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Li Y, Bao Y, Zheng H, Qin Y, Hua B. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Src participates in every step of cancer-induced bone pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111822. [PMID: 34147901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a refractory form of pain that has a high incidence in advanced tumors. Src protein tyrosine kinase is mainly composed of six domains, with two states of automatic inhibition and activation. The modular domain allows Src to conveniently regulate by and communicate with a variety of proteins, directly or indirectly participate in each step of the CIBP process. Src is beneficial to the growth and proliferation of tumor cells, and it can promote the metastases of primary tumors to bone. In the microenvironment of bone metastasis, it mainly mediates bone resorption, activates related peripheral receptors to participate in the formation of pain signals, and may promote the generation of pathological sensory nerve fibers. In the process of pain signal transmission, it mainly mediates NMDAR and central glial cells to regulate pain signal intensity and central sensitization, but it is not limited to these two aspects. Both basic experimentation and clinical research have shown encouraging potential, providing new ideas and inspiration for the prevention and treatment of CIBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanju Bao
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinggang Qin
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baojin Hua
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Swayne LA, Boyce AKJ. Regulation of Pannexin 1 Surface Expression by Extracellular ATP: Potential Implications for Nervous System Function in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:230. [PMID: 28848396 PMCID: PMC5550711 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pannexin 1 (Panx1) channels are widely recognized for their role in ATP release, and as follows, their function is closely tied to that of ATP-activated P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs). Our recent work has shown that extracellular ATP induces clustering of Panx1 with P2X7Rs and their subsequent internalization through a non-canonical cholesterol-dependent mechanism. In other words, we have demonstrated that extracellular ATP levels can regulate the cell surface expression of Panx1. Here we discuss two situations in which we hypothesize that ATP modulation of Panx1 surface expression could be relevant for central nervous system function. The first scenario involves the development of new neurons in the ventricular zone. We propose that ATP-induced Panx1 endocytosis could play an important role in regulating the balance of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation within this neurogenic niche in the healthy brain. The second scenario relates to the spinal cord, in which we posit that an impairment of ATP-induced Panx1 endocytosis could contribute to pathological neuroplasticity. Together, the discussion of these hypotheses serves to highlight important outstanding questions regarding the interplay between extracellular ATP, Panx1, and P2X7Rs in the nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Swayne
- Division of Medical Sciences and Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, VictoriaBC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, VancouverBC, Canada
| | - Andrew K J Boyce
- Division of Medical Sciences and Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, VictoriaBC, Canada
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3
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Unravelling the Mechanism of TrkA-Induced Cell Death by Macropinocytosis in Medulloblastoma Daoy Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:2596-611. [PMID: 27503856 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00255-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a normal cellular process by which cells internalize extracellular fluids and nutrients from their environment and is one strategy that Ras-transformed pancreatic cancer cells use to increase uptake of amino acids to meet the needs of rapid growth. Paradoxically, in non-Ras transformed medulloblastoma brain tumors, we have shown that expression and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase TrkA overactivates macropinocytosis, resulting in the catastrophic disintegration of the cell membrane and in tumor cell death. The molecular basis of this uncontrolled form of macropinocytosis has not been previously understood. Here, we demonstrate that the overactivation of macropinocytosis is caused by the simultaneous activation of two TrkA-mediated pathways: (i) inhibition of RhoB via phosphorylation at Ser(185) by casein kinase 1, which relieves actin stress fibers, and (ii) FRS2-scaffolded Src and H-Ras activation of RhoA, which stimulate actin reorganization and the formation of lamellipodia. Since catastrophic macropinocytosis results in brain tumor cell death, improved understanding of the mechanisms involved will facilitate future efforts to reprogram tumors, even those resistant to apoptosis, to die.
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Zimmermann H. Extracellular ATP and other nucleotides-ubiquitous triggers of intercellular messenger release. Purinergic Signal 2015; 12:25-57. [PMID: 26545760 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-015-9483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides, and ATP in particular, are cellular signal substances involved in the control of numerous (patho)physiological mechanisms. They provoke nucleotide receptor-mediated mechanisms in select target cells. But nucleotides can considerably expand their range of action. They function as primary messengers in intercellular communication by stimulating the release of other extracellular messenger substances. These in turn activate additional cellular mechanisms through their own receptors. While this applies also to other extracellular messengers, its omnipresence in the vertebrate organism is an outstanding feature of nucleotide signaling. Intercellular messenger substances released by nucleotides include neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, a considerable variety of other proteins including enzymes, numerous cytokines, lipid mediators, nitric oxide, and reactive oxygen species. Moreover, nucleotides activate or co-activate growth factor receptors. In the case of hormone release, the initially paracrine or autocrine nucleotide-mediated signal spreads through to the entire organism. The examples highlighted in this commentary suggest that acting as ubiquitous triggers of intercellular messenger release is one of the major functional roles of extracellular nucleotides. While initiation of messenger release by nucleotides has been unraveled in many contexts, it may have been overlooked in others. It can be anticipated that additional nucleotide-driven messenger functions will be uncovered with relevance for both understanding physiology and development of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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5
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Garcia-Recio S, Pastor-Arroyo EM, Marín-Aguilera M, Almendro V, Gascón P. The Transmodulation of HER2 and EGFR by Substance P in Breast Cancer Cells Requires c-Src and Metalloproteinase Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129661. [PMID: 26114632 PMCID: PMC4482606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substance P (SP) is a pleiotropic cytokine/neuropeptide that enhances breast cancer (BC) aggressiveness by transactivating tyrosine kinase receptors like EGFR and HER2. We previously showed that SP and its cognate receptor NK-1 (SP/NK1-R) signaling modulates the basal phosphorylation of HER2 and EGFR in BC, increasing aggressiveness and drug resistance. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for NK-1R-mediated HER2 and EGFR transactivation, we investigated the involvement of c-Src (a ligand-independent mediator) and of metalloproteinases (ligand-dependent mediators) in HER2/EGFR activation. Results and Discussion Overexpression of NK-1R in MDA-MB-231 and its chemical inhibition in SK-BR-3, BT-474 and MDA-MB-468 BC cells significantly modulated c-Src activation, suggesting that this protein is a mediator of NK-1R signaling. In addition, the c-Src inhibitor 4-(4’-phenoxyanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline prevented SP-induced activation of HER2. On the other hand, SP-dependent phosphorylation of HER2 and EGFR decreased substantially in the presence of the MMP inhibitor 1–10, phenanthroline monohydrate, and the dual inhibition of both c-Src and MMP almost abolished the activation of HER2 and EGFR. Moreover, the use of these inhibitors demonstrated that this Src and MMP-dependent signaling is important to the cell viability and migration capacity of HER2+ and EGFR+ cell lines. Conclusion Our results indicate that the transactivation of HER2 and EGFR by the pro-inflammatory cytokine/neuropeptide SP in BC cells is a c-Src and MMP-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Garcia-Recio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SGR); (PG)
| | - Eva M. Pastor-Arroyo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Marín-Aguilera
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Almendro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Gascón
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (SGR); (PG)
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Tackett BC, Sun H, Mei Y, Maynard JP, Cheruvu S, Mani A, Hernandez-Garcia A, Vigneswaran N, Karpen SJ, Thevananther S. P2Y2 purinergic receptor activation is essential for efficient hepatocyte proliferation in response to partial hepatectomy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G1073-87. [PMID: 25301185 PMCID: PMC4254960 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00092.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides via activation of P2 purinergic receptors influence hepatocyte proliferation and liver regeneration in response to 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). Adult hepatocytes express multiple P2Y (G protein-coupled) and P2X (ligand-gated ion channels) purinergic receptor subtypes. However, the identity of key receptor subtype(s) important for efficient hepatocyte proliferation in regenerating livers remains unknown. To evaluate the impact of P2Y2 purinergic receptor-mediated signaling on hepatocyte proliferation in regenerating livers, wild-type (WT) and P2Y2 purinergic receptor knockout (P2Y2-/-) mice were subjected to 70% PH. Liver tissues were analyzed for activation of early events critical for hepatocyte priming and subsequent cell cycle progression. Our findings suggest that early activation of p42/44 ERK MAPK (5 min), early growth response-1 (Egr-1) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA-binding activity (30 min), and subsequent hepatocyte proliferation (24-72 h) in response to 70% PH were impaired in P2Y2-/- mice. Interestingly, early induction of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and cytokine-mediated signaling (NF-κB, STAT-3) were intact in P2Y2-/- remnant livers, uncovering the importance of cytokine-independent and nucleotide-dependent early priming events critical for subsequent hepatocyte proliferation in regenerating livers. Hepatocytes isolated from the WT and P2Y2-/- mice were treated with ATP or ATPγS for 5-120 min and 12-24 h. Extracellular ATP alone, via activation of P2Y2 purinergic receptors, was sufficient to induce ERK phosphorylation, Egr-1 protein expression, and key cyclins and cell cycle progression of hepatocytes in vitro. Collectively, these findings highlight the functional significance of P2Y2 purinergic receptor activation for efficient hepatocyte priming and proliferation in response to PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Tackett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas; Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hongdan Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu Mei
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Janielle P Maynard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas; Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sayuri Cheruvu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arunmani Mani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Nadarajah Vigneswaran
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Dental Branch in Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas; Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sundararajah Thevananther
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Texas Children's Liver Center, Houston, Texas; Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
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7
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Chen Y, Zhao L, Tian X, Liu T, Zhong J, Sun L, Liu J. Autophagy Induced by the Withdrawal of Mitogens Promotes Neurite Extension in Rat Neural Stem Cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:351-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lu Zhao
- Norman Bethune Medical College; Jilin University; Changchun; Jilin; People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Tian
- Department of Mammary Surgery; Changchun Municipal Gerontology Hospital; Changchun; Jilin; People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathobiology; Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University; Changchun; Jilin; People's Republic of China
| | - Jiateng Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Pathobiology; Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University; Changchun; Jilin; People's Republic of China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathobiology; Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University; Changchun; Jilin; People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamei Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathobiology; Norman Bethune Medical College, Jilin University; Changchun; Jilin; People's Republic of China
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Peterson TS, Thebeau CN, Ajit D, Camden JM, Woods LT, Wood WG, Petris MJ, Sun GY, Erb L, Weisman GA. Up-regulation and activation of the P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor mediate neurite extension in IL-1β-treated mouse primary cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2013; 125:885-96. [PMID: 23550835 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β), whose levels are elevated in the brain in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases, has been shown to have both detrimental and beneficial effects on disease progression. In this article, we demonstrate that incubation of mouse primary cortical neurons (mPCNs) with IL-1β increases the expression of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) and that activation of the up-regulated receptor with UTP, a relatively selective agonist of the P2Y2R, increases neurite outgrowth. Consistent with the accepted role of cofilin in the regulation of neurite extension, results indicate that incubation of IL-1β-treated mPCNs with UTP increases the phosphorylation of cofilin, a response absent in PCNs isolated from P2Y2R(-/-) mice. Other findings indicate that function-blocking anti-αv β3/5 integrin antibodies prevent UTP-induced cofilin activation in IL-1β-treated mPCNs, suggesting that established P2Y2R/αv β3/5 interactions that promote G12 -dependent Rho activation lead to cofilin phosphorylation involved in neurite extension. Cofilin phosphorylation induced by UTP in IL-1β-treated mPCNs is also decreased by inhibitors of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), suggesting a role for P2Y2R-mediated and Gq-dependent calcium mobilization in neurite outgrowth. Taken together, these studies indicate that up-regulation of P2Y2Rs in mPCNs under pro-inflammatory conditions can promote cofilin-dependent neurite outgrowth, a neuroprotective response that may be a novel pharmacological target in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy S Peterson
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211-7310, USA
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9
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Kim EJ, Monje FJ, Li L, Höger H, Pollak DD, Lubec G. Alzheimer's disease risk factor lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase regulates long-term synaptic strengthening, spatial learning and memory. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:743-59. [PMID: 23007847 PMCID: PMC11113176 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck), which belongs to the Src kinase-family, is expressed in neurons of the hippocampus, a structure critical for learning and memory. Recent evidence demonstrated a significant downregulation of Lck in Alzheimer's disease. Lck has additionally been proposed to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, thus suggesting the involvement of Lck in memory function. The neuronal role of Lck, however, and its involvement in learning and memory remain largely unexplored. Here, in vitro electrophysiology, confocal microscopy, and molecular, pharmacological, genetic and biochemical techniques were combined with in vivo behavioral approaches to examine the role of Lck in the mouse hippocampus. Specific pharmacological inhibition and genetic silencing indicated the involvement of Lck in the regulation of neuritic outgrowth. In the functional pre-established synaptic networks that were examined electrophysiologically, specific Lck-inhibition also selectively impaired the long-term hippocampal synaptic plasticity without affecting spontaneous excitatory synaptic transmission or short-term synaptic potentiation. The selective inhibition of Lck also significantly altered hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory in vivo. These data provide the basis for the functional characterization of brain Lck, describing the importance of Lck as a critical regulator of both neuronal morphology and in vivo long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, I, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J. Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, I, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Höger
- Core Unit of Biomedical Research, Division of Laboratory Animal Science and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Brauhausgasse 34, 2325 Himberg, Austria
| | - Daniela D. Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, I, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Weisman GA, Ajit D, Garrad R, Peterson TS, Woods LT, Thebeau C, Camden JM, Erb L. Neuroprotective roles of the P2Y(2) receptor. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:559-78. [PMID: 22528682 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays a unique role in the brain by integrating neuronal and glial cellular circuits. The metabotropic P1 adenosine receptors and P2Y nucleotide receptors and ionotropic P2X receptors control numerous physiological functions of neuronal and glial cells and have been implicated in a wide variety of neuropathologies. Emerging research suggests that purinergic receptor interactions between cells of the central nervous system (CNS) have relevance in the prevention and attenuation of neurodegenerative diseases resulting from chronic inflammation. CNS responses to chronic inflammation are largely dependent on interactions between different cell types (i.e., neurons and glia) and activation of signaling molecules including P2X and P2Y receptors. Whereas numerous P2 receptors contribute to functions of the CNS, the P2Y(2) receptor is believed to play an important role in neuroprotection under inflammatory conditions. While acute inflammation is necessary for tissue repair due to injury, chronic inflammation contributes to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and occurs when glial cells undergo prolonged activation resulting in extended release of proinflammatory cytokines and nucleotides. This review describes cell-specific and tissue-integrated functions of P2 receptors in the CNS with an emphasis on P2Y(2) receptor signaling pathways in neurons, glia, and endothelium and their role in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 540E Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA.
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Weisman GA, Camden JM, Peterson TS, Ajit D, Woods LT, Erb L. P2 receptors for extracellular nucleotides in the central nervous system: role of P2X7 and P2Y₂ receptor interactions in neuroinflammation. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:96-113. [PMID: 22467178 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides induce cellular responses in the central nervous system (CNS) through the activation of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y nucleotide receptors. Activation of these receptors regulates a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we present an overview of the current literature regarding P2X and P2Y receptors in the CNS with a focus on the contribution of P2X7 and P2Y(2) receptor-mediated responses to neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Weisman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 540E Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Road, Columbia, MO 65211-7310, USA.
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12
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Zimmermann H. Purinergic signaling in neural development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:194-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Boucher I, Rich C, Lee A, Marcincin M, Trinkaus-Randall V. The P2Y2 receptor mediates the epithelial injury response and cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C411-21. [PMID: 20427708 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00100.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Injury to epithelial cells results in the release of ATP and stimulation of purinergic receptors and is thought to alter cell migration and wound repair. Medium from the injured cells triggers Ca(2+) mobilization and phosphorylation of ERK, both of which are inhibited if the medium is pretreated with apyrase. To understand the wound repair mechanism that occurs with injury, our goal was to determine which purinergic receptor(s) was the critical player in the wound response. We hypothesize that the P2Y(2) receptor is the key player in the response of corneal epithelial cells to cell damage and subsequent repair events. Cells transfected with short interfering RNA to either P2Y(2) or P2Y(4) were stimulated either by injury or addition of UTP and imaged using fluo 3-AM to monitor changes in fluorescence. When cells with downregulated P2Y(2) receptors were injured or stimulated with UTP, the intensity of the Ca(2+) release was reduced significantly. However, when cells with downregulated P2Y(4) receptors were stimulated, only the UTP-induced Ca(2+) response was reduced significantly. In addition, downregulation of the P2Y(2) receptor inhibited wound closure compared with unstimulated cells or cells transfected with nontargeting sequence. This downregulation resulted also in an attenuation in phosphorylation of Src and ERK. Together, these data indicate that the P2Y(2) receptor plays a major biological role in the corneal injury response and repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilene Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Corriden R, Insel PA. Basal release of ATP: an autocrine-paracrine mechanism for cell regulation. Sci Signal 2010; 3:re1. [PMID: 20068232 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.3104re1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cells release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which activates plasma membrane-localized P2X and P2Y receptors and thereby modulates cellular function in an autocrine or paracrine manner. Release of ATP and the subsequent activation of P2 receptors help establish the basal level of activation (sometimes termed "the set point") for signal transduction pathways and regulate a wide array of responses that include tissue blood flow, ion transport, cell volume regulation, neuronal signaling, and host-pathogen interactions. Basal release and autocrine or paracrine responses to ATP are multifunctional, evolutionarily conserved, and provide an economical means for the modulation of cell, tissue, and organismal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Corriden
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Ratchford AM, Baker OJ, Camden JM, Rikka S, Petris MJ, Seye CI, Erb L, Weisman GA. P2Y2 nucleotide receptors mediate metalloprotease-dependent phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB3 in human salivary gland cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:7545-55. [PMID: 20064929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor (P2Y(2)R) has been shown to be up-regulated in a variety of tissues in response to stress or injury. Recent studies have suggested that P2Y(2)Rs may play a role in immune responses, wound healing, and tissue regeneration via their ability to activate multiple signaling pathways, including activation of growth factor receptors. Here, we demonstrate that in human salivary gland (HSG) cells, activation of the P2Y(2)R by its agonist induces phosphorylation of ERK1/2 via two distinct mechanisms, a rapid, protein kinase C-dependent pathway and a slower and prolonged, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent pathway. The EGFR-dependent stimulation of UTP-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HSG cells is inhibited by the adamalysin inhibitor tumor necrosis factor-alpha protease inhibitor or by small interfering RNA that selectively silences ADAM10 and ADAM17 expression, suggesting that ADAM metalloproteases are required for P2Y(2)R-mediated activation of the EGFR. G protein-coupled receptors have been shown to promote proteolytic release of EGFR ligands; however, neutralizing antibodies to known ligands of the EGFR did not inhibit UTP-induced EGFR phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that UTP causes association of the EGFR with another member of the EGF receptor family, ErbB3. Furthermore, stimulation of HSG cells with UTP induced phosphorylation of ErbB3, and silencing of ErbB3 expression inhibited UTP-induced phosphorylation of both ErbB3 and EGFR. UTP-induced phosphorylation of ErbB3 and EGFR was also inhibited by silencing the expression of the ErbB3 ligand neuregulin 1 (NRG1). These results suggest that P2Y(2)R activation in salivary gland cells promotes the formation of EGFR/ErbB3 heterodimers and metalloprotease-dependent neuregulin 1 release, resulting in the activation of both EGFR and ErbB3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Ratchford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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Zorina Y, Iyengar R, Bromberg KD. Cannabinoid 1 receptor and interleukin-6 receptor together induce integration of protein kinase and transcription factor signaling to trigger neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:1358-70. [PMID: 19861414 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.049841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the G(o/i)-coupled cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) has been shown to induce neurite outgrowth in Neuro2A cells through activation of Src kinase and STAT3 transcription factor. Signaling by the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R) also activates STAT3 through Jak kinase. We studied if signals from the two pathways could be integrated in a synergistic manner to trigger neurite outgrowth in Neuro2A cells. At low concentrations, when agonist at either receptor by itself has no effect, we found that CB1R and IL-6R stimulation together induced synergistic neurite outgrowth. Signal integration requires activation of transcription factors by Src, Jak, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Mitogen-activated protein kinase can be activated by both receptors and shows enhanced early activation in the presence of both ligands. CREB and STAT3 transcription factors are required for synergy and show enhanced DNA-binding activity when both receptors are activated. STAT3 plays a critical role in integration of the signals downstream of the two receptors. When both pathways are activated, STAT3 phosphorylation is sustained for 6 h. This prolonged activation of STAT3 requires deactivation of SHP2 phosphatase. Reduction of SHP2 levels by RNA interference results in greater synergy in neurite outgrowth. Simultaneous knockdown of both SHP2 and STAT3 blocks the synergistic triggering of neurite outgrowth, indicating that STAT3 is downstream of SHP2. CB1R and IL-6R co-stimulation enhanced the differentiation of rat cortical neuron primary cultures. These results provide a mechanism where multiple protein kinases and transcription factors interact to integrate signals from G protein-coupled and cytokine receptor to evoke neurite outgrowth in Neuro2A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Zorina
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Grimm I, Messemer N, Stanke M, Gachet C, Zimmermann H. Coordinate pathways for nucleotide and EGF signaling in cultured adult neural progenitor cells. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2524-33. [PMID: 19549686 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.044891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) contains astrocyte-like stem cells capable of generating new neurons for the olfactory bulb. Adult neurogenesis is driven by a variety of signal systems that can induce synergistic or opposing cellular responses. It is therefore important to gain insight into the underlying downstream signaling pathways. We have previously shown that the nucleotides ADPbetaS and UTP induce rapid Ca2+ transients in cultured SVZ-derived adult neural progenitors and augment growth-factor-mediated progenitor cell proliferation. Here, we investigated signaling pathways elicited by ADPbetaS, UTP and epidermal growth factor (EGF). All three agonists elicit ERK1/2 and CREB phosphorylation but the temporal characteristics differ between the nucleotides and EGF. Differentiation of the progenitors alters the receptor profile. Oligodendrocytes and young neurons, but not astrocytes, lose responsiveness to the agonists. Inhibition experiments are indicative of an ADPbetaS-elicited EGF receptor transactivation. Whereas UTP acts via the P2Y2 receptor, ADPbetaS exerts its function via the P2Y1 receptor and the P2Y13 receptor. Our data demonstrate that nucleotides and EGF induce converging, but also differential, intracellular signaling pathways and suggest that they carry the potential to act synergistically in the control of cell proliferation and cell survival in adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette Grimm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Biocenter, J. W. Goethe-University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Hillmann P, Ko GY, Spinrath A, Raulf A, von Kügelgen I, Wolff SC, Nicholas RA, Kostenis E, Höltje HD, Müller CE. Key determinants of nucleotide-activated G protein-coupled P2Y(2) receptor function revealed by chemical and pharmacological experiments, mutagenesis and homology modeling. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2762-75. [PMID: 19419204 DOI: 10.1021/jm801442p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y(2) receptor, which is activated by UTP, ATP, and dinucleotides, was studied as a prototypical nucleotide-activated GPCR. A combination of receptor mutagenesis, determination of its effects on potency and efficacy of agonists and antagonists, homology modeling, and chemical experiments was applied. R272 (extracellular loop EL3) was found to play a gatekeeper role, presumably responsible for recognition and orientation of the nucleotides. R272 is also directly involved in binding of dinucleotides, which behaved as partial agonists. Y118A (3.37) mutation led to dramatically reduced efficacy of agonists; it is part of the entry channel as well as the triphosphate binding site. While the Y114A (3.33) mutation did not have any effect on agonist activities, the antagonist Reactive Blue 2 (6) was completely inactive at that mutant. The disulfide bridge Cys25-Cys278 was found to be important for agonist potency but neither for agonist efficacy nor for antagonist potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hillmann
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) detect a great diversity of extracellular stimuli ranging from hormonal peptides, chemokines, neurotransmitters, lipids, nucleotides, amino acids, biogenic amines to ions. G protein-coupled pathways regulate a rich collection of biological processes involved in normal physiological function of the body as well as in pathological progression of diseases. In addition to their function in postmitotic steady-state tissues, GPCRs have been implicated in the differentiation of stem cells and tissue specific progenitor cells during development. Examples of these include the functions of nucleotides and neuropeptides in neuronal differentiation and axon growth, chemokines in lymphocyte differentiation and activation, and other GPCR-mediated processes in the differentiation of adipocytes, osteoblasts and smooth muscle cells. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the importance of GPCR-linked signaling cascades in the differentiation of different cell lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Cross-inhibition between native and recombinant TRPV1 and P2X3 receptors. Pain 2009; 143:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dave RH, Saengsawang W, Yu JZ, Donati R, Rasenick MM. Heterotrimeric G-proteins interact directly with cytoskeletal components to modify microtubule-dependent cellular processes. Neurosignals 2009; 17:100-8. [PMID: 19212143 DOI: 10.1159/000186693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large percentage of current drugs target G-protein-coupled receptors, which couple to well-known signaling pathways involving cAMP or calcium. G-proteins themselves may subserve a second messenger function. Here, we review the role of tubulin and microtubules in directly mediating effects of heterotrimeric G-proteins on neuronal outgrowth, shape and differentiation. G-protein-tubulin interactions appear to be regulated by neurotransmitter activity, and, in turn, regulate the location of Galpha in membrane microdomains (such as lipid rafts) or the cytosol. Tubulin binds with nanomolar affinity to Gsalpha, Gialpha1 and Gqalpha (but not other Galpha subunits) as well as Gbeta(1)gamma(2) subunits. Galpha subunits destabilize microtubules by stimulating tubulin's GTPase, while Gbetagamma subunits promote microtubule stability. The same region on Gsalpha that binds adenylyl cyclase and Gbetagamma also interacts with tubulin, suggesting that cytoskeletal proteins are novel Galpha effectors. Additionally, intracellular Gialpha-GDP, in concert with other GTPase proteins and Gbetagamma, regulates the position of the mitotic spindle in mitosis. Thus, G-protein activation modulates cell growth and differentiation by directly altering microtubule stability. Further studies are needed to fully establish a structural mechanism of this interaction and its role in synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul H Dave
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Il 60612-7342, USA
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Endoh T, Sato D, Wada Y, Ishihara K, Hashimoto S, Yoshinari M, Matsuzaka K, Tazaki M, Inoue T. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor attenuate angiotensin-II-induced facilitation of calcium channels in acutely dissociated nucleus tractus solitarii neurons of the rat. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:1192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Masgrau R, Hurel C, Papastefanaki F, Georgopoulou N, Thomaidou D, Matsas R. BM88/Cend1 regulates stimuli-induced intracellular calcium mobilization. Neuropharmacology 2008; 56:598-609. [PMID: 19061903 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In neurogenesis, little is known about signal transduction pathways upstream of gene expression however, mounting evidence suggests that calcium release from internal stores plays a critical role. We have previously demonstrated that BM88 is a neuronal lineage-specific regulator of cell cycle exit and differentiation; we now report a link between BM88 and calcium signaling. Calcium imaging experiments revealed that P2Y-induced calcium mobilization is diminished in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro 2a cells stably transfected with BM88 (N2A-BM88 cells) as compared with N2A cells or N2A cells differentiated with retinoic acid. This effect is not restricted to N2A cells but is also observed in HeLa cells that are transiently transfected with BM88, indicating that cells of both neural and non-neural origin respond similarly. Further, activation of P2Y1 but not purinergic P2X receptors induces proliferation of N2A and to a lesser extent of N2A-BM88 cells. Conversely, knockdown of BM88 facilitates N2A cell proliferation both under stimulating and non-stimulating conditions. Importantly, N2A-BM88 cells are less susceptible to apoptosis triggered by C2-ceramide and exhibit reduced C2-ceramide-induced intracellular calcium release. Higher calcium uptake from mitochondria and/or lower calcium levels inside the endoplasmic reticulum may explain the reduced calcium mobilization in response to BM88. Overall, our data reveal a novel signaling mechanism by which BM88 interferes with calcium release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive stores and exerts anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Masgrau
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vassilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece.
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Bromocriptine, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist with the structure of the amino acid ergot alkaloids, induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 598:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Korshunova I, Caroni P, Kolkova K, Berezin V, Bock E, Walmod PS. Characterization of BASP1‐mediated neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2201-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Köles L, Gerevich Z, Oliveira JF, Zadori ZS, Wirkner K, Illes P. Interaction of P2 purinergic receptors with cellular macromolecules. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 377:1-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Snider AC, Meier KE. Receptor transactivation cascades.Focus on “Effects of α1D-adrenergic receptors on shedding of biologically active EGF in freshly isolated lacrimal gland epithelial cells”. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 292:C1-3. [PMID: 16870826 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00364.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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