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Iessi E, Marconi M, Manganelli V, Sorice M, Malorni W, Garofalo T, Matarrese P. On the role of sphingolipids in cell survival and death. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 351:149-195. [PMID: 32247579 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, universal components of biological membranes of all eukaryotic organisms, from yeasts to mammals, in addition of playing a structural role, also play an important part of signal transduction pathways. They participate or, also, ignite several fundamental subcellular signaling processes but, more in general, they directly contribute to key biological activities such as cell motility, growth, senescence, differentiation as well as cell fate, i.e., survival or death. The sphingolipid metabolic pathway displays an intricate network of reactions that result in the formation of multiple sphingolipids, including ceramide, and sphingosine-1-phosphate. Different sphingolipids, that have key roles in determining cell fate, can induce opposite effects: as a general rule, sphingosine-1-phosphate promotes cell survival and differentiation, whereas ceramide is known to induce apoptosis. Furthermore, together with cholesterol, sphingolipids also represent the basic lipid component of lipid rafts, cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains directly involved in cell death and survival processes. In this review, we briefly describe the characteristics of sphingolipids and lipid membrane microdomains. In particular, we will consider the involvement of various sphingolipids per se and of lipid rafts in apoptotic pathway, both intrinsic and extrinsic, in nonapoptotic cell death, in autophagy, and in cell differentiation. In addition, their roles in the most common physiological and pathological contexts either as pathogenetic elements or as biomarkers of diseases will be considered. We would also hint how the manipulation of sphingolipid metabolism could represent a potential therapeutic target to be investigated and functionally validated especially for those diseases for which therapeutic options are limited or ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Iessi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Marconi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Wu X, Tian X, Chen T, Zeng A, Yang G. Inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum selenide with good biocompatibility synthesized by laser ablation in liquids. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:295604. [PMID: 29715197 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac1b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of inorganic fullerene-like nanoparticles (IFNPs) is an attractive idea due to their unique structures and various potential applications. To date, IFNPs have been made from numerous compounds with layered two-dimensional structures, based on various synthetic methods. Here we have demonstrated for the first time that inorganic fullerene-like molybdenum selenide nanoparticles (MoSe2 IFNPs) can be synthesized by laser ablating a molybdenum selenide target in 30 vol % ethanol/water mixture at ambient temperature and pressure. The formation mechanism was proposed to elucidate the production of MoSe2 IFNPs in the process of laser ablation in liquids (LAL). The appropriate solvent facilitates the condensation of the plasma plume created by LAL to planar MoSe2. Then, laser-induced high temperature and high pressure lead to the formation of a vacancy in the planar MoSe2, causing the generation of nucleation and growth of the MoSe2 IFNPs. In addition, a CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assay and a cell viability assay were performed to examine the cytotoxic behavior and the effect on cell viability of MoSe2 IFNPs. The results show that MoSe2 IFNPs are reasonably nontoxic and biocompatible with the given cells, showing they have significant potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Zhang TL, Wan XR, Wu R, Wang C. Effects of PrP C on DF-1 cells' biological processes and RNA-seq-based analysis of differential genes. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6671-6682. [PMID: 29319183 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the effects of PrPC on cells' biological processes and on gene expression. We established stable DF-1 (PrPC -knockdown (KD)) cells, and combined with DF-1 (wt) and DF-1 (PrPC -overexpression (OE)) cells that we previously established we studied the effects of chicken PrPC (PrPC ) on DF-1 cells' processes. Then by using high throughput sequencing technology (HTS) and bioinformatics, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these cells. The results show that compared with DF-1 (wt) and DF-1 (PrPC -scramble), DF-1 (PrPC -KD) are significantly decreased in adhesion, proliferation, formation rate of colony and cells number of colony, scratch wound healing rate, cells number of invasion and migration, S phase cell populations, but the apoptosis rate and G1 phase cell populations are significantly increased. Conversely, all of these features in DF-1 (PrPC -OE) are opposite. In addition, compared with DF-1 (wt), we found that there are totally 1055 DE genes between DF-1 (PrPC -KD) and DF-1 (PrPC -OE) cells. After Go and pathway enrichment analysis, we know that these DEGs are significantly enriched in cell, cell part, cellular process, and metabolic pathway. In short, we found that PrPC can promote DF-1 cells' processes except apoptosis. Furthermore, PrPC involves in the focal adhesion, cancer, ribosome, metabolic pathways, and so forth, and the overexpression of PrPC can promote the pathway of amoebiasis, but its down-regulation can promote the pathway of serotonergic synapse. However, the details are keeping unknown and that would be our next research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Liang Zhang
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue-Rui Wan
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Run Wu
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Abstract
Several studies have indicated that certain misfolded amyloids composed of tau, β-amyloid or α-synuclein can be transferred from cell to cell, suggesting the contribution of mechanisms reminiscent of those by which infective prions spread through the brain. This process of a 'prion-like' spreading between cells is also relevant as a novel putative therapeutic target that could block the spreading of proteinaceous aggregates throughout the brain which may underlie the progressive nature of neurodegenerative diseases. The relevance of β-amyloid oligomers and cellular prion protein (PrPC) binding has been a focus of interest in Alzheimer's disease (AD). At the molecular level, β-amyloid/PrPC interaction takes place in two differently charged clusters of PrPC. In addition to β-amyloid, participation of PrPC in α-synuclein binding and brain spreading also appears to be relevant in α-synucleopathies. This review summarizes current knowledge about PrPC as a putative receptor for amyloid proteins and the physiological consequences of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain; Senior Consultant Neuropathology, Service of Pathology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Wan X, Yang R, Liu G, Zhu M, Zhang T, Liu L, Wu R. Downregulation of cellular prion protein inhibited the proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis of Marek's disease virus-transformed avian T cells. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:171-8. [PMID: 26243599 PMCID: PMC4921665 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.2.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is ubiquitously expressed in the cytomembrane of a considerable number of eukaryotic cells. Although several studies have investigated the functions of PrP(C) in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and tumorigenesis of mammals, the correlated functions of chicken PrP(C) (chPrP(C)) remain unknown. In this study, stable chPrP(C)-downregulated Marek's disease (MD) virus-transformed avian T cells (MSB1-SiRNA-3) were established by introducing short interfering RNA (SiRNA) targeting chicken prion protein genes. We found that downregulation of chPrP(C) inhibits proliferation, invasion, and migration, and induces G1 cell cycle phase arrest and apoptosis of MSB1-SiRNA-3 cells compared with Marek's disease virus-transformed avian T cells (MSB1) and negative control cells. To the best of our knowledge, the present study provides the first evidence supporting the positive correlation between the expression level of chPrP(C) and the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of MSB1 cells, but appears to protect MSB1 cells from apoptosis, which suggests it functions in the formation and development of MD tumors. This evidence may contribute to future research into the specific molecular mechanisms of chPrP(C) in the formation and development of MD tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Wan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Runxia Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Guilin Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Manling Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Run Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Linden R. The Biological Function of the Prion Protein: A Cell Surface Scaffold of Signaling Modules. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:77. [PMID: 28373833 PMCID: PMC5357658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion glycoprotein (PrPC) is mostly located at the cell surface, tethered to the plasma membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatydil inositol (GPI) anchor. Misfolding of PrPC is associated with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), whereas its normal conformer serves as a receptor for oligomers of the β-amyloid peptide, which play a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). PrPC is highly expressed in both the nervous and immune systems, as well as in other organs, but its functions are controversial. Extensive experimental work disclosed multiple physiological roles of PrPC at the molecular, cellular and systemic levels, affecting the homeostasis of copper, neuroprotection, stem cell renewal and memory mechanisms, among others. Often each such process has been heralded as the bona fide function of PrPC, despite restricted attention paid to a selected phenotypic trait, associated with either modulation of gene expression or to the engagement of PrPC with a single ligand. In contrast, the GPI-anchored prion protein was shown to bind several extracellular and transmembrane ligands, which are required to endow that protein with the ability to play various roles in transmembrane signal transduction. In addition, differing sets of those ligands are available in cell type- and context-dependent scenarios. To account for such properties, we proposed that PrPC serves as a dynamic platform for the assembly of signaling modules at the cell surface, with widespread consequences for both physiology and behavior. The current review advances the hypothesis that the biological function of the prion protein is that of a cell surface scaffold protein, based on the striking similarities of its functional properties with those of scaffold proteins involved in the organization of intracellular signal transduction pathways. Those properties are: the ability to recruit spatially restricted sets of binding molecules involved in specific signaling; mediation of the crosstalk of signaling pathways; reciprocal allosteric regulation with binding partners; compartmentalized responses; dependence of signaling properties upon posttranslational modification; and stoichiometric requirements and/or oligomerization-dependent impact on signaling. The scaffold concept may contribute to novel approaches to the development of effective treatments to hitherto incurable neurodegenerative diseases, through informed modulation of prion protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Neurogenesis, Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zafar S, Behrens C, Dihazi H, Schmitz M, Zerr I, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Ramljak S, Asif AR. Cellular prion protein mediates early apoptotic proteome alternation and phospho-modification in human neuroblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2557. [PMID: 28102851 PMCID: PMC5386350 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic properties of physiological and elevated levels of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) under stress conditions are well documented. Yet, detrimental effects of elevated PrPc levels under stress conditions, such as exposure to staurosporine (STS) have also been described. In the present study, we focused on discerning early apoptotic STS-induced proteome and phospho-proteome changes in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells stably transfected either with an empty or PRNP-containing vector, expressing physiological or supraphysiological levels of PrPc, respectively. PrPc-overexpression per se appears to stress the cells under STS-free conditions as indicated by diminished cell viability of PrPc-overexpressing versus control cells. However, PrPc-overexpression becomes advantageous following exposure to STS. Thus, only a short exposure (2 h) to 1 μM STS results in lower survival rates and significantly higher caspase-3 activity in control versus PrPc-overexpressing cells. Hence, by exposing both experimental groups to the same apoptotic conditions we were able to induce apoptosis in control, but not in PrPc-overexpressing cells (as assessed by caspase-3 activity), which allowed for filtering out proteins possibly contributing to protection against STS-induced apoptosis in PrPc-overexpressing cells. Among other proteins regulated by different PrPc levels following exposure to STS, those involved in maintenance of cytoskeleton integrity caught our attention. In particular, the finding that elevated PrPc levels significantly reduce profilin-1 (PFN-1) expression. PFN-1 is known to facilitate STS-induced apoptosis. Silencing of PFN-1 expression by siRNA significantly increased viability of PrPc-overexpressing versus control cells, under STS treatment. In addition, PrPc-overexpressing cells depleted of PFN-1 exhibited increased viability versus PrPc-overexpressing cells with preserved PFN-1 expression, both subjected to STS. Concomitant increase in caspase-3 activity was observed in control versus PrPc-overexpressing cells after treatment with siRNA- PFN-1 and STS. We suggest that reduction of PFN-1 expression by elevated levels of PrPc may contribute to protective effects PrPc-overexpressing SH-SY5Y cells confer against STS-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Christina Behrens
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Hassan Dihazi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August University, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, Goettingen 37075, Germany
| | | | | | - Abdul R Asif
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry / UMG-Laboratories, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
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8
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Do prion protein gene polymorphisms induce apoptosis in non-mammals? J Biosci 2016; 41:97-107. [PMID: 26949092 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in prion protein coding gene, Prnp, greatly affect susceptibility to prion diseases in mammals. Here, the coding region of Prnp was screened for polymorphisms in redeared turtle, Trachemys scripta. Four polymorphisms, L203V, N205I, V225A and M237V, were common in 15 out of 30 turtles; in one sample, three SNPs, L203V, N205I and M237V, and in the remaining 14 samples, only L203V and N205I polymorphisms, were investigated. Besides, C658T, C664T, C670A and C823A SNPs were silent mutations. To elucidate the relationship between the SNPs and apoptosis, TUNEL assays and active caspase-3 immunodetection techniques in brain sections of the polymorphic samples were performed. The results revealed that TUNEL-positive cells and active caspase-3-positive cells in the turtles with four polymorphisms were significantly increased compared with those of the turtles with two polymorphisms (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, this study provides preliminary information about the possible relationship between SNPs within the Prnp locus and apoptosis in a non-mammalian species, Trachemys scripta, in which prion disease has never been reported.
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Garofalo T, Manganelli V, Grasso M, Mattei V, Ferri A, Misasi R, Sorice M. Role of mitochondrial raft-like microdomains in the regulation of cell apoptosis. Apoptosis 2015; 20:621-34. [PMID: 25652700 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are envisaged as lateral assemblies of specific lipids and proteins that dissociate and associate rapidly and form functional clusters in cell membranes. These structural platforms are not confined to the plasma membrane; indeed lipid microdomains are similarly formed at subcellular organelles, which include endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi and mitochondria, named raft-like microdomains. In addition, some components of raft-like microdomains are present within ER-mitochondria associated membranes. This review is focused on the role of mitochondrial raft-like microdomains in the regulation of cell apoptosis, since these microdomains may represent preferential sites where key reactions take place, regulating mitochondria hyperpolarization, fission-associated changes, megapore formation and release of apoptogenic factors. These structural platforms appear to modulate cytoplasmic pathways switching cell fate towards cell survival or death. Main insights on this issue derive from some pathological conditions in which alterations of microdomains structure or function can lead to severe alterations of cell activity and life span. In the light of the role played by raft-like microdomains to integrate apoptotic signals and in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, it is conceivable that these membrane structures may play a role in the mitochondrial alterations observed in some of the most common human neurodegenerative diseases, such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's chorea and prion-related diseases. These findings introduce an additional task for identifying new molecular target(s) of pharmacological agents in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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10
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Probe staurosporine drug binding site on protein kinase by PFSC. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-3550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Maeng HJ, Kim ES, Chough C, Joung M, Lim JW, Shim CK, Shim WS. Addition of amino acid moieties to lapatinib increases the anti-cancer effect via amino acid transporters. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 35:60-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy; Inje University; 607 Obang-dong Gimhae Gyeongnam South Korea
| | - Eun-Seo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Chieyeon Chough
- Research and Development Center; Yangji Chemical Co. Ltd; Suwon 443-766 Korea
| | - Misuk Joung
- Research and Development Center; Yangji Chemical Co. Ltd; Suwon 443-766 Korea
| | - Jee Woong Lim
- Research and Development Center; Yangji Chemical Co. Ltd; Suwon 443-766 Korea
| | - Chang-Koo Shim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy; Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Won-Sik Shim
- College of Pharmacy; Gachon University; Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 406-799 Korea
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Liang J, Wang W, Sorensen D, Medina S, Ilchenko S, Kiselar J, Surewicz WK, Booth SA, Kong Q. Cellular prion protein regulates its own α-cleavage through ADAM8 in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16510-20. [PMID: 22447932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.360891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is subjected to the physiological α-cleavage at a region critical for both PrP toxicity and the conversion of PrP(C) to its pathogenic prion form (PrP(Sc)), generating the C1 and N1 fragments. The C1 fragment can activate caspase 3 while the N1 fragment is neuroprotective. Recent articles indicate that ADAM10, ADAM17, and ADAM9 may not play a prominent role in the α-cleavage of PrP(C) as previously thought, raising questions on the identity of the responsible protease(s). Here we show that, ADAM8 can directly cleave PrP to generate C1 in vitro and PrP C1/full-length ratio is greatly decreased in the skeletal muscles of ADAM8 knock-out mice; in addition, the PrP C1/full-length ratio is linearly correlated with ADAM8 protein level in myoblast cell line C2C12 and in skeletal muscle tissues of transgenic mice. These results indicate that ADAM8 is the primary protease responsible for the α-cleavage of PrP(C) in muscle cells. Moreover, we found that overexpression of PrP(C) led to up-regulation of ADAM8, suggesting that PrP(C) may regulate its own α-cleavage through modulating ADAM8 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Santos TG, Silva IR, Costa-Silva B, Lepique AP, Martins VR, Lopes MH. Enhanced neural progenitor/stem cells self-renewal via the interaction of stress-inducible protein 1 with the prion protein. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1126-36. [PMID: 21608082 DOI: 10.1002/stem.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP(C) ), when associated with the secreted form of the stress-inducible protein 1 (STI1), plays an important role in neural survival, neuritogenesis, and memory formation. However, the role of the PrP(C) -STI1 complex in the physiology of neural progenitor/stem cells is unknown. In this article, we observed that neurospheres cultured from fetal forebrain of wild-type (Prnp(+/+) ) and PrP(C) -null (Prnp(0/0) ) mice were maintained for several passages without the loss of self-renewal or multipotentiality, as assessed by their continued capacity to generate neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The homogeneous expression and colocalization of STI1 and PrP(C) suggest that they may associate and function as a complex in neurosphere-derived stem cells. The formation of neurospheres from Prnp(0/0) mice was reduced significantly when compared with their wild-type counterparts. In addition, blockade of secreted STI1, and its cell surface ligand, PrP(C) , with specific antibodies, impaired Prnp(+/+) neurosphere formation without further impairing the formation of Prnp(0/0) neurospheres. Alternatively, neurosphere formation was enhanced by recombinant STI1 application in cells expressing PrP(C) but not in cells from Prnp(0/0) mice. The STI1-PrP(C) interaction was able to stimulate cell proliferation in the neurosphere-forming assay, while no effect on cell survival or the expression of neural markers was observed. These data suggest that the STI1-PrP(C) complex may play a critical role in neural progenitor/stem cells self-renewal via the modulation of cell proliferation, leading to the control of the stemness capacity of these cells during nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago G Santos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, International Center for Research and Education, Antonio Prudente Foundation, A. C. Camargo Hospital and National Institute for Translational Neuroscience (CNPq/MCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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Mattei V, Matarrese P, Garofalo T, Tinari A, Gambardella L, Ciarlo L, Manganelli V, Tasciotti V, Misasi R, Malorni W, Sorice M. Recruitment of cellular prion protein to mitochondrial raft-like microdomains contributes to apoptosis execution. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4842-53. [PMID: 22031292 PMCID: PMC3237627 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-04-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PrPC is identified as a new component of mitochondrial raft-like microdomains in T cells undergoing CD95/Fas–mediated apoptosis, and microtubular network integrity and function could play a role in the redistribution of PrPC from the plasma membrane to the mitochondria. We examined the possibility that cellular prion protein (PrPC) plays a role in the receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway. We first found that CD95/Fas triggering induced a redistribution of PrPC to the mitochondria of T lymphoblastoid CEM cells via a mechanism that brings into play microtubular network integrity and function. In particular, we demonstrated that PrPC was redistributed to raft-like microdomains at the mitochondrial membrane, as well as at endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria–associated membranes. Our in vitro experiments also demonstrated that, although PrPC had such an effect on mitochondria, it induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome c release only after a contained rise of calcium concentration. Finally, the involvement of PrPC in apoptosis execution was also analyzed in PrPC-small interfering RNA–transfected cells, which were found to be significantly less susceptible to CD95/Fas–induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that PrPC might play a role in the complex multimolecular signaling associated with CD95/Fas receptor–mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mattei
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Environmental Pathology, Sabina Universitas, 02100 Rieti, Italy
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15
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Zheng Y, He J, Hong T. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease in body fluids. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:490-6. [PMID: 20596916 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Various innovative diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed in view of the increasing prevalence and consequences of later-life dementia. Biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood for AD are primarily based on the detection of components derived from amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Published reports on CSF and blood biomarkers in AD indicate that although biomarkers in body fluids may be utilized in the clinical diagnosis of AD, there are no specific markers that permit accurate and reliable diagnosis of early-stage AD or the monitoring of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanPeng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Guillot-Sestier MV, Sunyach C, Druon C, Scarzello S, Checler F. The alpha-secretase-derived N-terminal product of cellular prion, N1, displays neuroprotective function in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2010; 284:35973-86. [PMID: 19850936 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) undergoes a disintegrin-mediated physiological cleavage, generating a soluble amino-terminal fragment (N1), the function of which remained unknown. Recombinant N1 inhibits staurosporine-induced caspase-3 activation by modulating p53 transcription and activity, whereas the PrP(c)-derived pathological fragment (N2) remains biologically inert. Furthermore, N1 protects retinal ganglion cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis, reduces the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling-positive and p53-immunoreactive neurons in a pressure-induced ischemia model of the rat retina and triggers a partial recovery of b-waves but not a-waves of rat electroretinograms. Our work is the first demonstration that the alpha-secretase-derived PrP(c) fragment N1, but not N2, displays in vivo and in vitro neuroprotective function by modulating p53 pathway. It further demonstrates that distinct N-terminal cleavage products of PrP(c) harbor different biological activities underlying the various phenotypes linking PrP(c) to cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Victoire Guillot-Sestier
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire and Institut de Neuromédecine Moléculaire, UMR6097 CNRS/UNSA, Equipe Labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Qin K, Zhao L, Ash RD, McDonough WF, Zhao RY. ATM-mediated Transcriptional Elevation of Prion in Response to Copper-induced Oxidative Stress. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:4582-93. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808410200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Gougoumas DD, Vizirianakis IS, Triviai IN, Tsiftsoglou AS. Activation of Prn-p gene and stable transfection of Prn-p cDNA in leukemia MEL and neuroblastoma N2a cells increased production of PrP(C) but not prevented DNA fragmentation initiated by serum deprivation. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:551-9. [PMID: 17186498 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP(C)) via its isoform PrP(SC) is involved in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). We observed that murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells arrested in phase G(1) undergo transcriptional activation of Prn-p gene. Here, we explored the potential role of activation of Prn-p gene and cytosolic accumulation of PrP(C) in growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptotic DNA fragmentation by stably transfecting MEL and N2a cells with Prn-p cDNA. Stably transfected MEL cells (clones # 6, 12, 20, 38, and 42) were assessed for growth and differentiation, while clones N2a13 and N2a8 of N2a cells for growth and apoptosis by flow cytometry using Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI). Our results indicate that (a) Induction of terminal differentiation of stably transfected MEL cells led to growth arrest, activation of Prn-p gene, concomitant expression of transfected Prn-p cDNA, suppression of bax gene, cytosolic accumulation of PrP(C), and DNA fragmentation. The latter was also induced in non-differentiated MEL cells growing under serum-free conditions; (b) similarly, serum deprivation promoted growth arrest, apoptosis/necrosis associated with DNA fragmentation in parental N2a and N2a13 cells that produced relative high level of PrP(C) and not PrP(SC). These data indicate that activation of Prn-p gene and expression of transfected Prn-p cDNA in cells of both hematopoietic and neuronal origin occurred concomitantly, and led to cytosolic accumulation of PrP(C) and DNA damage induced by serum deprivation. PrP(C) production failed to protect DNA fragmentation induced by serum deprivation. The question how does PrP(C) contribute to growth arrest and DNA fragmentation is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Culture Media, Serum-Free/metabolism
- Cytosol/metabolism
- DNA Fragmentation
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/physiopathology
- Mice
- Neuroblastoma/genetics
- Neuroblastoma/metabolism
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/physiopathology
- PrPC Proteins/biosynthesis
- Prion Proteins
- Prions/biosynthesis
- Prions/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Time Factors
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/genetics
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios D Gougoumas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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