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Franca Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Mauro Mocerino
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Mark I. Ogden
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth 6845, Australia
| | - Francesco Sansone
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Rocco Ungaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Xiang L, Su J, Zheng G, Liang J, Zhang G, Wang H, Xie L, Zhang R. Patterns of expression in the matrix proteins responsible for nucleation and growth of aragonite crystals in flat pearls of Pinctada fucata. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66564. [PMID: 23776687 PMCID: PMC3680448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial growth of the nacreous layer is crucial for comprehending the formation of nacreous aragonite. A flat pearl method in the presence of the inner-shell film was conducted to evaluate the role of matrix proteins in the initial stages of nacre biomineralization in vivo. We examined the crystals deposited on a substrate and the expression patterns of the matrix proteins in the mantle facing the substrate. In this study, the aragonite crystals nucleated on the surface at 5 days in the inner-shell film system. In the film-free system, the calcite crystals nucleated at 5 days, a new organic film covered the calcite, and the aragonite nucleated at 10 days. This meant that the nacre lamellae appeared in the inner-shell film system 5 days earlier than that in the film-free system, timing that was consistent with the maximum level of matrix proteins during the first 20 days. In addition, matrix proteins (Nacrein, MSI60, N19, N16 and Pif80) had similar expression patterns in controlling the sequential morphologies of the nacre growth in the inner-film system, while these proteins in the film-free system also had similar patterns of expression. These results suggest that matrix proteins regulate aragonite nucleation and growth with the inner-shell film in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtan Su
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guilan Zheng
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiyou Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhong Wang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (L-PX); (R-QZ)
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (L-PX); (R-QZ)
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Rauch MW, Dressler M, Scheel H, Van Opdenbosch D, Zollfrank C. Mineralization of Calcium Carbonates in Cellulose Gel Membranes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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8
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Munro NH, McGrath KM. Hydrogels as biomimetic mineralisation scaffolds. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2012. [DOI: 10.1680/bbn.11.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Ma Y, Gao Y, Feng Q. Characterization of organic matrix extracted from fresh water pearls. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Heinemann F, Launspach M, Gries K, Fritz M. Gastropod nacre: Structure, properties and growth — Biological, chemical and physical basics. Biophys Chem 2011; 153:126-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Xie LP, Zhu FJ, Zhou YJ, Yang C, Zhang RQ. Molecular approaches to understand biomineralization of shell nacreous layer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 52:331-352. [PMID: 21877272 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The nacreous layer of molluskan shells, which consists of highly oriented aragonitic crystals and an organic matrix (including chitin and proteins), is a product of biomineralization. This paper briefly introduces the recent research advances on nacre biomineralization of shells from bivalves and gastropods, which mainly focus on analysis of the micro- and nano-structure and components of shell nacreous layers, and investigations of the characteristics and functions of matrix proteins from nacre. Matrix proteins not only participate in construction of the organic nacre framework, but also control the nucleation and growth of aragonitic crystals, as well as determine the polymorph specificity of calcium carbonate in nacre. Moreover, the inorganic aragonite phase also plays an active role in organizing nacre microstructure. Based on these studies, several models to illustrate the formation mechanism related to lamellar nacre in bivalves, and columnar nacre in gastropods are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xie
- Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Marine Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China,
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Quantitative expression analysis of nacreous shell matrix protein genes in the process of pearl biogenesis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 154:346-50. [PMID: 19686861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cultured pearl is produced in a pearl sac which forms layers of cells differentiated from an allograft mantle. Previous investigations claimed that genomic DNAs from grafting tissues were persistent during pearl aquaculture. However, the specific living status of the genes regulating pearl formation has remained unknown. This study examined the expression profiles of six genes encoding nacreous shell matrix proteins (NSMPs) in the pearl sac of aquaculture pearl oyster Pinctada fucata by real-time PCR. The comparative analysis of NSMP gene expression in the pearl sac and reference mantle tissues revealed that only a few NSMP genes maintained high transcription levels in the pearl sac. The impaired transcription levels of the nacrein gene refreshed the previous hypothesis, suggesting that CaCO(3) required for pearl secretion was not from pearl sac cells. Among the examined genes, only the N19 gene attained high expression levels in the pearl sac. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in pearl biogenesis.
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Cheng C, Yang Y, Chen X, Shao Z. Templating effect of silk fibers in the oriented deposition of aragonite. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:5511-3. [PMID: 18997935 DOI: 10.1039/b810337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled deposition of calcium carbonate crystals can be obtained on degummed Bombyx mori silk fibers through the use of a silk fibroin solution; aragonite crystallites are found on the surface of the fiber with consistent orientation along the longitudinal axis; the results indicate that the combination of the ordered surface structure on the silk fiber and the directing-effect of silk fibroin solution are the key factors in the orientative deposition process of the mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
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14
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Samata T, Ikeda D, Kajikawa A, Sato H, Nogawa C, Yamada D, Yamazaki R, Akiyama T. A novel phosphorylated glycoprotein in the shell matrix of the oyster Crassostrea nippona. FEBS J 2008; 275:2977-89. [PMID: 18459977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We found a novel 52 kDa matrix glycoprotein MPP1 in the shell of Crassostrea nippona that was unusually acidic and heavily phosphorylated. Deduced from the nucleotide sequence of 1.9 kb cDNA, which is likely to encode MPP1 with high probability, the primary structure of this protein shows a modular structure characterized by repeat sequences rich in Asp, Ser and Gly. The most remarkable of these is the DE-rich sequence, in which continuous repeats of Asp are interrupted by a single Cys residue. Disulfide-dependent MPP1 polymers occurring in the form of multimeric insoluble gels are estimated to contain repetitive locations of the anionic molecules of phosphates and acidic amino acids, particularly Asp. Thus, MPP1 and its polymers possess characteristic features of a charged molecule for oyster biomineralization, namely accumulation and trapping of Ca2+. In addition, MPP1 is the first organic matrix component considered to be expressed in both the foliated and prismatic layers of the molluscan shell microstructure. In vitro crystallization assays demonstrate the induction of tabular crystals with a completely different morphology from those formed spontaneously, indicating that MPP1 and its polymers are potentially the agent that controls crystal growth and shell microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Samata
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Faculty of Environmental Health, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan.
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Yan Z, Jing G, Gong N, Li C, Zhou Y, Xie L, Zhang R. N40, a novel nonacidic matrix protein from pearl oyster nacre, facilitates nucleation of aragonite in vitro. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:3597-601. [PMID: 17929965 DOI: 10.1021/bm0701494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel nonacidic matrix protein from pearl oyster nacre has been purified by cation-exchange chromatography. It was designated N40 for the nacreous protein of approximately 40 kDa. On the basis of the extraction method (with Tris-buffered Milli-Q water) and amino acid compositions (Gly- and Ala-rich), N40 was inferred to be a conventional "insoluble matrix protein". Crystallization experiments showed that N40 could facilitate the nucleation of aragonite drastically. So far, among the macromolecules that have been purified from the shell, N40 is an exclusive protein that can nucleate aragonite by itself, without the need for adsorption to a substrate. Thus, the present study has proposed the possibility that the nonacidic shell protein (maybe a conventional "insoluble framework protein") can also directly participate in aragonite nucleation and even act as a nucleation site. It is a valuable supplement to the classic biomineralization theory, in which the soluble acidic proteins of the shell are generally believed to function as a nucleation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Yan
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, and Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Yano M, Nagai K, Morimoto K, Miyamoto H. A novel nacre protein N19 in the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:158-163. [PMID: 17698035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel 19kDa protein, which was named N19, was isolated from the nacreous layer of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. N19 is one of predominant proteins found in the water-insoluble fraction of the nacreous layer. MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis indicated that the three trypsin-digested peptides (791.45, 824.42, and 1118.65m/z) corresponded to the amino acid sequences predicted from a cDNA isolated from a mantle cDNA library of P. fucata. Northern blot analysis revealed that the N19 mRNA was a little more abundant in the pallial region than the edge region, in the mantle. In CaCO(3) precipitation assay, the recombinant N19 protein inhibited the crystallization of CaCO(3). These results indicate that N19 is localized in the nacre and plays a negative regulatory role in calcification in the pearl oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yano
- Wakayama Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technological Excellence, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nagai
- Wakayama Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technological Excellence, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Koichi Morimoto
- Wakayama Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technological Excellence, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan; Department of Biotechnological Science, School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Wakayama Prefecture Collaboration of Regional Entities for the Advancement of Technological Excellence, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan; Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
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Mann K, Siedler F, Treccani L, Heinemann F, Fritz M. Perlinhibin, a cysteine-, histidine-, and arginine-rich miniprotein from abalone (Haliotis laevigata) nacre, inhibits in vitro calcium carbonate crystallization. Biophys J 2007; 93:1246-54. [PMID: 17496038 PMCID: PMC1929040 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.100636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a 4.785 Da protein from the nacreous layer of the sea snail Haliotis laevigata (greenlip abalone) shell after demineralization with acetic acid. The sequence of 41 amino acids was determined by Edman degradation supported by mass spectrometry. The most abundant amino acids were cysteine (19.5%), histidine (17%), and arginine (14.6%). The positively charged amino acids were almost counterbalanced by negatively charged ones resulting in a calculated isoelectric point of 7.86. Atomic-force microscopy studies of the interaction of the protein with calcite surfaces in supersaturated calcium carbonate solution or calcium chloride solution showed that the protein bound specifically to calcite steps, inhibiting further crystal growth at these sites in carbonate solution and preventing crystal dissolution when carbonate was substituted with chloride. Therefore this protein was named perlinhibin. X-ray diffraction investigation of the crystal after atomic-force microscopy growth experiments showed that the formation of aragonite was induced on the calcite substrate around holes caused by perlinhibin crystal-growth inhibition. The strong interaction of the protein with calcium carbonate was also shown by vapor diffusion crystallization. In the presence of the protein, the crystal surfaces were covered with holes due to protein binding and local inhibition of crystal growth. In addition to perlinhibin, we isolated and sequenced a perlinhibin-related protein, indicating that perlinhibin may be a member of a family of closely related proteins.
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Marin F, Luquet G, Marie B, Medakovic D. Molluscan shell proteins: primary structure, origin, and evolution. Curr Top Dev Biol 2007; 80:209-76. [PMID: 17950376 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(07)80006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the field of molluscan biomineralization has known a tremendous mutation, regarding fundamental concepts on biomineralization regulation as well as regarding the methods of investigation. The most recent advances deal more particularly with the structure of shell biominerals at nanoscale and the identification of an increasing number of shell matrix protein components. Although the matrix is quantitatively a minor constituent in the shell of mollusks (less than 5% w/w), it is, however, the major component that controls different aspects of the shell formation processes: synthesis of transient amorphous minerals and evolution to crystalline phases, choice of the calcium carbonate polymorph (calcite vs aragonite), organization of crystallites in complex shell textures (microstructures). Until recently, the classical paradigm in molluscan shell biomineralization was to consider that the control of shell synthesis was performed primarily by two antagonistic mechanisms: crystal nucleation and growth inhibition. New concepts and emerging models try now to translate a more complex reality, which is remarkably illustrated by the wide variety of shell proteins, characterized since the mid-1990s, and described in this chapter. These proteins cover a broad spectrum of pI, from very acidic to very basic. The primary structure of a number of them is composed of different modules, suggesting that these proteins are multifunctional. Some of them exhibit enzymatic activities. Others may be involved in cell signaling. The oldness of shell proteins is discussed, in relation with the Cambrian appearance of the mollusks as a mineralizing phylum and with the Phanerozoic evolution of this group. Nowadays, the extracellular calcifying shell matrix appears as a whole integrated system, which regulates protein-mineral and protein-protein interactions as well as feedback interactions between the biominerals and the calcifying epithelium that synthesized them. Consequently, the molluscan shell matrix may be a source of bioactive molecules that would offer interesting perspectives in biomaterials and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 DIJON, France
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