1
|
Leask A, Nguyen J, Naik A, Chitturi P, Riser BL. The role of yes activated protein (YAP) in melanoma metastasis. iScience 2024; 27:109864. [PMID: 38770136 PMCID: PMC11103372 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hippo was first identified in a genetic screen as a protein that suppressed proliferation and cell growth. Subsequently, it was shown that hippo acted in a so-called canonical cascade to suppress Yorkie, the Drosophila equivalent of Yes-activated protein (YAP), a mechanosensitive transcriptional cofactor that enhances the activity of the TEAD family of transcription factors. YAP promotes fibrosis, activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts, angiogenesis and cancer cell invasion. YAP activates the expression of the matricellular proteins CCN1 (cyr61) and CCN2 (ctgf), themselves mediators of fibrogenesis and oncogenesis, and coordination of matrix deposition and angiogenesis. This review discusses how therapeutically targeting YAP through YAP inhibitors verteporfin and celastrol and its downstream mediators CCN1 and CCN2 might be useful in treating melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | - John Nguyen
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | - Angha Naik
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | - Pratyusha Chitturi
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | - Bruce L. Riser
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology & Infection, Rosalind Franklin University, 3333 N. Green Bay Road, Chicago, IL 60064, USA
- BLR Bio, LLC, Kenosha, WI 53140, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Udrea AM, Smarandache A, Dinache A, Mares C, Nistorescu S, Avram S, Staicu A. Photosensitizers-Loaded Nanocarriers for Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy in Melanoma Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2124. [PMID: 37631339 PMCID: PMC10460031 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma poses a significant global health burden. It is the most aggressive and lethal form of skin cancer, attributed to various risk factors such as UV radiation exposure, genetic modifications, chemical carcinogens, immunosuppression, and fair complexion. Photodynamic therapy is a promising minimally invasive treatment that uses light to activate a photosensitizer, resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, which ultimately promote cell death. When selecting photosensitizers for melanoma photodynamic therapy, the presence of melanin should be considered. Melanin absorbs visible radiation similar to most photosensitizers and has antioxidant properties, which undermines the reactive species generated in photodynamic therapy processes. These characteristics have led to further research for new photosensitizing platforms to ensure better treatment results. The development of photosensitizers has advanced with the use of nanotechnology, which plays a crucial role in enhancing solubility, optical absorption, and tumour targeting. This paper reviews the current approaches (that use the synergistic effect of different photosensitizers, nanocarriers, chemotherapeutic agents) in the photodynamic therapy of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Udrea
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Adriana Smarandache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Andra Dinache
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Catalina Mares
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Simona Nistorescu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Speranta Avram
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (C.M.); (S.A.)
| | - Angela Staicu
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Str., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (A.M.U.); (A.D.); (S.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodriguez L, Di Venosa G, Rivas MA, Juarranz A, Sanz-Rodriguez F, Casas A. Ras-transfected human mammary tumour cells are resistant to photodynamic therapy by mechanisms related to cell adhesion. Life Sci 2023; 314:121287. [PMID: 36526044 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for several cancers involving the administration of a tumour-localising photosensitiser (PS) and its subsequent activation by light, resulting in tumour damage. Ras oncogenes have been strongly associated with chemo- and radio-resistance. Based on the described roles of adhesion and cell morphology on drug resistance, we studied if the differences in shape, cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion induced by Ras transfection, play a role in the resistance to PDT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed the human normal breast HB4a cells transfected with H-RAS and a panel of five PSs. KEY FINDINGS We found that resistance to PDT of the HB4a-Ras cells employing all the PSs, increased between 1.3 and 2.5-fold as compared to the parental cells. There was no correlation between resistance and intracellular PS levels or PS intracellular localisation. Even when Ras-transfected cells present lower adherence to the ECM proteins, this does not make them more sensitive to PDT or chemotherapy. On the contrary, a marked gain of resistance to PDT was observed in floating cells as compared to adhesive cells, accounting for the higher ability conferred by Ras to survive in conditions of decreased cell-extracellular matrix interactions. HB4a-Ras cells displayed disorganisation of actin fibres, mislocalised E-cadherin and vinculin and lower expression of E-cadherin and β1-integrin as compared to HB4a cells. SIGNIFICANCE Knowledge of the mechanisms of resistance to photodamage in Ras-overexpressing cells may lead to the optimization of the combination of PDT with other treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín and CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Di Venosa
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín and CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín A Rivas
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angeles Juarranz
- Photocarcinogenesis Group, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid e Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Santitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sanz-Rodriguez
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group (NanoBIG), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín and CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang L, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Liu C, Li M, Liu J, Wang S, Yang D, Luo F, Yan J. LS-HB-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Cell Apoptosis in Melanoma. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2607-2619. [PMID: 35485954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorin e6-C-15-ethyl ester (LS-HB), a newly identified photosensitizer, was isolated from chlorin e6. The mechanism of tumor cell death induced by photodynamic therapy with LS-HB (LS-HB-PDT) is still unknown. Here, we investigated the photophysical properties of LS-HB, evaluated the antitumor effect on melanoma in vitro and in vivo, and explored its possible mechanisms. LS-HB not only has an optimal spectral band of red wavelength (660 nm) for photosensitization but also has favorable photostability. More importantly, LS-HB-PDT elicited a potent dose-dependent phototoxic effect in vitro. We discovered that LS-HB located in the mitochondria of B16F10 cells was able to generate excess reactive oxygen species, which subsequently resulted in mitochondrial membrane potential loss and induced apoptosis via caspase-9 and caspase-3 pathways. Moreover, PDT with LS-HB markedly inhibited the growth of melanoma in vivo. Therefore, LS-HB is expected to be an effective potential photosensitizer in antitumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Wang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Li Wang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Fuzhou Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350008, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jiajing Liu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Fanghong Luo
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jianghua Yan
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Calori IR, Braga G, Tessaro AL, Caetano W, Tedesco AC, Hioka N. Self-aggregation of the proteolytic forms of Verteporfin: An in silico and in vitro study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
6
|
Lima E, Barroso AG, Sousa MA, Ferreira O, Boto RE, Fernandes JR, Almeida P, Silvestre SM, Santos AO, Reis LV. Picolylamine-functionalized benz[e]indole squaraine dyes: Synthetic approach, characterization and in vitro efficacy as potential anticancer phototherapeutic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114071. [PMID: 34979302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Squaraine dyes are a family of compounds known for their relevant photophysical and photochemical properties potentially useful as photosensitizing agents. Since pyridines have been introduced into the skeleton of several families of compounds to enhance their pharmacological activity, and this approach had not yet been performed on squaraines, novel dyes derived from benz[e]indole functionalized with picolyl- and dipicolylamine and N-ethyl and -hexyl chains were designed and synthesized. After being fully characterized, their interaction with human albumin was in vitro and in silico evaluated. Dyes were further assessed for their phototoxicity activity, and the most interesting ones were studied regarding cell localization and induction of morphological cell changes, genotoxicity, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The molecules with N-ethyl chains showed the greatest in vitro light-dependent cytotoxic effects, particularly the zwitterionic squaraine dye and the one bearing a single pyridine unit, which also exhibited a more significant interaction with human albumin. Phenotypically, the cells incubated with these squaraines became smaller and rounded after irradiation, the effects varying with the tested concentration. Genotoxic effects were observed even without irradiation, being more evident for the N-ethyl picolylamine-derived dye. The fluorescence emitted by Rhodamine 123 largely coincided with that emitted by the dyes, suggesting that they are found preferentially in mitochondria. After irradiation, an increase in the subG1 population was verified by propidium iodide-staining analysis by flow cytometry, indicative of cell death by apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eurico Lima
- Chemistry Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Andreia G Barroso
- Chemistry Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Margarida A Sousa
- Chemistry Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Octávio Ferreira
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Renato E Boto
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José R Fernandes
- Chemistry Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paulo Almeida
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Samuel M Silvestre
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal; Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3000-517, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Adriana O Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Lucinda V Reis
- Chemistry Centre of Vila Real (CQ-VR), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nkune NW, Abrahamse H. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12549. [PMID: 34830431 PMCID: PMC8620728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma (MM) is a skin malignancy arising from melanocytes, the incidence of which has been rising in recent years. It poses therapeutic challenges due to its resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative non-invasive modality that requires a photosensitizer (PS), specific wavelength of light, and molecular oxygen. Several studies using conventional PSs have highlighted the need for improved PSs for PDT applications to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes. The incorporation of nanoparticles (NPs) and targeting moieties in PDT have appeared as a promising strategy to circumvent various drawbacks associated with non-specific toxicity, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability of the PSs at targeted tissues. Currently, most studies investigating new developments rely on two-dimensional (2-D) monocultures, which fail to accurately mimic tissue complexity. Therefore, three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures are ideal models to resemble tumor tissue in terms of architectural and functional properties. This review examines various PS drugs, as well as passive and active targeted PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms for PDT treatment of MM on 2-D and 3-D models. The overall findings of this review concluded that very few PDT studies have been conducted within 3-D models using active PS nanoparticle-mediated platforms, and so require further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Near infrared light activated upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) based photodynamic therapy of prostate cancers: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102616. [PMID: 34740839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), has a potential to cure cancerous prostate tissue with minimal side effects. Traditional PDT, however, mostly utilized visible (VIS) light range with direct application of hydrophobic photosensitizers which may not be adequate in clinical practice for especially deep-seated cancer cells because of poor penetration of VIS wavelengths. Here, we report near infrared light (NIR) induced and dual photosensitizers (PS) encapsulated PDT strategy to reduce prostate cancer cells - PC3. The designed nanoplatform (MC540/ZnPc-UCNP@Au), in this study, include upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) synthesis to convert NIR light into multiple VIS wavelengths, porous silica coating to upload dual photosensitizers (MC540/ZnPc), and gold (Au) functionalization to enhance PDT treatment. High chemical stabilization provided MC540/ZnPc-UCNP@Au show excellent biocompatibility, and efficient PDT treatment for prostate cancer cells. In fact, the fluorescence of the synthesized nanoplatforms, upon NIR light excitation, can produce considerable amount of ROS in 5 min, as it is well matched with the absorption of MC540, ZnPc and Au nanoparticles (np). In addition, the easy visualization of cellular internalized/adsorbed nanoplatforms reveal the in situ cell imaging possibility for diagnosis. Based on the evidence of the results, NIR light activated MC540/ZnPc-UCNP@Au may offer a PDT technique for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
9
|
Alanazi RS, Laref A. Monte Carlo simulations of photodynamic therapy in human blood model. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1515-1529. [PMID: 34453656 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to simulate a therapeutic plan for a normal human blood model under various patho-physiological conditions, such as the development of leukemia/blood diseases, by means of Monte Carlo multilayered simulation. The photosensitizing compound selectively accumulates in the target cells. A superficial treatment of a blood sample was performed at different ratios of oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) under the concentration ([Formula: see text] = 30 µM) effect of merocyanine 540 (MC540) in the blood irradiation. This was done under the application of visible light of wavelength ~ [Formula: see text] at an exposure time ~ 60 s. The dose of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was evaluated for the biological damage, leading to necrosis and blood damage during the treatment. In addition, the effect of PDT treatment response in the blood is related to hemoglobin oxygen saturation, resulting in an excellent relationship between the changes caused by the treatment in the blood at a peculiar oxygen saturation rate (for the highest response: [Formula: see text] 50%) and a light dose (LD) of 3.83 [Formula: see text] above the minimal toxicity of normal tissues. The photodynamic dose is related to the depth of necrosis and the time of treatment for the achievement of the LD delivery at the PDT of blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Alanazi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Laref
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morgan J, Yun YJ, Ayitou AJL. Estimation of Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yield Using Novel Green-Absorbing Baird-type Aromatic Photosensitizers †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:57-61. [PMID: 34228818 DOI: 10.1111/php.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report two new organic green-absorbing singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) photosensitizers: Quinoidal naphthyl thioamide (QDM) and bis-iodol-dipyrrolonaphthyridine-dione (I2 -DPND), with triplet energies of 40.8 and 47.5 kcal mol-1 (at 77 K in a glassy matrix) , respectively. The UV-vis absorption and emission characteristics of QDM and I2 -DPND are similar to other commercially available organic 1 O2 photosensitizers such as Rose Bengal, which was used as standard/reference to estimate the 1 O2 quantum yield (Φ∆ ) of the chromophores under study. Using 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) as an 1 O2 quencher, we estimated the Φ∆ ≈ 67-85% for QDM and Φ∆ ≈ 25-32% for I2 -DPND. The discrepancy in the Φ∆ values could be explained by the apparent photo-decomposition of the later dye. Nevertheless, the high Φ∆ value for QDM is unprecedented, as this chromophore exhibits relatively low structural complexity and could further be derivatized to create novel photodynamic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayla Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young Ju Yun
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Jean-Luc Ayitou
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Luo D, Basilion JP. Photodynamic Therapy: Targeting Cancer Biomarkers for the Treatment of Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122992. [PMID: 34203805 PMCID: PMC8232794 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment option that can kill cancerous cells by subjecting them to light irradiation at a specific wavelength. The main problem related to most photosensitizers is the lack of tumor selectivity, which leads to undesired uptake in normal tissues resulting in side effects. Passive targeting and active targeting are the two strategies to improve uptake in tumor tissues. This review focused on active targeting and summarizes recent active targeting approaches in which highly potent photosensitizers are rendered tumor-specific by means of an appended targeting moiety that interacts with a protein unique to, or at least significantly more abundant on, tumor cell surfaces compared to normal cells. Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-documented therapy that has emerged as an effective treatment modality of cancers. PDT utilizes harmless light to activate non- or minimally toxic photosensitizers to generate cytotoxic species for malignant cell eradication. Compared with conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, PDT is appealing by virtue of the minimal invasiveness, its safety, as well as its selectivity, and the fact that it can induce an immune response. Although local illumination of the cancer lesions renders intrinsic selectivity of PDT, most photosensitizers used in PDT do not display significant tumor tissue selectivity. There is a need for targeted delivery of photosensitizers. The molecular identification of cancer antigens has opened new possibilities for the development of effective targeted therapy for cancer patients. This review provides a brief overview of recent achievements of targeted delivery of photosensitizers to cancer cells by targeting well-established cancer biomarkers. Overall, targeted PDT offers enhanced intracellular accumulation of the photosensitizer, leading to improved PDT efficacy and reduced toxicity to normal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinning Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Wearn Building B-49, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.P.B.); Tel.: +216-844-4848 (X.W.); +216-983-3246 (J.P.B.); Fax: +216-844-4987 (X.W. & J.P.B.)
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Wearn Building B-44, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - James P. Basilion
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Wearn Building B-49, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Wearn Building B-44, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (J.P.B.); Tel.: +216-844-4848 (X.W.); +216-983-3246 (J.P.B.); Fax: +216-844-4987 (X.W. & J.P.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lange N, Szlasa W, Saczko J, Chwiłkowska A. Potential of Cyanine Derived Dyes in Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:818. [PMID: 34072719 PMCID: PMC8229084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method of cancer treatment that leads to the disintegration of cancer cells and has developed significantly in recent years. The clinically used photosensitizers are primarily porphyrin, which absorbs light in the red spectrum and their absorbance maxima are relatively short. This review presents group of compounds and their derivatives that are considered to be potential photosensitizers in PDT. Cyanine dyes are compounds that typically absorb light in the visible to near-infrared-I (NIR-I) spectrum range (750-900 nm). This meta-analysis comprises the current studies on cyanine dye derivatives, such as indocyanine green (so far used solely as a diagnostic agent), heptamethine and pentamethine dyes, squaraine dyes, merocyanines and phthalocyanines. The wide array of the cyanine derivatives arises from their structural modifications (e.g., halogenation, incorporation of metal atoms or organic structures, or synthesis of lactosomes, emulsions or conjugation). All the following modifications aim to increase solubility in aqueous media, enhance phototoxicity, and decrease photobleaching. In addition, the changes introduce new features like pH-sensitivity. The cyanine dyes involved in photodynamic reactions could be incorporated into sets of PDT agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Lange
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.L.); (W.S.)
| | - Wojciech Szlasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 5, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland; (N.L.); (W.S.)
| | - Jolanta Saczko
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Chwiłkowska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li Z, Huang B, Wang Y, Yuan W, Wu Y, Yu R, Xing G, Zou T, Tao Y. Design, synthesis and application in biological imaging of a novel red fluorescent dye based on a rhodanine derivative. RSC Adv 2020; 11:160-163. [PMID: 35423009 PMCID: PMC8690906 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08998b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel acceptor–donor–acceptor type molecule, namely 2-triphenylamine-1,3-dia[2-(3-ethyl-4-oxo-thiazolidin-2-ylidene)-malononitrile] (2RDNTPA), is designed and synthesized. 2RDNTPA exhibits a large Stokes shift of 244 nm and red fluorescence emission of 629 nm with a decent photoluminescence quantum yield of 13%. Furthermore, as a potential red fluorescent dye, 2RDNTPA can be applied in fluorescence imaging of living cancer cells (HepG2) with negligible cytotoxicity and a half maximal inhibitory concentration much more than 100 μM. 2RDNTPA can be applied in fluorescence imaging of living cancer cells (HepG2) with red emission of 620 nm and negligible cytotoxicity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration much more than 100 μM.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Molecule, Jiangsu Second Normal University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yijing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ruitao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau Macao SAR 999078 China
| | - Taotao Zou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Youtian Tao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li XY, Tan LC, Dong LW, Zhang WQ, Shen XX, Lu X, Zheng H, Lu YG. Susceptibility and Resistance Mechanisms During Photodynamic Therapy of Melanoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:597. [PMID: 32528867 PMCID: PMC7247862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive malignant skin tumor and arises from melanocytes. The resistance of melanoma cells to various treatments results in rapid tumor growth and high mortality. As a local therapeutic modality, photodynamic therapy has been successfully applied for clinical treatment of skin diseases. Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new treatment method for various types of malignant tumors in humans and, compared to conventional treatment methods, has fewer side effects, and is more accurate and non-invasive. Although several in vivo and in vitro studies have shown encouraging results regarding the potential benefits of photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant treatment for melanoma, its clinical application remains limited owing to its relative inefficiency. This review article discusses the use of photodynamic therapy in melanoma treatment as well as the latest progress made in deciphering the mechanism of tolerance. Lastly, potential targets are identified that may improve photodynamic therapy against melanoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ying Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liu-Chang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Wen Dong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wan-Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Shen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan-Gang Lu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hyperthermia induces therapeutic effectiveness and potentiates adjuvant therapy with non-targeted and targeted drugs in an in vitro model of human malignant melanoma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10724. [PMID: 30013176 PMCID: PMC6048057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have aimed to characterize the intrinsic, extrinsic and ER-mediated apoptotic induction by hyperthermia in an in vitro model of human malignant melanoma and furthermore, to evaluate its therapeutic effectiveness in an adjuvant therapeutic setting characterized by combinational treatments with non-targeted (Dacarbazine & Temozolomide) and targeted (Dabrafenib & Vemurafenib) drugs. Overall, our data showed that both low (43 °C) and high (45 °C) hyperthermic exposures were capable of inducing cell death by activating all apoptotic pathways but in a rather distinct manner. More specifically, low hyperthermia induced extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways both of which activated caspase 6 only as opposed to high hyperthermia which was mediated by the combined effects of caspases 3, 7 and 6. Furthermore, significant involvement of the ER was evident (under both hyperthermic conditions) suggesting its role in regulating apoptosis via activation of CHOP. Our data revealed that while low hyperthermia activated IRE-1 and ATF6 only, high hyperthermia induced activation of PERK as well suggesting that ultimately these ER stress sensors can lead to the induction of CHOP via different pathways of transmitted signals. Finally, combinational treatment protocols revealed an effect of hyperthermia in potentiating the therapeutic effectiveness of non-targeted as well as targeted drugs utilized in the clinical setting. Overall, our findings support evidence into hyperthermia's therapeutic potential in treating human malignant melanoma by elucidating the underlying mechanisms of its complex apoptotic induction.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Jung HS, Han J, Shi H, Koo S, Singh H, Kim HJ, Sessler JL, Lee JY, Kim JH, Kim JS. Overcoming the Limits of Hypoxia in Photodynamic Therapy: A Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7595-7602. [PMID: 28459562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in photodynamic cancer therapy (PDT) is avoiding PDT-induced hypoxia, which can lead to cancer recurrence and progression through activation of various angiogenic factors and significantly reduce treatment outcomes. Reported here is an acetazolamide (AZ)-conjugated BODIPY photosensitizer (AZ-BPS) designed to mitigate the effects of PDT-based hypoxia by combining the benefits of anti-angiogenesis therapy with PDT. AZ-BPS showed specific affinity to aggressive cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 cells) that overexpress carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). It displayed enhanced photocytotoxicity compared to a reference compound, BPS, which is an analogous PDT agent that lacks an acetazolamide unit. AZ-BPS also displayed an enhanced in vivo efficacy in a xenograft mouse tumor regrowth model relative to BPS, an effect attributed to inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by both PDT-induced ROS generation and CAIX knockdown. AZ-BPS was evaluated successfully in clinical samples collected from breast cancer patients. We thus believe that the combined approach described here represents an attractive therapeutic approach to targeting CAIX-overexpressing tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sung Jung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jiyou Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Biotechnology, Hyupsung University , Hwasung-si 18330, Korea
| | - Hu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Martins Estevão B, Miletto I, Marchese L, Gianotti E. Optimized Rhodamine B labeled mesoporous silica nanoparticles as fluorescent scaffolds for the immobilization of photosensitizers: a theranostic platform for optical imaging and photodynamic therapy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:9042-52. [PMID: 26967375 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient bifunctional mesoporous silica nanodevice coupling optical imaging with photodynamic therapy (PDT) was successfully prepared by using Rhodamine B as a contrast agent and verteporfin as a photosensitizer. The precise localization and high dispersion of the contrast agent in the nanoparticles is the key point to get higher fluorescence quantum yields with respect to the fluorophore in solution. To obtain this information photoluminescence spectroscopy coupled with fluorescence lifetime measurements was used, due to its high sensitivity. The bifunctional nanodevice showed good performances both in terms of quantum yield of the anchored Rhodamine B (Φ(RhB) = 0.55) and the singlet oxygen delivery efficiency for PDT applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Martins Estevão
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation and Nano-SiSTeMI Centre, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy. and Nucleos Research of Photodynamic Therapy, Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo 5.790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - I Miletto
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation and Nano-SiSTeMI Centre, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - L Marchese
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation and Nano-SiSTeMI Centre, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - E Gianotti
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation and Nano-SiSTeMI Centre, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Clement S, Sobhan M, Deng W, Camilleri E, Goldys EM. Nanoparticle-mediated singlet oxygen generation from photosensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
20
|
Pellosi DS, Moret F, Fraix A, Marino N, Maiolino S, Gaio E, Hioka N, Reddi E, Sortino S, Quaglia F. Pluronic ® P123/F127 mixed micelles delivering sorafenib and its combination with verteporfin in cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:4479-4494. [PMID: 27660441 PMCID: PMC5019320 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we developed Pluronic® P123/F127 (poloxamer) mixed micelles for the intravenous delivery of the anticancer drug sorafenib (SRB) or its combination with verteporfin (VP), a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy that should complement well the cytotoxicity profile of the chemotherapeutic. SRB loading inside the core of micelles was governed by the drug:poloxamer weight ratio, while in the case of the SRB-VP combination, a mutual interference between the two drugs occurred and only specific ratios could ensure maximum loading efficiency. Coentrapment of SRB did not alter the photophysical properties of VP, confirming that SRB did not participate in any bimolecular process with the photosensitizer. Fluorescence resonance energy-transfer measurement of micelles in serum protein-containing cell-culture medium demonstrated the excellent stability of the system in physiologically relevant conditions. These results were in line with the results of the release study showing a release rate of both drugs in the presence of proteins slower than in phosphate buffer. SRB release was sustained, while VP remained substantially entrapped in the micelle core. Cytotoxicity studies in MDA-MB231 cells revealed that at 24 hours, SRB-loaded micelles were more active than free SRB only at very low SRB concentrations, while at 24+24 hours a prolonged cytotoxic effect of SRB-loaded micelles was observed, very likely mediated by the block in the S phase of the cell cycle. The combination of SRB with VP under light exposure was less cytotoxic than both the free combination and VP-loaded micelles + SRB-loaded micelles combination. This behavior was clearly explainable in terms of micelle uptake and intracellular localization. Besides the clear advantage of delivering SRB in poloxamer micelles, our results provide a clear example that each photochemotherapeutic combination needs detailed investigations on their particular interaction, and no generalization on enhanced cytotoxic effects should be derived a priori.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Silva Pellosi
- Research Nucleus of Photodynamic Therapy, Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples
| | - Francesca Moret
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua
| | - Aurore Fraix
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nino Marino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sara Maiolino
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples
| | - Elisa Gaio
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Research Nucleus of Photodynamic Therapy, Chemistry Department, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Elena Reddi
- Cell Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padua
| | - Salvatore Sortino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mao W, Sun Y, Zhang H, Cao L, Wang J, He P. A combined modality of carboplatin and photodynamic therapy suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)/MMP-9 expression in HEp-2 human laryngeal cancer cells via ROS-mediated inhibition of MEK/ERK signalling pathway. Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:1697-1705. [PMID: 27481258 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been developed as a promising treatment modality for laryngeal cancer. 9-Hydroxypheophorbide α (9-HPbD), a novel chlorophyll-derived photosensitizer, has a longer absorption wavelength, which increases the penetration of light to malignant tissues. Carboplatin (CBDCA), a second-generation platinum derivative, also has gained more popularity for the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Our previous studies have elucidated that 9-HPbD-PDT could inhibit the migration and invasion of HEp-2 cells. The objective of this study is to investigate the change of migration and invasion of HEp-2 cells induced by a combined modality of CBDCA and 9-HPbD-PDT in vitro. A wound healing assay, cell migration assay and Matrigel invasion assay were used to evaluate the cellular migration and invasion. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Western blots for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin), MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and MEK/ERK signalling pathway were performed to investigate the possible mechanisms that may be involved. We observed that CBDCA and 9-HPbD-PDT administration synergistically inhibited the migration and invasion of HEp-2 cells. Moreover, the combined modality cooperatively repressed the EMT process and down-regulated expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via ROS-mediated inhibition of phosphorylation in the MEK/ERK signalling pathway. Our results suggested that the combination of CBDCA and 9-HPbD-PDT might be a promising therapeutic strategy for laryngeal cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83, Fenyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huankang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83, Fenyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Luhong Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83, Fenyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83, Fenyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Peijie He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Key Clinical Disciplines of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, No. 83, Fenyang Rd., Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evaluation of nanoencapsulated verteporfin’s cytotoxicity using a microfluidic system. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
23
|
Photochemical studies and nanomolar photodynamic activities of phthalocyanines functionalized with 1,4,7-trioxanonyl moieties at their non-peripheral positions. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 155:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
24
|
Clement S, Deng W, Camilleri E, Wilson BC, Goldys EM. X-ray induced singlet oxygen generation by nanoparticle-photosensitizer conjugates for photodynamic therapy: determination of singlet oxygen quantum yield. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19954. [PMID: 26818819 PMCID: PMC4730142 DOI: 10.1038/srep19954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen is a primary cytotoxic agent in photodynamic therapy. We show that CeF3 nanoparticles, pure as well as conjugated through electrostatic interaction with the photosensitizer verteporfin, are able to generate singlet oxygen as a result of UV light and 8 keV X-ray irradiation. The X-ray stimulated singlet oxygen quantum yield was determined to be 0.79 ± 0.05 for the conjugate with 31 verteporfin molecules per CeF3 nanoparticle, the highest conjugation level used. From this result we estimate the singlet oxygen dose generated from CeF3-verteporfin conjugates for a therapeutic dose of 60 Gy of ionizing radiation at energies of 6 MeV and 30 keV to be (1.2 ± 0.7) × 108 and (2.0 ± 0.1) × 109 singlet oxygen molecules per cell, respectively. These are comparable with cytotoxic doses of 5 × 107–2 × 109 singlet oxygen molecules per cell reported in the literature for photodynamic therapy using light activation. We confirmed that the CeF3-VP conjugates enhanced cell killing with 6 MeV radiation. This work confirms the feasibility of using X- or γ- ray activated nanoparticle-photosensitizer conjugates, either to supplement the radiation treatment of cancer, or as an independent treatment modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Clement
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Wei Deng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Camilleri
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto/University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vera RE, Lamberti MJ, Rivarola VA, Rumie Vittar NB. Developing strategies to predict photodynamic therapy outcome: the role of melanoma microenvironment. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9127-36. [PMID: 26419592 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is among the most aggressive and treatment-resistant human skin cancer. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a minimally invasive therapeutic modality, is a promising approach to treating melanoma. It combines a non-toxic photoactivatable drug called photosensitizer with harmless visible light to generate reactive oxygen species which mediate the antitumor effects. The aim of this review was to compile the available data about PDT on melanoma. Our comparative analysis revealed a disconnection between several hypotheses generated by in vitro therapeutic studies and in vivo and clinical assays. This fact led us to highlight new preclinical experimental platforms that mimic the complexity of tumor biology. The tumor and its stromal microenvironment have a dynamic and reciprocal interaction that plays a critical role in tumor resistance, and these interactions can be exploited for novel therapeutic targets. In this sense, we review two strategies used by photodynamic researchers: (a) developing 3D culture systems which mimic tumor architecture and (b) heterotypic cultures that resemble tumor microenvironment to favor therapeutic regimen design. After this comprehensive review of the literature, we suggest that new complementary preclinical models are required to better optimize the clinical outcome of PDT on skin melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Emanuel Vera
- Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Julia Lamberti
- Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Alicia Rivarola
- Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, 5800, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Belén Rumie Vittar
- Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto, 5800, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nwogu C, Pera P, Bshara W, Attwood K, Pandey R. Photodynamic therapy of human lung cancer xenografts in mice. J Surg Res 2015; 200:8-12. [PMID: 26494011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to develop novel therapies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Photodynamic therapy has been used successfully for endobronchial palliation of NSCLC, and its role in early stages of disease is being explored. We hypothesized that a novel photosensitizer, PS1, would be more effective than the standard agent, porfimer sodium (Photofrin or PFII), in treating human lung cancer xenografts in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient-derived NSCLC xenografts were established subcutaneously in severe combined immune deficiency mice. Two groups of five mice were injected with PS1 (3-[1'-m-iodobenzyloxy]ethyl-3-devinylpyropheophorbide-a), a chlorophyll-a derivative, or PFII (a purified version of hematoporphyrin derivative) and then treated with nonthermal laser light. Four mice were treated with laser light without photosensitizer and six mice received no treatment at all. All mice were then observed for tumor growth. The tumor growth end point, time-to-1000 mm(3), was evaluated using standard Kaplan-Meier methods and the log-rank test. Tumor hematoxylin and eosin and caspase 3 staining was done to evaluate necrosis and apoptosis. RESULTS The median time-to-1000 mm(3) was 12, 12, 26, and 52 d for the control, light only, PFII, and PS1 groups. There was a significant association between the tumor growth end point and treatment (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed <1%, 0%, 67%, and 80% necrosis, and caspase 3 positivity was 2%, <1%, 17%, and 39%, respectively, in the same four groups. CONCLUSIONS The mice treated with PS1 exhibited a longer time for tumor regrowth and showed more tumor necrosis and apoptosis compared with the other treatment groups. Thus, the novel photosensitizer, PS1, was demonstrated to be more effective than porfimer sodium in this preclinical pilot study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chukwumere Nwogu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York; Department of Surgery, State University of New York at Buffalo, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Paula Pera
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Wiam Bshara
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Kristopher Attwood
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Srivatsan A, Missert JR, Upadhyay SK, Pandey RK. Porphyrin-based photosensitizers and the corresponding multifunctional nanoplatforms for cancer-imaging and phototherapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615300037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review article briefly describes: (a) the advantages in developing multifunctional nanoparticles for cancer-imaging and therapy, (b) the advantages and limitations of most of the porphyrin-based compounds in fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT), (c) problems associated with current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved photosensitizers, (d) challenges in developing in vivo target-specific PDT agents, (e) development of porphyrin-based nuclear-imaging agents (PET, SPECT) with an option of PDT, (f) the importance of light dosimetry in PDT, (g) the role of whole body or local hyperthermia in enhancing tumor-uptake, tumor-imaging and phototherapy and finally, (h) the advantages of photosensitizer-gold nanocages (Ps- Au NC) in photoacoustic and PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Srivatsan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Joseph R. Missert
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | | - Ravindra K. Pandey
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- PDT Center, Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang H, Dong C, Zhao P, Wang S, Liu Z, Chang J. Lipid coated upconverting nanoparticles as NIR remote controlled transducer for simultaneous photodynamic therapy and cell imaging. Int J Pharm 2014; 466:307-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Dąbrowski JM, Silva EFF, Schaberle FA, Abreu AR, Rocha LB, Barsan MM, Urbańska K, Stochel G, Brett CMA. Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy Enhanced by Dynamics: The Role of Charge Transfer and Photostability in the Selection of Photosensitizers. Chemistry 2014; 20:5346-57. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
30
|
Decreasing the thresholds for electroporation by sensitizing cells with local cationic anesthetics and substances that decrease the surface negative electric charge. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2014; 19:65-76. [PMID: 24415057 PMCID: PMC6275628 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-013-0114-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently described method of cell electroporation by flow of cell suspension through localized direct current electric fields (dcEFs) was applied to identify non-toxic substances that could sensitize cells to external electric fields. We found that local cationic anesthetics such as procaine, lidocaine and tetracaine greatly facilitated the electroporation of AT2 rat prostate carcinoma cells and human skin fibroblasts (HSF). This manifested as a 50% reduction in the strength of the electric field required to induce cell death by irreversible electroporation or to introduce fluorescent dyes such as calcein, carboxyfluorescein or Lucifer yellow into the cells. A similar decrease in the electric field thresholds for irreversible and reversible cell electroporation was observed when the cells were exposed to the electric field in the presence of the non-toxic cationic dyes 9-aminoacridine (9-AAA) or toluidine blue. Identifying non-toxic, reversibly acting cell sensitizers may facilitate cancer tissue ablation and help introduce therapeutic or diagnostic substances into the cells and tissues.
Collapse
|
31
|
Weston MA, Patterson MS. Monitoring oxygen concentration during photodynamic therapy using prompt photosensitizer fluorescence. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:7039-59. [PMID: 24051952 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/20/7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel technique is described that uses either time-resolved or steady state prompt photosensitizer fluorescence to measure local oxygen concentration. Solution experiments conducted with Al(III) phthalocyanine chloride tetrasulfonic acid confirmed that the steady state fluorescence signal is dependent on the oxygen concentration and fluence rate. A relationship between prompt sensitizer fluorescence and sensitizer triplet quenching efficiency is derived which does not require knowledge of the Stern-Volmer constant. Similar relationships are also derived for sensitizer delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence. An explicit photodynamic therapy (PDT) dose metric that incorporates light dosimetry, sensitizer dosimetry, and triplet quenching efficiency is introduced. All components of this metric can be determined by optical measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Weston
- Juravinski Cancer Centre, Physics Research, 699 Concession St., Hamilton, Ontario, L8V 5C2, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mitra P, Banerjee M, Biswas S, Basu S. Protein interactions of Merocyanine 540: Spectroscopic and crystallographic studies with lysozyme as a model protein. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 121:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
33
|
Comparison of the influence of photodynamic reaction on the Me45 and MEWO cell lines in vitro. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2012; 16:240-3. [PMID: 23788887 PMCID: PMC3687420 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2012.29292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved, minimally invasive and highly selective therapeutic approach to a variety of tumors. It is based on specific photosensitizer accumulation in the tumor tissue, followed by irradiation with visible light. The photochemical interactions of the photosensitizer, light and molecular oxygen produce singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen forms. The imbalance between ROS generation and antioxidant capacity of the body gives rise to oxidative stress in the cell, which initiates cell death in PDT. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of photodynamic reactions in human melanoma cell lines. Material and methods Photofrin® (Ph) was used for the photodynamic reaction in vitro as a photosensitizer. The primary cell line was MEWO cell line (granular fibroblasts), derived from a human melanoma. As a recurrent cell line we used Me45 cell line, derived from a lymph node metastasis of skin melanoma. We compared cell viability (MTT assay) to determine the effectiveness of applied therapy. The intracellular distribution of photosensitizer (Photofrin) and localization of mitochondria (Mito-Tracker Green) were detected by confocal microscopy. Results We observed that Me45 and MEWO cell viability was dependent on the time of incubation after irradiation. In the recurrent cell line Ph accumulated mainly in the mitochondrial membranes and in MEWO cells also in the cytoplasm. The primary melanoma cell line exhibited significantly reduced cellular proliferation (below 50%) after photodynamic reaction with Ph. Conclusions The applied photodynamic reaction was more effective in primary melanoma cells. Additionally, mitochondrial localization of Ph can lead to disturbances of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and finally to release of apoptotic proteins.
Collapse
|
34
|
Weiss A, den Bergh HV, Griffioen AW, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Angiogenesis inhibition for the improvement of photodynamic therapy: the revival of a promising idea. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:53-70. [PMID: 22465396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive form of treatment, which is clinically approved for the treatment of angiogenic disorders, including certain forms of cancer and neovascular eye diseases. Although the concept of PDT has existed for a long time now, it has never made a solid entrance into the clinical management of cancer. This is likely due to secondary tissue reactions, such as inflammation and neoangiogenesis. The recent development of clinically effective angiogenesis inhibitors has lead to the initiation of research on the combination of PDT with such angiostatic targeted therapies. Preclinical studies in this research field have shown promising results, causing a revival in the field of PDT. This review reports on the current research efforts on PDT and vascular targeted combination therapies. Different combination strategies with angiogenesis inhibition and vascular targeting approaches are discussed. In addition, the concept of increasing PDT selectivity by targeted delivery of photosensitizers is presented. Furthermore, the current insights on sequencing the therapy arms of such combinations will be discussed in light of vascular normalization induced by angiogenesis inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weiss
- Medical Photonics Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kulbacka J, Pola A, Mosiadz D, Choromanska A, Nowak P, Kotulska M, Majkowski M, Hryniewicz-Jankowska A, Purzyc L, Saczko J. Cyanines as efficient photosensitizers in photodynamic reaction: photophysical properties and in vitro photodynamic activity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2011; 76:473-9. [PMID: 21585324 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to explore the potential application of cyanines in photodynamic treatment. The photophysical features of four cyanines (KF570, HM118, FBF-749, and ER-139) were investigated by elemental and spectral analyses. Two malignant cell lines (MCF-7/WT and MCF-7/DOX) were used to test the potential for use in the photodynamic therapy. The cytotoxic effects of these dyes were determined by the MTT assay after 4 and 24 h of incubation with the cyanine. KF570 and HM118 were irradiated with red light (630-nm filter) and FBF-749 and ER-139 with green light (435-nm filter). The results showed that the cyanine HM118 demonstrated a major phototoxic effect. It was also noted that the efficiency of photodynamic therapy was higher in the doxorubicin-resistant cell line (MCF-7/DOX).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kulbacka
- Medical University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dąbrowski JM, Krzykawska M, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Monteiro CJP, Simões S, Urbańska K, Stochel G. Tissue Uptake Study and Photodynamic Therapy of Melanoma-Bearing Mice with a Nontoxic, Effective Chlorin. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1715-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
37
|
Dąbrowski JM, Urbanska K, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Abreu AR, Simões S, Stochel G. Biodistribution and photodynamic efficacy of a water-soluble, stable, halogenated bacteriochlorin against melanoma. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:465-75. [PMID: 21265022 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro phototoxicity of a photostable, synthetic, water-soluble, halogenated bacteriochlorin, 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-chloro-5-sulfophenyl)bacteriochlorin (TCPBSO3H), toward mouse melanoma (S91) cells is ∼60-fold higher than that of the analogous porphyrin, and is associated with very weak toxicity in the dark; 90% of S91 cells were killed in response to a light dose of 0.26 J cm(-2) in the presence of [TCPBSO3H]=5 μM. In vivo toxicity toward DBA mice is very low, even at doses of 20 mg kg(-1). In vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of TCPBSO3H were studied in DBA mice with S91 tumors; 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg kg(-1), TCPBSO3H demonstrated preferential accumulation in S91 mouse melanoma, with tumor-to-normal tissue ratios of 3 and 5 for muscle and skin, respectively. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) performed under these conditions, with 90 mW cm(-2) diode laser irradiation at λ 750 nm for 20 min (total light dose of 108 J cm(-2)), resulted in tumor regression. Tumor recurrence was observed only approximately two months after treatment, confirming the efficacy of this PDT against melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janusz M Dąbrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dabrowski JM, Arnaut LG, Pereira MM, Monteiro CJP, Urbańska K, Simões S, Stochel G. New halogenated water-soluble chlorin and bacteriochlorin as photostable PDT sensitizers: synthesis, spectroscopy, photophysics, and in vitro photosensitizing efficacy. ChemMedChem 2011; 5:1770-80. [PMID: 20715283 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chlorin and bacteriochlorin derivatives of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2-chloro-5-sulfophenyl)porphyrin have intense absorptions in the phototherapeutic window, high water solubility, high photostability, low fluorescence quantum yield, long triplet lifetimes, and high singlet oxygen quantum yields. Biological studies revealed their negligible dark cytotoxicity, yet significant photodynamic effect against A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), MCF7 (human breast carcinoma) and SK-MEL-188 (human melanoma) cell lines upon red light irradiation (cutoff λ<600 nm) at low light doses. Time-dependent cellular accumulation of the chlorinated sulfonated chlorin reached a plateau at 2 h, as previously observed for the related porphyrin. However, the optimal incubation time for the bacteriochlorin derivative was significantly longer (12 h). The spectroscopic, photophysical, and biological properties of the compounds are discussed in relevance to their PDT activity, leading to the conclusion that the bacteriochlorin derivative is a promising candidate for future in vivo experiments.
Collapse
|
39
|
Design of porphyrin-based photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385904-4.00006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
40
|
Combating melanoma: the use of photodynamic therapy as a novel, adjuvant therapeutic tool. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 37:465-75. [PMID: 21168280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic malignant melanoma remains one of the most dreaded skin cancers worldwide. Numerous factors contribute to its resistance to hosts of treatment regimes and despite significant scientific advances over the last decade in the field of chemotherapeutics and melanocytic targets, there still remains the need for improved therapeutic modalities. Photodynamic therapy, a minimally invasive therapeutic modality has been shown to be effective in a number of oncologic and non-oncologic conditions. Using second-generation stable, lipophilic photosensitizers with optimised wavelengths, PDT may be a promising tool for adjuvant therapy in combating melanoma. Potential targets for PDT in melanoma eradication include cell proliferation inhibition, activation of cell death and reduction in pro-survival autophagy and a decrease in the cellular melanocytic antioxidant system. This review highlights the current knowledge with respect to these characteristics and suggests that PDT be considered as a good candidate for adjuvant treatment in post-resected malignant metastatic melanoma. Furthermore, it suggests that primary consideration must be given to organelle-specific destruction in melanoma specifically targeting the melanosomes - the one organelle that is specific to cells of the melanocytic lineage that houses the toxic compound, melanin. We believe that using this combined knowledge may eventually lead to an effective therapeutic tool to combat this highly intractable disease.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
This article is a highlight of the paper by Jarvi et al. in this issue of Photochemistry and Photobiology as well as a brief overview of the state of the field of singlet-oxygen ((1) O(2) ) detection in vivo. The in vivo detection of (1) O(2) using its characteristic 1270 nm phosphorescence is technically challenging. Nevertheless, substantial progress has been made in this area. Major advances have included the commercial development of photomultiplier tubes sensitive to 1270 nm light, techniques for spatially resolving the location of (1) O(2) at a subcellular level and more complex mathematical models for interpreting the kinetics of (1) O(2) emission from living cells. It is now recognized that oxygen consumption, photosensitizer bleaching, oxidation of biological molecules and diffusion of (1) O(2) can significantly change the kinetics of (1) O(2) emission from living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Kanofsky
- Medicine and Neurology Service Line, Edward Hines Jr., Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nowak-Sliwinska P, van Beijnum JR, van Berkel M, van den Bergh H, Griffioen AW. Vascular regrowth following photodynamic therapy in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:281-92. [PMID: 20842454 PMCID: PMC2980622 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces damage to the endothelium, which can lead to increased vascular permeability and, under intensive PDT conditions, even to platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and blood flow stasis. Eventually, ischemia, hypoxia, and inflammation can occur, resulting in angiogenesis. We studied the sequence of the vascular events after Visudyne®-PDT in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) at day 11 of development. Using epi-fluorescence microscopy, we monitored the regrowth of capillaries in the PDT treated area. Immediately after irradiation, the treatment resulted in blood flow arrest. And 24 h post PDT, sprouting of new blood vessels was observed at the edge of the PDT zone. Neovessels looping out from the edge of the PDT zone gave rise to specialized endothelial tip structures guiding the vessels towards the center of the treated area. At 48 h almost all of the treated area was repopulated with functional but morphologically altered vasculature. These observations also showed reperfusion of some of the vessels that had been closed by the PDT treatment. CAM samples were immunohistochemically stained for Ki-67 showing proliferation of endothelial cells in the PDT area. Also, several markers of immature and angiogenic blood vessels, such as αVβ3-integrin, vimentin and galectin-1, were found to be enhanced in the PDT area, while the endothelial maturation marker intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was found to be suppressed. These results demonstrate that the new vascular bed is formed by both neo-angiogenesis and reperfusion of existing vessels. Both the quantitative real-time RT–PCR profile and the response to pharmacological treatment with Avastin®, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, suggest that angiogenesis occurs after PDT. The observed molecular profiling results and the kinetics of gene regulation may enable optimizing combination therapies involving PDT for treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Medical Photonics Group, Institute of Bioengineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Station 6, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Alarcón E, Aspée A, González-Béjar M, Edwards AM, Lissi E, Scaiano JC. Photobehavior of merocyanine 540 bound to human serum albumin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:861-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
44
|
Khurana M, Moriyama EH, Mariampillai A, Samkoe K, Cramb D, Wilson BC. Drug and light dose responses to focal photodynamic therapy of single blood vessels in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:064006. [PMID: 20059244 DOI: 10.1117/1.3262521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As part of an ongoing program to develop two-photon (2-gamma) photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treatment of wet-form age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other vascular pathologies, we have evaluated the reciprocity of drug-light doses in focal-PDT. We targeted individual arteries in a murine window chamber model, using primarily the clinical photosensitizer Visudyne/liposomal-verteporfin. Shortly after administration of the photosensitizer, a small region including an arteriole was selected and irradiated with varying light doses. Targeted and nearby vessels were observed for a maximum of 17 to 25 h to assess vascular shutdown, tapering, and dye leakage/occlusion. For a given end-point metric, there was reciprocity between the drug and light doses, i.e., the response correlated with the drug-light product (DLP). These results provide the first quantification of photosensitizer and light dose relationships for localized irradiation of a single blood vessel and are compared to the DLP required for vessel closure between 1-gamma and 2-gamma activation, between focal and broad-beam irradiation, and between verteporfin and a porphyrin dimer with high 2-gamma cross section. Demonstration of reciprocity over a wide range of DLP is important for further development of focal PDT treatments, such as the targeting of feeder vessels in 2-gamma PDT of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Khurana
- University of Toronto, Division of Biophysics and Bioimaging, Department of Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G2M9, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wei Y, Kong B, Song K, Qu X, Jin Q, Yang Q. Involvement of mitochondria-caspase pathway in Hemoporfin-mediated cell death. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 83:1319-24. [PMID: 18028204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hemoporfin is a novel second-generation porphyrin-related photosensitizer for ovarian cancer photodynamic treatment (PDT). The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Hemoporfin-mediated photocytotoxicity. Human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line 3AO was incubated with different concentrations of Hemoporfin, and phototoxic effects of Hemoporfin on cells were determined using a Cell Viability Analyzer. Apoptosis or necrosis was determined by flow cytometry analysis using the Annexin V-FITC apoptosis kit. Cellular caspase activation was determined using the fluorescent assay kit for caspase-3 and caspase-9. Rhodamine123 was used as a mitochondrial probe and Lucifer Yellow as a lysosomal probe to investigate the intracellular localization of Hemoporfin in 3AO cancer cells. We demonstrated that both high-dose (30 microg mL(-1)) and low-dose (3 microg mL(-1)) Hemoporfin significantly reduced the viability of ovarian cancer cell 3AO with light illumination, and the photocytotoxicity was dose-dependent (P < 0.01). Using a mitochondrial fluorescence probe, we demonstrated a distinct mitochondrial aggregation in 3AO cells with a low concentration of Hemoporfin. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was detected as early as 1 h after Hemoporfin-mediated PDT. PDT with low-dose Hemoporfin predominantly induced apoptosis but not necrosis, and both caspase-3 and caspase-9 were activated. Based on our results, mitochondria play an important role in the Hemoporfin-induced apoptosis, and mitochondria membrane potential loss initiated apoptosis via the activation of caspases. Understanding the mechanisms involved in PDT-mediated apoptosis may improve its therapeutic efficacy and facilitate its transition into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|