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Chen J, Bai T, Su J, Cong X, Lv L, Tong L, Yu H, Feng Y, Yu G. Salivary Gland Transplantation as a Promising Approach for Tear Film Restoration in Severe Dry Eye Disease. J Clin Med 2024; 13:521. [PMID: 38256655 PMCID: PMC10816601 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With increased awareness of dry eye disease (DED), a multitude of therapeutic options have become available. Nevertheless, the treatment of severe DED remains difficult. In a patient whose DED is related to the loss of lacrimal function without severe destruction of the salivary glands, autologous transplantation of the latter as functioning exocrine tissue to rebuild a stable tear film is an attractive idea. All three major and minor salivary glands have been used for such transplantation. Due to the complications associated with and unfavorable prognosis of parotid duct and sublingual gland transplantation, surgeons now prefer to use the submandibular gland (SMG) for such procedures. The transplantation of the SMG not only has a high survival rate, but also improves dry eye symptoms and signs for more than 20 years post-surgery. The regulation of the secretion of the transplanted SMG is critical because the denervated SMG changes its mechanism of secretion. Innovative procedures have been developed to stimulate secretion in order to prevent the obstruction of the Wharton's duct and to decrease secretion when postoperative "epiphora" occurs. Among the minor salivary glands, the transplantation of the labial salivary glands is the most successful in the long-term. The measurement of the flow rates of minor salivary glands and donor-site selection are critical steps before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianyi Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiazeng Su
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Lan Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tong Ren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Louis Tong
- Cornea and External Eye Disease Service, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore 168751, Singapore;
- Ocular Surface Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Eye-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Haozhe Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
| | - Yun Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China (H.Y.)
| | - Guangyan Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Cong X, Mao XD, Wu LL, Yu GY. The role and mechanism of tight junctions in the regulation of salivary gland secretion. Oral Dis 2024; 30:3-22. [PMID: 36825434 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are cell-cell interactions that localize at the most apical portion of epithelial/endothelial cells. One of the predominant functions of TJs is to regulate material transport through paracellular pathway, which serves as a selective barrier. In recent years, the expression and function of TJs in salivary glands has attracted great interest. The characteristics of multiple salivary gland TJ proteins have been identified. During salivation, the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1, as well as other stimuli, promote the opening of acinar TJs by inducing internalization of TJs, thereby contributing to increased paracellular permeability. Besides, endothelial TJs are also redistributed with leakage of blood vessels in cholinergic-stimulated submandibular glands. Furthermore, under pathological conditions, such as Sjögren's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, immunoglobulin G4-related sialadenitis, and autotransplantation, the integrity and barrier function of TJ complex are impaired and may contribute to hyposalivation. Moreover, in submandibular glands of Sjögren's syndrome mouse model and patients, the endothelial barrier is disrupted and involved in hyposecretion and lymphocytic infiltration. These findings enrich our understanding of the secretory mechanisms that link the importance of epithelial and endothelial TJ functions to salivation under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Di Mao
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing, China
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Shi XJ, Liu HM, Li L, Zhang Y, Cong X, Liu LM, Wu LL, Xiang RL. Profiling the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network in the submandibular gland of diabetic mice. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:109. [PMID: 35449001 PMCID: PMC9028094 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyposalivation is one of the common symptoms of diabetes. Although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes, the role of lncRNAs in diabetes-induced hyposalivation remains unknown. METHODS The present study aimed to explore the function of lncRNA-microRNA-mRNA regulatory network in the submandibular gland (SMGs) under the context of diabetes. LncRNA expression profile of the SMGs was analyzed using microarray technology. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR. Bioinformatics analyses were performed, and Coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to explore the potential mechanisms of diabetes-induced hyposalivation. RESULTS A total of 1273 differentially expressed lncRNAs (536 up-regulated and 737 downregulated) were identified in the SMGs tissues of db/db mice. CNC and ceRNA network analyses were performed based on five differentially expressed lncRNAs validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Gene Ontology analysis of target genes of CNC network revealed that "calcium ion binding" was a highly enriched molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of target genes of ceRNA network revealed that the "mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway" was significantly enriched. CONCLUSIONS On the whole, the findings of the present study may provide insight into the possible mechanism of diabetes-induced hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jin Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li-Mei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, No.38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Takahashi N, Tsuzuno T, Mineo S, Yamada-Hara M, Aoki-Nonaka Y, Tabeta K. Epithelial TRPV1 channels: Expression, function, and pathogenicity in the oral cavity. J Oral Biosci 2020; 62:235-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lv C, Lou L, Mosca AC, Wang X, Yang N, Chen J. Effect of tongue temperature on oral tactile sensitivity and viscosity discrimination. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ca 2+-CaMKKβ pathway is required for adiponectin-induced secretion in rat submandibular gland. J Mol Histol 2017; 49:99-110. [PMID: 29243095 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-017-9750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin functions as a promoter of saliva secretion in rat submandibular gland via activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased paracellular permeability. Ca2+ mobilization is the primary signal for fluid secretion in salivary acinar cells. However, whether intracellular Ca2+ mobilization is involved in adiponectin-induced salivary secretion is unknown. Here, we found that full-length adiponectin (fAd) increased intracellular Ca2+ and saliva secretion in submandibular glands. Pre-perfusion with ethylene glycol-bis (2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) combined with thapsigargin (TG), an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, abolished fAd-induced salivary secretion, AMPK phosphorylation, and enlarged tight junction (TJ) width. Furthermore, in cultured SMG-C6 cells, co-pretreatment with EGTA and TG suppressed fAd-decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and increased 4-kDa FITC-dextran flux responses. Moreover, fAd increased phosphorylation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKKβ), a major kinase that is activated by elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+, but not liver kinase B1 phosphorylation. Pre-perfusion of the isolated gland with STO-609, an inhibitor of CaMKKβ, abolished fAd-induced salivary secretion, AMPK activation, and enlarged TJ width. CaMKKβ shRNA suppressed, whereas CaMKKβ re-expression rescued fAd-increased paracellular permeability. Taken together, these results indicate that adiponectin induced Ca2+ modulation in rat submandibular gland acinar cells. Ca2+-CaMKKβ pathway is required for adiponectin-induced secretion through mediating AMPK activation and increase in paracellular permeability in rat submandibular glands.
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Zhang J, Zhong LJ, Wang Y, Liu LM, Cong X, Xiang RL, Wu LL, Yu GY, Zhang Y. Proteomic analysis reveals an impaired Ca 2+/AQP5 pathway in the submandibular gland in hypertension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14524. [PMID: 29109472 PMCID: PMC5674029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a systemic disorder that affects numerous physiological processes throughout the body. Improper sodium transport is a common comorbidity of hypertension, and sodium transport is also critical for maintaining the secretion of submandibular glands, whether the function of submandibular glands is affected by hypertension remains unclear. To determine whether hypertension induces changes in the protein expression of submandibular glands, we compared the proteome of submandibular glands from 14-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using LC-MS/MS. The results revealed that 95 proteins displayed different levels of expression between the submandibular glands from the SHRs and WKYs. Among these, 35 proteins were more abundant, and 60 proteins were less abundant in the SHR compared with the WKY rats. Specifically, aquaporin 5 and parvalbumin, which are correlated with water transport and intracellular Ca2+ signal transduction, were verified to exhibit differences in protein abundance. Impaired Ca2+ response to carbachol was confirmed in the acinar cells from SHRs, and hyposecretion by the submandibular glands was further confirmed by in vivo saliva collection. In conclusion, the proteomic analysis of the submandibular glands of SHRs revealed novel changes in protein abundance that provides possible mechanisms connecting hypertension and hyposecretion in submandibular glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhong
- Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Mei Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Xiang B, Han L, Wang X, Tang L, Li K, Li X, Zhao X, Xia M, Zhou X, Zhang F, Liu KJ. Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Upregulation by Phenylephrine Reduces Radiation Injury in Submandibular Gland. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 96:538-46. [PMID: 27681750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer commonly leads to radiation sialadenitis. Emerging evidence has indicated that phenylephrine pretreatment reduces radiosensitivity in the salivary gland; however, the underlying cytoprotective mechanism remains unclear. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is not only a key enzyme for the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide salvage pathway, but also a cytokine participating in cell survival, metabolism, and longevity, with a broad effect on cellular functions in physiology and pathology. However, the regulatory events of NAMPT in response to the irradiated salivary gland are unknown. METHODS AND MATERIALS The cell viability of primary cultured submandibular gland cells was determined using the PrestoBlue assay. NAMPT expression was measured using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting in vitro and in vivo. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and phosphorylated Akt protein levels were examined by Western blotting. The cellular locations of NAMPT and SIRT1 were detected by immunohistochemistry. NAMPT promoter activity was assessed using the luciferase reporter gene assay. RESULTS NAMPT was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of granular convoluted tubule cells and ductal cells in normal submandibular glands. mRNA and protein expression of NAMPT was downregulated after radiation but upregulated with phenylephrine pretreatment both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the protein expression of phosphorylated Akt and SIRT1 was decreased in irradiated glands, and phenylephrine pretreatment restored the expression of both. SIRT1 was mainly located in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm in the normal submandibular gland. Phenylephrine dramatically enhanced the expression of SIRT1, which was significantly reduced by radiation. Furthermore, phenylephrine induced a marked increase of NAMPT promoter activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal the regulatory mechanisms of NAMPT expression, which help to understand the mechanism of the cytoprotective role of phenylephrine on irradiated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Lichi Han
- Department of Oral Medicine and Medical Research Center of Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Life Sciences and Technology College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Kailiang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Department of Oral Medicine and Medical Research Center of Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xibo Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Miaomiao Xia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Medical Research Center of Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Fuyin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Shin YH, Kim JM, Park K. The Effect of Capsaicin on Salivary Gland Dysfunction. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070835. [PMID: 27347918 PMCID: PMC6274068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanilyl-6-nonenamide) is a unique alkaloid isolated from hot chili peppers of the capsicum family. Capsaicin is an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), which is expressed in nociceptive sensory neurons and a range of secretory epithelia, including salivary glands. Capsaicin has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in sensory neurons. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that capsaicin also affects saliva secretion and inflammation in salivary glands. Applying capsaicin increases salivary secretion in human and animal models. Capsaicin appears to increase salivation mainly by modulating the paracellular pathway in salivary glands. Capsaicin activates TRPV1, which modulates the permeability of tight junctions (TJ) by regulating the expression and function of putative intercellular adhesion molecules in an ERK (extracelluar signal-regulated kinase) -dependent manner. Capsaicin also improved dysfunction in transplanted salivary glands. Aside from the secretory effects of capsaicin, it has anti-inflammatory effects in salivary glands. The anti-inflammatory effect of capsaicin is, however, not mediated by TRPV1, but by inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, capsaicin might be a potential drug for alleviating dry mouth symptoms and inflammation of salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea.
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea.
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea.
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Li J, Cong X, Zhang Y, Xiang R, Mei M, Yang N, Su Y, Choi S, Park K, Zhang L, Wu L, Yu G. ZO-1 and -2 Are Required for TRPV1-Modulated Paracellular Permeability. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1748-56. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515609268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The tight junction–based paracellular pathway plays an important role in saliva secretion. Zonula occludens (ZO) proteins are submembranous proteins of tight junction complex; however, their function in salivary epithelium is poorly understood. Here, we found that activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) by capsaicin increased rat saliva secretion both in vivo and ex vivo. Meanwhile, TRPV1 activation enlarged the width of tight junctions between neighboring acinar cells, increased the paracellular flux of 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran in submandibular gland (SMG) tissues, and decreased transepithelial electric resistance (TER) in SMG-C6 cells. ZO-1, -2, and -3 were distributed principally to the apical lateral region of acinar cells in SMG tissues and continuously encircled the peripheries of SMG-C6 cells in the untreated condition. TRPV1 activation obviously diminished ZO-1 and -2 staining, but not ZO-3 or β-catenin, at the cell-cell contacts ex vivo and in vitro. Moreover, in untreated SMG-C6 cells, ZO-1 and -2 single or double knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) increased the paracellular flux of 4-kDa FITC-dextran. In capsaicin-treated cells, ZO-1 and -2 single or double knockdown abolished, whereas their re-expression restored, the capsaicin-induced increase in paracellular permeability. Furthermore, TRPV1 activation increased RhoA activity, and inhibition of either RhoA or Rho kinase (ROCK) abolished the capsaicin-induced TER decrease as well as ZO-1 and -2 redistribution. These results indicate that ZO-1 and -2 play crucial roles in both basal salivary epithelial barrier function and TRPV1-modulated paracellular transport. RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway is responsible for TRPV1-modulated paracellular permeability as well as ZO-1 and -2 redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X. Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - R.L. Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - M. Mei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - N.Y. Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Y.C. Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - S. Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K. Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - L.W. Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - L.L. Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - G.Y. Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Xu H, Shan XF, Cong X, Yang NY, Wu LL, Yu GY, Zhang Y, Cai ZG. Pre- and Post-synaptic Effects of Botulinum Toxin A on Submandibular Glands. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1454-62. [PMID: 26078423 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515590087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraglandular injection of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is an effective treatment for sialorrhea. Despite numerous experimental and clinical studies on inhibition of saliva section by BoNT/A, the proteolysis of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) following BoNT/A treatment has not yet been confirmed in the salivary gland after injection of BoNT/A. More important, it is not known whether BoNT/A exerts a direct effect in acinar cells. Here, we show that injection of BoNT/A into the rat submandibular gland (SMG) decreased salivary flow in a dose-dependent manner; the inhibitory effect lasted at least 4 wk, and salivary flow recovered to normal levels by 12 wk. During the inhibitory period, SMG neurons and synapses expressed lower levels of full-length SNAP-25, and cleavage of SNAP-25 was observed, as indicated by detection of reduced molecular weight SNAP-25 using Western blotting. In addition, the water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) was downregulated and abnormally distributed in rat SMG after injection of BoNT/A. The direct effects of BoNT/A on AQP5 expression and distribution were assessed in vitro to exclude the influence of BoNT/A-induced inhibitory neurotransmission. In stable GFP-AQP5-transfected SMG-C6 cells, treatment with BoNT/A reduced the cell surface protein level of AQP5 in a dose- and time-dependent manner without affecting total AQP5 protein expression. Cell surface biotinylation and immunofluorescence demonstrated translocation of AQP5 from the membrane to the cytoplasm, which was confirmed by decreased levels of AQP5 protein in the membrane fraction and increased levels in the cytoplasmic fraction, suggestive of AQP5 redistribution. Taken together, these results indicated that BoNT/A reversibly decreased saliva secretion in rat SMGs through not only the presynaptic SNAP-25 cleavage but also the postsynaptic AQP5 redistribution. These data provide the first evidence for a direct effect of BoNT/A on the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X F Shan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - N Y Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - L L Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - G Y Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Z G Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Choi S, Shin YH, Namkoong E, Hwang SM, Cong X, Yu G, Park K. TRPV1 in Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells Is Not Involved in Salivary Secretion via Transcellular Pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 18:525-30. [PMID: 25598668 PMCID: PMC4296043 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) was originally found in sensory neurons. Recently, it has been reported that TRPV1 is expressed in salivary gland epithelial cells (SGEC). However, the physiological role of TRPV1 in salivary secretion remains to be elucidated. We found that TRPV1 is expressed in mouse and human submandibular glands (SMG) and HSG cells, originated from human submandibular gland ducts at both mRNA and protein levels. However, capsaicin (CAP), TRPV1 agonist, had little effect on intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in these cells, although carbachol consistently increased [Ca2+]i. Exposure of cells to high temperature (>43℃) or acidic bath solution (pH5.4) did not increase [Ca2+]i, either. We further examined the role of TRPV1 in salivary secretion using TRPV1 knock-out mice. There was no significant difference in the pilocarpine (PILO)-induced salivary flow rate between wild-type and TRPV1 knock-out mice. Saliva flow rate also showed insignificant change in the mice treated with PILO plus CAP compared with that in mice treated with PILO alone. Taken together, our results suggest that although TRPV1 is expressed in SGEC, it appears not to play any direct roles in saliva secretion via transcellular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulki Choi
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Shin
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Eun Namkoong
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | - Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guangyan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Kyungpyo Park
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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Sooampon S, Phoolcharoen W, Pavasant P. Thermal stimulation of TRPV1 up-regulates TNFα expression in human periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:887-95. [PMID: 23411401 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nociceptive ion channel receptor, by capsaicin led to the up-regulation of the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) ratio in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. Since TRPV1 is recognised as one of the thermo-sensitive cation channels, this study investigated the response of TRPV1 to thermal stimulation in HPDL cells. METHODS HPDL cells were incubated at 45°C for thermal stimulation. The mRNA expression of OPG, RANKL, tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) was determined by using RT-PCR. OPG secretion and RANKL protein expression were analysed by ELISA and Western blot analysis, respectively. The mechanisms of heat-induced TNFα expression were studied using several TRPV1 inhibitors. RESULTS In contrast to capsaicin, thermal stimulation had no effect on OPG or RANKL expression. Interestingly, the mRNA expression of TNFα, but not IL-1β, was increased by heat. Using TRPV1 antagonists, we confirmed that TNFα up-regulation was mediated by TRPV1. Phospholipase C (PLC) was previously shown to be involved in capsaicin-induced OPG expression. However, we found that protein kinase C, not PLC, was required for heat-induced TNFα expression. Additionally, the use of cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerisation, revealed that cytoskeleton rearrangement might be an important mechanism for cellular sensing of thermal stimuli. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that TRPV1 plays a multi-functional role in HPDL cells depending on the stimuli. In response to heat, TRPV1 activation leads to the induction of TNFα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sireerat Sooampon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Cong X, Zhang Y, Yang NY, Li J, Ding C, Ding QW, Su YC, Mei M, Guo XH, Wu LL, Yu GY. Occludin is required for TRPV1-modulated paracellular permeability in the submandibular gland. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1109-21. [PMID: 23345400 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Occludin plays an important role in maintaining tight junction barrier function in many types of epithelia. We previously reported that activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) in rabbit submandibular gland promoted salivary secretion, partly by an increase in paracellular permeability. We have now explored the role of occludin in TRPV1-modulated paracellular permeability in a rat submandibular gland cell line SMG-C6. Both TRPV1 and occludin were expressed in SMG-C6 cells, and capsaicin induced redistribution of occludin, but not claudin-3, claudin-4 or E-cadherin, from the cell membrane into the cytoplasm. Capsaicin also decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and increased the Trypan Blue and FITC-dextran flux. Capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist, inhibited the capsaicin-induced occludin redistribution and TER decrease. Moreover, occludin knockdown by shRNA suppressed, whereas occludin re-expression restored, the TER response to capsaicin. Mechanistically, TRPV1 activation increased ERK1/2 and MLC2 phosphorylation. PD98059, an ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor, abolished the capsaicin-induced MLC2 phosphorylation, whereas ML-7, an MLC2 kinase inhibitor, did not affect ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting that ERK1/2 is the upstream signaling molecule of MLC2. Capsaicin also induced F-actin reorganization, which was abolished by CPZ, PD98059 and ML-7, indicating that TRPV1 activation altered F-actin organization in an ERK1/2- and MLC2-dependent manner. Furthermore, either PD98059 or ML-7 could abolish the capsaicin-induced TER response and occludin redistribution, whereas knockdown of ERK1/2 further confirmed that the TRPV1-modulated paracellular permeability was ERK1/2 dependent. Taken together, these results identified a crucial role of occludin in submandibular epithelial cells, and more importantly, demonstrated that occludin was required to mediate TRPV1-modulated paracellular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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15
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Sooampon S, Manokawinchoke J, Pavasant P. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 regulates osteoprotegerin/RANKL homeostasis in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:22-9. [PMID: 22587561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence has shown the presence of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) in a variety of nonneuronal tissues; however, the function of TRPV1 in these cells is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of TRPV1 in human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells. As HPDL cells are known to play an important role in the bone-remodeling process, we hypothesized that TRPV1 might be implicated in the regulation of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS TRPV1 expression was examined by western blot analysis. The function of TRPV1 was studied using capsaicin, a well-known TRPV1 agonist. RT-PCR was performed to study the expression of OPG and RANKL mRNAs. The expression of OPG and RANKL proteins was analyzed by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. The mechanisms of capsaicin-induced OPG expression in HPDL cells were studied using inhibitors. RESULTS In this study we found that TRPV1 was present in HPDL cells. Treatment with capsaicin induced OPG expression in a dose-dependent manner but did not affect the expression of RANKL. The increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio was also found in human osteoblasts, but not in MC3T3-E1 cells, a mouse osteoblastic cell line, suggesting species specificity. Capsazepine, the competitive TRPV1 antagonist, significantly abolished the effect of capsaicin on OPG expression in HPDL cells. In addition, studies investigating the effects of a calcium chelator and a phospholipase C inhibitor indicated that calcium ions and phospholipase C were required for the induction. Interestingly, capsaicin was able to increase the OPG/RANKL ratio, even in the presence of prostaglandin E2, a potent inducer of RANKL. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that activation of TRPV1 leads to an increase of the OPG/RANKL ratio in HPDL cells. These findings suggest the novel function of TRPV1 in periodontal tissues, at least, as the regulator of the OPG/RANKL axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sooampon
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Cong X, Zhang Y, Shi L, Yang NY, Ding C, Li J, Ding QW, Su YC, Xiang RL, Wu LL, Yu GY. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 increases expression and permeability of tight junction in normal and hyposecretory submandibular gland. J Transl Med 2012; 92:753-68. [PMID: 22391958 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) is an important structure that regulates material transport through the paracellular pathway across the epithelium, but its significance in salivary physiology and pathogenesis of salivary dysfunctional diseases is not fully understood. We previously demonstrated that a functional transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) expresses in submandibular gland (SMG). However, association of TRPV1-induced saliva secretion with TJ remains unknown. Here we explored the effect of TRPV1 activation on expression and function of TJ of rabbit SMG in vitro and in vivo. RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that capsaicin upregulated expression of zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1), claudin (Cldn)-3, and -11, but not Cldn-1, -2, -4, -5, and -7 in cultured SMG cells. Capsaicin also increased the entering of 4 kDa FITC-dextran into the acinar lumen, induced redistribution of cytoskeleton F-actin under confocal microscope, and these effects were abolished by preincubation of capsazepine, a TRPV1 antagonist, indicating that activation of TRPV1 increases expression and permeability of TJ in SMG. Additionally, in a hyposecretory model induced by rabbit SMG transplantation, the expression of ZO-1, Cldn-3, and -11 was decreased, whereas other TJs remained unaltered. The structure of TJ was impaired and the width of apical TJs was reduced under transmission electron microscope, concomitant with diminished immunofluorescence of F-actin in peri-apicolateral region, indicating impaired TJ expression and decreased paracellular permeability in the transplanted SMG. Moreover, topical capsaicin cream increased secretion, decreased TJ structural injury, reversed TJ expression levels, and protected F-actin morphology from disarrangement in transplanted SMGs. These data provide the first evidence to demonstrate that TJ components, particularly ZO-1, Cldn-3, and -11 have important roles in secretion of SMG under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The injury in TJ integrity was involved in the hypofunctional SMGs, and TRPV1 might be a potential target to improve saliva secretion through modulating expression and function of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University HealthScience Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Beijing, China
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Yu Q, Wang Y, Yu Y, Li Y, Zhao S, Chen Y, Waqar AB, Fan J, Liu E. Expression of TRPV1 in rabbits and consuming hot pepper affects its body weight. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7583-9. [PMID: 22327653 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The capsaicin receptor, known as transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1), is an important membrane receptor that has been implicated in obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. The rabbit model is considered excellent for studying cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, however, the tissue expression of TRPV1 and physiological functions of its ligand capsaicin on diet-induced obesity have not been fully defined in this model. In the current study, we investigated the tissue expression of TRPV1 in normal rabbits using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Rabbit TRPV1 mRNA was highly expressed in a variety of organs, including the kidneys, adrenal gland, spleen and brain. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of rabbit TRPV1 was closer to human TRPV1 than rodent TRPV1. To examine the effect of capsaicin (a pungent compound in hot pepper) on body weight, rabbits were fed with either a high fat diet (as control) or high fat diet containing 1% hot pepper. We found that the body weight of the hot pepper-fed rabbits was significantly lower than the control group. We conclude that the intake of capsaicin can prevent diet-induced obesity and rabbit model is useful for the study of TRPV1 function in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an 710061, China
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18
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Ding Q, Zhang Y, Cong X, Cai Z, Han J, Su Y, Wu LL, Yu GG. Confocal microscopy with double immunofluorescence staining reveals the functional transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 expressed in myoepithelial cells of human submandibular glands. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:555-60. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Expression of ghrelin in human salivary glands and its levels in saliva and serum in Chinese obese children and adolescents. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:389-94. [PMID: 21075359 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to reveal the expression characteristics of ghrelin in human three major salivary glands and to investigate saliva and serum ghrelin level and the relation with weight and lipid indices in Chinese children. DESIGN Expression and distribution of ghrelin in parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Saliva and serum samples were collected from 194 Chinese children and adolescents (mean age 12.98 years). Ghrelin levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significant differences were estimated by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Ghrelin mRNA was expressed in parotid and submandibular glands, but was not detectable in sublingual glands. Ghrelin proteins were widespread in the cytoplasm of striated, intercalated and excretory ducts, as well as in serous acini of parotid and submandibular glands, but not in mucous acinar cells of sublingual glands. Saliva and serum ghrelin levels were increased along with BMI. There was positive correlation between saliva and serum ghrelin levels (r=0.534, P<0.01). Serum and saliva ghrelin levels were both significantly correlated with BMI (r=0.523, r=0.374, P<0.01, respectively), but not with blood lipid levels. CONCLUSIONS Parotid and submandibular glands were primary sources of ghrelin produced and released in saliva. Although whether salivary ghrelin could be useful in the diagnosis of obesity remains to be determined, salivary ghrelin might be a possible alternative to serum ghrelin for predicting obesity.
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Ding C, Zhang Y, Peng X, Wang Y, Zhang L, Cong X, Ding QW, Xiang RL, Wu LL, Yu GY. Proteomic Analysis of Human Transplanted Submandibular Gland in Patients with Epiphora after Transplantation. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:2206-15. [PMID: 21384922 DOI: 10.1021/pr100965q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ding
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Cong
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qian-Wen Ding
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Xiang
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Center for Salivary Gland Diseases of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Centre and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Ma J, Altomare A, de la Monte S, Tong M, Rieder F, Fiocchi C, Behar J, Shindou H, Biancani P, Harnett KM. HCl-induced inflammatory mediators in esophageal mucosa increase migration and production of H2O2 by peripheral blood leukocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G791-8. [PMID: 20616304 PMCID: PMC2950690 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00160.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of esophageal mucosa to hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of reflux disease. We examined supernatant of HCl-exposed rabbit mucosa for inflammatory mediators enhancing migration of leukocytes and production of H(2)O(2) as an indicator of leukocyte activation. A tubular segment of rabbit esophageal mucosa was tied at both ends to form a sac, which was filled with HCl-acidified Krebs buffer at pH 5 (or plain Krebs buffer as control) and kept oxygenated at 37 degrees C. The medium around the sac (supernatant) was collected after 3 h. Rabbit peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were isolated, and sac supernatant was used to investigate PBL migration and H(2)O(2) production. HCl-exposed esophageal mucosa released substance P (SP), CGRP, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and IL-8 into the supernatant. PBL migration increased in response to IL-8 or to supernatant of the HCl-filled mucosal sac. Supernatant-induced PBL migration was inhibited by IL-8 antibodies and by antagonists for PAF (CV3988) or neurokinin 1 (i.e., SP), but not by a CGRP antagonist. Supernatant of the HCl-filled mucosal sac increased H(2)O(2) release by PBL that was significantly reduced by CV3988 and by a SP antagonist but was not affected by IL-8 antibodies or by a CGRP antagonist. We conclude that IL-8, PAF, and SP are important inflammatory mediators released by esophageal mucosa in response to acid that promote PBL migration. In addition, PAF and SP induce production of H(2)O(2) by PBL. These findings provide a direct link between acid exposure and recruitment and activation of immune cells in esophageal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,2School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China;
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; ,3Department of Digestive Disease of Campus Bio Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy;
| | - Suzanne de la Monte
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Ming Tong
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Florian Rieder
- 4Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- 4Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and
| | - Jose Behar
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Hideo Shindou
- 5Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Piero Biancani
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
| | - Karen M. Harnett
- 1Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;
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Zhang Y, Cong X, Shi L, Xiang B, Li YM, Ding QW, Ding C, Wu LL, Yu GY. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 increases secretion of the hypofunctional, transplanted submandibular gland. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G54-62. [PMID: 20360133 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00528.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyposecretion occurs in most patients early after submandibular gland autotransplantation for severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Endogenous transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) has been recently demonstrated in rabbit submandibular glands, and activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin increases secretion in isolated glands, but the TRPV1-mediated secretory mechanism remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this study was to verify whether activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin could improve the secretion of transplanted gland and its underlying mechanism. The salivary flow of the transplanted glands was significantly decreased, and the mRNA and protein levels of TRPV1 and aquaporin 5 (AQP5) were downregulated in the transplanted glands. Topical capsaicin cream increased secretion and upregulated levels of TRPV1 and AQP5 in transplanted glands. Moreover, in cultured submandibular gland cells, capsaicin increased the mRNA expression of AQP5 and led to redistribution of AQP5 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane via TRPV1 activation. Capsaicin enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Preincubation of cells with PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK kinase, suppressed the capsaicin-induced mRNA expression of AQP5. In summary, the capsaicin-induced secretory mechanism involved activation of TRPV1 and upregulation of AQP5 in an ERK-dependent manner and promoted the redistribution of AQP5 in submandibular gland cells. Activation of TRPV1 may provide a new therapeutic strategy to improve submandibular gland hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China.
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Shi L, Cong X, Zhang Y, Ding C, Ding QW, Fu FY, Wu LL, Yu GY. Carbachol improves secretion in the early phase after rabbit submandibular gland transplantation. Oral Dis 2010; 16:351-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ding Q, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Ding C, Wu L, Yu G. Functional Vanilloid Receptor-1 in Human Submandibular Glands. J Dent Res 2010; 89:711-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510366841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanilloid receptor-1 (VR1) was originally found in the nervous system. Recent evidence indicates that VR1 is also expressed in various cell types. We hypothesized that VR1 exists in the human submandibular gland (SMG) and is involved in regulating salivary secretion. VR1 mRNA and protein were expressed in human SMGs and a human salivary intercalated duct cell line. VR1 was mainly located in serous acinar and ductal cells, but not in mucous acinar cells. Capsaicin, an agonist of VR1, increased intracellular free calcium, enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and induced the trafficking of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. These effects were abolished by pre-treatment with the VR1 antagonist capsazepine. Furthermore, capsaicin cream applied to the skin covering the submandibular area increased salivary secretion. These findings indicated that a functional VR1 is expressed in the human SMG and is involved in regulating salivary secretion by mediating AQP5 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q.W. Ding
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhong Guan Cun South St., Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - Y. Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhong Guan Cun South St., Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Y.N. Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhong Guan Cun South St., Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - C. Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - L.L. Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, P.R. China
| | - G.Y. Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhong Guan Cun South St., Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
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Ericson A, Nur EM, Petersson F, Kechagias S. The effects of capsaicin on gastrin secretion in isolated human antral glands: before and after ingestion of red chilli. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:491-8. [PMID: 18668366 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsaicin is known to have regulatory effects on gastrointestinal functions via the vanilloid receptor (VR1). We reported previously that endocrine-like cells in the human antrum express VR1. AIM To identify VR1-expressing endocrine-like cells in human antral glands and to examine whether stimulation with capsaicin causes release of gastrin, somatostatin, and serotonin. Further, to investigate the effects of a chilli-rich diet. METHODS Gastroscopic biopsies were received from 11 volunteers. Seven of the 11 subjects agreed to donor gastric biopsies a second time after a 3-week chilli-rich diet containing 1.4-4.2 mg capsaicin/day. VR1-immunoreactive cells were identified by double-staining immunohistochemistry against gastrin, somatostatin, and serotonin. For the stimulation studies, we used an in vitro method where antral glands in suspension were stimulated with 0.01 mM capsaicin and physiological buffer was added to the control vials. The concentrations of secreted hormones were detected and calculated with radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results The light microscopic examination revealed that VR1 was localized in gastrin cells. The secretory studies showed an increase in release of gastrin and somatostatin compared to the control vials (P = 0.003; P = 0.013). Capsaicin-stimulation caused a consistent raise of the gastrin concentrations in the gland preparations from all subjects. A chilli-rich diet had an inhibitory effect on gastrin release upon stimulation compared to the results that were obtained before the start of the diet. CONCLUSION This study shows that capsaicin stimulates gastrin secretion from isolated human antral glands, and that a chilli-rich diet decreases this secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ericson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Wang YX, Wang J, Wang C, Liu J, Shi LP, Xu M, Wang C. Functional expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid-related channels in chronically hypoxic human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. J Membr Biol 2008; 223:151-9. [PMID: 18787888 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-008-9121-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels are nonselective cation channels pertinent to diverse physiological functions. Multiple TRPV channel subtypes have been identified in different tissues and cloned. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TRPV channels in hypoxia-induced proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and its possible signal pathway. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis were used to detect the expression of TRPV in human PASMCs. Cell number was determined with a hemocytometer. Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) was measured with a dynamic digital Ca2+ imaging system. The mRNA of TRPV1-4 was detected in human PASMCs and chronic hypoxia up-regulated expression levels of the TRPV1 gene and protein. The ability to proliferate, the resting [Ca2+]cyt, and cyclopiazonic acid-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry in human PASMCs were enhanced significantly by chronic hypoxia compared with the control, and these effects were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by capsazepine, a TRPV1 channel inhibitor. These results suggest that TRPV1 may be a critical pathway or mediator in chronic hypoxia-induced proliferation of human PASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, People's Republic of China
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