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Demir E, Moravčíková N, Kaya S, Kasarda R, Bilginer Ü, Doğru H, Balcıoğlu MS, Karslı T. Genome-wide screening for selection signatures in native and cosmopolitan cattle breeds reared in Türkiye. Anim Genet 2023; 54:721-730. [PMID: 37789609 DOI: 10.1111/age.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Via long-term natural and artificial selection pressure, homozygosity may extend across the genome, leaving genomic patterns called selection signatures. This study is the first attempt to assess genome-wide selection signatures in six native Turkish and two cosmopolitan cattle breeds by 211.119 bi-allelic SNPs recovered using the double digest restriction associated DNA sequencing method. The integrated haplotype score (iHS) statistic was utilised to reveal selection signatures within populations, whereas the cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) and fixation index (FST ) approaches were preferred to reveal differently fixed genomic regions between native Turkish and cosmopolitan cattle breeds. Selection signatures in 142 genomic regions containing 305 genes were detected within eight cattle breeds by iHS statistics. The XP-EHH and FST approaches revealed that 197 and 114 SNPs were under selection pressure, respectively, which overlapped with 144 and 190 genes, respectively. A total of 18 genes were detected by at least two approaches. Six genes related to disease resistance (TTP2), meat yield (DIAPH3 and METTL21C), meat quality (ZNF24 and ZNF397) and first calving interval (ZSCAN30) turned out to be differently fixed between native Turkish and cosmopolitan cattle breeds, as they were identified by both XP-EHH and FST approaches. In addition, the iHS approach revealed that eight genes associated with visual modality (LSGN), olfaction (MOXD2, OR4C1F and OR4C1F), and immune response (TRBV3-1 and CLDN10) were under selection pressure in both native and cosmopolitan cattle breeds. Owing to their being significantly related to survival traits, these regions may have played a key role in cattle genome evolution. Future studies utilising denser genetic data are required to obtain deeper knowledge on effects of natural and artificial selection in Anatolian cattle breeds. © 2023 Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eymen Demir
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Nina Moravčíková
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Sarp Kaya
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Burdur Health Services, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Türkiye
| | - Radovan Kasarda
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Ümit Bilginer
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Huriye Doğru
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Burdur Health Services, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Türkiye
| | - Murat Soner Balcıoğlu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Türkiye
| | - Taki Karslı
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye
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Jing Y, Jiang X, Ji Q, Wu Z, Wang W, Liu Z, Guillen-Garcia P, Esteban CR, Reddy P, Horvath S, Li J, Geng L, Hu Q, Wang S, Belmonte JCI, Ren J, Zhang W, Qu J, Liu GH. Genome-wide CRISPR activation screening in senescent cells reveals SOX5 as a driver and therapeutic target of rejuvenation. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:1452-1471.e10. [PMID: 37832549 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular basis for cellular senescence remains incomplete, limiting the development of strategies to ameliorate age-related pathologies by preventing stem cell senescence. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) screening using a human mesenchymal precursor cell (hMPC) model of the progeroid syndrome. We evaluated targets whose activation antagonizes cellular senescence, among which SOX5 outperformed as a top hit. Through decoding the epigenomic landscapes remodeled by overexpressing SOX5, we uncovered its role in resetting the transcription network for geroprotective genes, including HMGB2. Mechanistically, SOX5 binding elevated the enhancer activity of HMGB2 with increased levels of H3K27ac and H3K4me1, raising HMGB2 expression so as to promote rejuvenation. Furthermore, gene therapy with lentiviruses carrying SOX5 or HMGB2 rejuvenated cartilage and alleviated osteoarthritis in aged mice. Our study generated a comprehensive list of rejuvenators, pinpointing SOX5 as a potent driver for rejuvenation both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaobin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qianzhao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zeming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zunpeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pedro Guillen-Garcia
- Department of Traumatology and Research Unit, Clinica CEMTRO, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion Rodriguez Esteban
- Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 94022, USA; Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pradeep Reddy
- Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 94022, USA; Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 94022, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 10833, USA
| | - Jingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingling Geng
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Qinchao Hu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Si Wang
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Chongqing Renji Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400062, China
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Altos Labs, Inc., San Diego, CA 94022, USA; Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jie Ren
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; Aging Translational Medicine Center, International Center for Aging and Cancer, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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Li YT, Tan XY, Ma LX, Li HH, Zhang SH, Zeng CM, Huang LN, Xiong JX, Fu L. Targeting LGSN restores sensitivity to chemotherapy in gastric cancer stem cells by triggering pyroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:545. [PMID: 37612301 PMCID: PMC10447538 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is notoriously resistant to current therapies due to tumor heterogeneity. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess infinite self-renewal potential and contribute to the inherent heterogeneity of GC. Despite its crucial role in chemoresistance, the mechanism of stemness maintenance of gastric cancer stem cells (GCSCs) remains largely unknown. Here, we present evidence that lengsin, lens protein with glutamine synthetase domain (LGSN), a vital cell fate determinant, is overexpressed in GCSCs and is highly correlated with malignant progression and poor survival in GC patients. Ectopic overexpression of LGSN in GCSC-derived differentiated cells facilitated their dedifferentiation and treatment resistance by interacting with vimentin and inducing an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Notably, genetic interference of LGSN effectively suppressed tumor formation by inhibiting GCSC stemness maintenance and provoking gasdermin-D-mediated pyroptosis through vimentin degradation/NLRP3 signaling. Depletion of LGSN combined with the chemo-drugs 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin could offer a unique and promising approach to synergistically rendering this deadly cancer eradicable in vivo. Our data place focus on the role of LGSN in GCSC regeneration and emphasize the critical importance of pyroptosis in battling GCSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Tan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Li-Xiang Ma
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hua-Hui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Shenzhen University-Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena Joint PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shu-Hong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chui-Mian Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu-Na Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ji-Xian Xiong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Li Fu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pharmacology and International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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Yoshinaga M, Niu G, Yoshinaga-Sakurai K, Nadar VS, Wang X, Rosen BP, Li J. Arsinothricin Inhibits Plasmodium falciparum Proliferation in Blood and Blocks Parasite Transmission to Mosquitoes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1195. [PMID: 37317169 PMCID: PMC10222646 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium protozoal parasites, remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The Plasmodium parasite has a complex life cycle, with asexual and sexual forms in humans and Anopheles mosquitoes. Most antimalarials target only the symptomatic asexual blood stage. However, to ensure malaria eradication, new drugs with efficacy at multiple stages of the life cycle are necessary. We previously demonstrated that arsinothricin (AST), a newly discovered organoarsenical natural product, is a potent broad-spectrum antibiotic that inhibits the growth of various prokaryotic pathogens. Here, we report that AST is an effective multi-stage antimalarial. AST is a nonproteinogenic amino acid analog of glutamate that inhibits prokaryotic glutamine synthetase (GS). Phylogenetic analysis shows that Plasmodium GS, which is expressed throughout all stages of the parasite life cycle, is more closely related to prokaryotic GS than eukaryotic GS. AST potently inhibits Plasmodium GS, while it is less effective on human GS. Notably, AST effectively inhibits both Plasmodium erythrocytic proliferation and parasite transmission to mosquitoes. In contrast, AST is relatively nontoxic to a number of human cell lines, suggesting that AST is selective against malaria pathogens, with little negative effect on the human host. We propose that AST is a promising lead compound for developing a new class of multi-stage antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Yoshinaga
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Guodong Niu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences & Education, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Kunie Yoshinaga-Sakurai
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Venkadesh S. Nadar
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences & Education, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Barry P. Rosen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts, Sciences & Education, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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5
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Fernandes GDC, Turchetto‐Zolet AC, Passaglia LMP. Glutamine synthetase evolutionary history revisited: tracing back beyond the Last Universal Common Ancestor. Evolution 2022; 76:605-622. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Carvalho Fernandes
- Departamento de Genética and Programa de Pós‐graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43312, Mailbox 15053 Porto Alegre RS 91‐501‐970 Brazil
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto‐Zolet
- Departamento de Genética and Programa de Pós‐graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43312, Mailbox 15053 Porto Alegre RS 91‐501‐970 Brazil
| | - Luciane Maria Pereira Passaglia
- Departamento de Genética and Programa de Pós‐graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43312, Mailbox 15053 Porto Alegre RS 91‐501‐970 Brazil
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Identification of Differential Gene Expression Pattern in Lens Epithelial Cells Derived from Cataractous and Noncataractous Lenses of Shumiya Cataract Rat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7319590. [PMID: 33204712 PMCID: PMC7652612 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7319590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Shumiya cataract rat (SCR) is a model for hereditary cataract. Two-thirds of these rats develop lens opacity within 10-11 weeks. Onset of cataract is attributed to the synergetic effect of lanosterol synthase (Lss) and farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 (Fdft1) mutant alleles that lead to cholesterol deficiency in the lenses, which in turn adversely affects lens biology including the growth and differentiation of lens epithelial cells (LECs). Nevertheless, the molecular events and changes in gene expression associated with the onset of lens opacity in SCR are poorly understood. In the present study, a microarray-based approach was employed to analyze comparative gene expression changes in LECs isolated from the precataractous and cataractous stages of lenses of 5-week-old SCRs. The changes in gene expression observed in microarray results in the LECs were further validated using real-time reverse transcribed quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) in 5-, 8-, and 10-week-old SCRs. A mild posterior and cortical opacity was observed in 5-week-old rats. Expressions of approximately 100 genes, including the major intrinsic protein of the lens fiber (Mip and Aquaporin 0), deoxyribonuclease II beta (Dnase2B), heat shock protein B1 (HspB1), and crystallin γ (γCry) B, C, and F, were found to be significantly downregulated (0.07-0.5-fold) in rat LECs derived from cataract lenses compared to that in noncataractous lenses (control). Thus, our study was aimed at identifying the gene expression patterns during cataract formation in SCRs, which may be responsible for cataractogenesis in SCR. We proposed that cataracts in SCR are associated with reduced expression of these lens genes that have been reported to be related with lens fiber differentiation. Our findings may have wider implications in understanding the effect of cholesterol deficiency and the role of cholesterol-lowering therapeutics on cataractogenesis.
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Sükösd AK, Szabadfi K, Szabó-Meleg E, Gáspár B, Stodulka P, Sétáló G, Gábriel R, Nyitrai M, Biró Z, Ábrahám H. Surgical stress and cytoskeletal changes in lens epithelial cells following manual and femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:927-934. [PMID: 32566504 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.06.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effect of mechanical stress on the cytoskeleton in lens epithelial cells following conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS) and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). METHODS The cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells of the anterior lens capsules (ALC) removed by CPS and FLACS was examined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactivity were detected. In order to map the actin network of cells, fluorescently labeled phalloidin was used. The samples were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS GFAP expression was visible in a larger number of the epithelial cells after CPS compared to FLACS. In CPS sample's epithelial cells, GFAP immunoreactivity indicated robust morphological change. Regarding the actin filaments, the presence of tubular elements connecting epithelial cells, regular actin pattern and marked cortical network after CPS were found. Following FLACS, the actin cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells remained densely structured, and the tubular elements were undetectable, however, the above-mentioned regular actin pattern and the marked cortical network were visible. CONCLUSION The conventional removal of the ALC induces more robust changes of the cytoskeleton of the lens epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Krisztina Sükösd
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinical Centre, Pécs 7623, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Szabadfi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinical Centre, Pécs 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | | | | | - György Sétáló
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary.,Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gábriel
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyitrai
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinical Centre, Pécs 7624, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs 7624, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Biró
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pécs Medical School and Clinical Centre, Pécs 7623, Hungary.,Optimum Laser Centre, Budapest 1124, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Ábrahám
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, University of Pécs Medical School, Pécs 7624, Hungary
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A zebrafish model of foxe3 deficiency demonstrates lens and eye defects with dysregulation of key genes involved in cataract formation in humans. Hum Genet 2018; 137:315-328. [PMID: 29713869 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead box E3 (FOXE3) gene encodes a transcription factor with a forkhead/winged helix domain that is critical for development of the lens and anterior segment of the eye. Monoallelic and biallelic deleterious sequence variants in FOXE3 cause aphakia, cataracts, sclerocornea and microphthalmia in humans. We used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 injections to target the foxe3 transcript in zebrafish in order to create an experimental model of loss of function for this gene. Larvae that were homozygous for an indel variant, c.296_300delTGCAG, predicting p.(Val99Alafs*2), demonstrated severe eye defects, including small or absent lenses and microphthalmia. The lenses of the homozygous foxe3 indel mutants showed more intense staining with zl-1 antibody compared to control lenses, consistent with increased lens fiber cell differentiation. Whole genome transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) on RNA isolated from wildtype larvae and larvae with eye defects that were putative homozygotes for the foxe3 indel variant found significant dysregulation of genes expressed in the lens and eye whose orthologues are associated with cataracts in human patients, including cryba2a, cryba1l1, mipa and hsf4. Comparative analysis of this RNA-seq data with iSyTE data identified several lens-enriched genes to be down-regulated in foxe3 indel mutants. We also noted upregulation of lgsn and crygmxl2 and downregulation of fmodb and cx43.4, genes that are expressed in the zebrafish lens, but that are not yet associated with an eye phenotype in humans. These findings demonstrate that this new zebrafish foxe3 mutant model is highly relevant to the study of the gene regulatory networks conserved in vertebrate lens and eye development.
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9
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Emery M, Nanchen N, Preitner F, Ibberson M, Roduit R. Biological Characterization of Gene Response to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Mouse Retina. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150266. [PMID: 26918849 PMCID: PMC4769281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the most important metabolic substrate of the retina and maintenance of normoglycemia is an essential challenge for diabetic patients. Chronic, exaggerated, glycemic excursions could lead to cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. We recently showed that hypoglycemia induced retinal cell death in mouse via caspase 3 activation and glutathione (GSH) decrease. Ex vivo experiments in 661W photoreceptor cells confirmed the low-glucose induction of death via superoxide production and activation of caspase 3, which was concomitant with a decrease of GSH content. We evaluate herein retinal gene expression 4 h and 48 h after insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Microarray analysis demonstrated clusters of genes whose expression was modified by hypoglycemia and we discuss the potential implication of those genes in retinal cell death. In addition, we identify by gene set enrichment analysis, three important pathways, including lysosomal function, GSH metabolism and apoptotic pathways. Then we tested the effect of recurrent hypoglycemia (three successive 4h periods of hypoglycemia spaced by 48 h recovery) on retinal cell death. Interestingly, exposure to multiple hypoglycemic events prevented GSH decrease and retinal cell death, or adapted the retina to external stress by restoring GSH level comparable to control situation. We hypothesize that scavenger GSH is a key compound in this apoptotic process, and maintaining "normal" GSH level, as well as a strict glycemic control, represents a therapeutic challenge in order to avoid side effects of diabetes, especially diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Emery
- IRO, Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Nanchen
- IRO, Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Preitner
- Mouse Metabolic Evaluation Facility, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Roduit
- IRO, Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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10
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Silva LS, Seabra AR, Leitão JN, Carvalho HG. Possible role of glutamine synthetase of the prokaryotic type (GSI-like) in nitrogen signaling in Medicago truncatula. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 240:98-108. [PMID: 26475191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Genes containing domains related to glutamine synthetase of the prokaryotic type (GSI-like) are widespread in higher plants, but their function is currently unknown. To gain insights into the possible role of GSI-like proteins, we characterized the GSI-like gene family of Medicago truncatula and investigated the functionality of the encoded proteins. M. truncatula contains two-expressed GSI-like genes, MtGSIa and MtGSIb, encoding polypeptides of 454 and 453 amino acids, respectively. Heterologous complementation assays of a bacterial glnA mutant indicate that the proteins are not catalytically functional for glutamine synthesis. Gene expression was investigated by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis in different organs of the plant and under different nitrogen (N) regimes, revealing that both genes are preferentially expressed in roots and root nodules, and that their expression is influenced by the N-status of the plant. Analysis of transgenic plants expressing MtGSI-like-promoter-gusA fusion, indicate that the two genes are strongly expressed in the root pericycle, and interestingly, the expression is enhanced at the sites of nodule emergence being particularly strong in specific cells located in front of the protoxylem poles. Taken together, the results presented here support a role of GSI-like proteins in N sensing and/or signaling, probably operating at the interface between perception of the N-status and the developmental processes underlying both root nodule and lateral root formation. This study indicates that GSI-like genes may represent a novel class of molecular players of the N-mediated signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Seabra
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - José N Leitão
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena G Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Imatinib treatment causes substantial transcriptional changes in adult Schistosoma mansoni in vitro exhibiting pleiotropic effects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2923. [PMID: 24921634 PMCID: PMC4055459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosome parasites cause schistosomiasis, one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. For decades Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug widely used for controlling schistosomiasis. The absence of a vaccine and fear of PZQ resistance have motivated the search for alternatives. Studies on protein kinases (PKs) demonstrated their importance for diverse physiological processes in schistosomes. Among others two Abl tyrosine kinases, SmAbl1 and SmAbl2, were identified in Schistosoma mansoni and shown to be transcribed in the gonads and the gastrodermis. SmAbl1 activity was blocked by Imatinib, a known Abl-TK inhibitor used in human cancer therapy (Gleevec/Glivec). Imatinib exhibited dramatic effects on the morphology and physiology of adult schistosomes in vitro causing the death of the parasites. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we show modeling data supporting the targeting of SmAbl1/2 by Imatinib. A biochemical assay confirmed that SmAbl2 activity is also inhibited by Imatinib. Microarray analyses and qRT-PCR experiments were done to unravel transcriptional processes influenced by Imatinib in adult schistosomes in vitro demonstrating a wide influence on worm physiology. Surface-, muscle-, gut and gonad-associated processes were affected as evidenced by the differential transcription of e.g. the gynecophoral canal protein gene GCP, paramyosin, titin, hemoglobinase, and cathepsins. Furthermore, transcript levels of VAL-7 and egg formation-associated genes such as tyrosinase 1, p14, and fs800-like were affected as well as those of signaling genes including a ribosomal protein S6 kinase and a glutamate receptor. Finally, a comparative in silico analysis of the obtained microarray data sets and previous data analyzing the effect of a TGFβR1 inhibitor on transcription provided first evidence for an association of TGFβ and Abl kinase signaling. Among others GCP and egg formation-associated genes were identified as common targets. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The data affirm broad negative effects of Imatinib on worm physiology substantiating the role of PKs as interesting targets.
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12
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New insights into the mechanism of lens development using zebra fish. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:1-61. [PMID: 22559937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, and live-embryo imaging, direct comparisons between zebra fish and human lens development are being made. The zebra fish has numerous experimental advantages for investigation of fundamental biomedical problems that are often best studied in the lens. The physical characteristics of visible light can account for the highly coordinated cell differentiation during formation of a beautifully transparent, refractile, symmetric optical element, the biological lens. The accessibility of the zebra fish lens for direct investigation during rapid development will result in new knowledge about basic functional mechanisms of epithelia-mesenchymal transitions, cell fate, cell-matrix interactions, cytoskeletal interactions, cytoplasmic crowding, membrane transport, cell adhesion, cell signaling, and metabolic specialization. The lens is well known as a model for characterization of cell and molecular aging. We review the recent advances in understanding vertebrate lens development conducted with zebra fish.
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Nakatsugawa M, Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Asanuma H, Takahashi A, Inoda S, Kiriyama K, Nakazawa E, Harada K, Takasu H, Tamura Y, Kamiguchi K, Shijubo N, Honda R, Nomura N, Hasegawa T, Takahashi H, Sato N. Novel spliced form of a lens protein as a novel lung cancer antigen, Lengsin splicing variant 4. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1485-93. [PMID: 19459848 PMCID: PMC11158687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A glutamine synthetase I family protein, Lengsin, was previously identified as a novel lens-specific transcript in the vertebrate eye. In this report, we show for the first time that Lengsin is a novel tumor-associated antigen expressed ectopically in lung cancer. Interestingly, a novel spliced form of human Lengsin termed 'splicing variant 4', gaining exon 3 that codes extra 63 amino acids, is the dominant transcript form in lung cancer cells. Lengsin mRNA could be detected in 7 of 12 (58%) lung cancer cell lines and 7 of 7 (100%) surgically resected lung cancer tissues. On the other hand, Lengsin transcripts could not be detected in normal major tissues or in other cancer cell lines, including melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, breast carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, knockdown of Lengsin mRNA with RNAi caused cell death and a decrease of cell viability, suggesting that Lengsin has some essential role in cell survival. Since the lens is an immune-privileged site, we regard Lengsin as a highly immunogenic cancer antigen. Anti-Lengsin autoantibodies were detectable in sera of lung cancer patients, although these patients did not show any lens-related disturbances. Hence, Lengsin splicing variant 4 might be an immunogenic lung cancer-specific antigen that is suitable as a diagnostic marker and for molecular targeting therapy, including immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehide Nakatsugawa
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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Kinoshita S, Isu S, Kaneko G, Yamada H, Hara T, Itoh Y, Watabe S. The occurrence of eukaryotic type III glutamine synthetase in the marine diatom Chaetoceros compressum. Mar Genomics 2009; 2:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Hayward D, van Helden PD, Wiid IJF. Glutamine synthetase sequence evolution in the mycobacteria and their use as molecular markers for Actinobacteria speciation. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:48. [PMID: 19245690 PMCID: PMC2667176 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the gene encoding for glutamine synthetase (glnA) is essential in several organisms, multiple glnA copies have been identified in bacterial genomes such as those of the phylum Actinobacteria, notably the mycobacterial species. Intriguingly, previous reports have shown that only one copy (glnA1) is essential for growth in M. tuberculosis, while the other copies (glnA2, glnA3 and glnA4) are not. RESULTS In this report it is shown that the glnA1 and glnA2 encoded glutamine synthetase sequences were inherited from an Actinobacteria ancestor, while the glnA4 and glnA3 encoded GS sequences were sequentially acquired during Actinobacteria speciation. The glutamine synthetase sequences encoded by glnA4 and glnA3 are undergoing reductive evolution in the mycobacteria, whilst those encoded by glnA1 and glnA2 are more conserved. CONCLUSION Different selective pressures by the ecological niche that the organisms occupy may influence the sequence evolution of glnA1 and glnA2 and thereby affecting phylogenies based on the protein sequences they encode. The findings in this report may impact the use of similar sequences as molecular markers, as well as shed some light on the evolution of glutamine synthetase in the mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Hayward
- DST/NRF Centre for Excellence in Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, US/MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences - Stellenbosch University, South Africa.
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16
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Harding RL, Howley S, Baker LJ, Murphy TR, Archer WE, Wistow G, Hyde DR, Vihtelic TS. Lengsin expression and function during zebrafish lens formation. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:807-18. [PMID: 18406404 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A zebrafish ortholog of human lengsin was identified by EST analysis of an adult lens cDNA library. During zebrafish development, lengsin transcription is first detected at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). Immunolocalization, using polyclonal antiserum generated against a Lengsin bacterial fusion protein, detects lens-specific protein in whole-mount embryos at 30 hpf. Lengsin expression in zebrafish follows the temporal expression of the alphaA- alphaB1- and betaB1-crystallin proteins in the lens. At 72 hpf, Lengsin is localized to a subpopulation of differentiating secondary fiber cells, while no expression is detected in the lens epithelial cells or central lens fibers. In the adult lens, Lengsin is restricted to a narrow band of cortical fibers and co-localizes with actin at the lateral faces of these interdigitating cells. Stable transgenic lines, using a 3 kb lengsin genomic fragment to regulate EGFP expression, recapitulate the Lengsin temporal and spatial expression patterns. Lengsin function in zebrafish lens formation was examined by antisense morpholino-mediated translation and mRNA splice inhibition. At 72 hpf, the lengsin morphant lenses are reduced in size and exhibit separations within the cortex due to defects in secondary fiber morphogenesis. The location of the morphant lens defects correlates with the Lengsin protein localization at this age. These results demonstrate Lengsin is required for proper fiber cell differentiation by playing roles in either cell elongation or the establishment of cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Harding
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0369, USA
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Wyatt K, Gao C, Tsai JY, Fariss RN, Ray S, Wistow G. A role for lengsin, a recruited enzyme, in terminal differentiation in the vertebrate lens. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:6607-15. [PMID: 18178558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709144200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lengsin is an eye lens-specific member of the glutamine synthetase (GS) superfamily. Lengsin has no GS activity, suggesting that it has a structural rather than catalytic role in lens. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence showed that lengsin is expressed in terminally differentiating secondary lens fiber cells. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and recombinant protein experiments showed that full-length lengsin can bind the 2B filament region of vimentin. In affinity chromatography, lengsin also bound the equivalent region of CP49 (BFSP2; phakinin), a related intermediate filament protein specific to the lens. Both the vimentin and CP49 2B fragments bound lengsin in surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy with fast association and slow dissociation kinetics. Lengsin expression correlates with a transition zone in maturing lens fiber cells in which cytoskeleton is reorganized. Lengsin and lens intermediate filament proteins co-localize at the plasma membrane in maturing fiber cells. This suggests that lengsin may act as a component of the cytoskeleton itself or as a chaperone for the reorganization of intermediate filament proteins during terminal differentiation in the lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Wyatt
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Vihtelic TS. Teleost lens development and degeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 269:341-73. [PMID: 18779061 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The transparent properties of the lens and its ability to focus light onto the retina are critical for normal vision. Optical clarity of the lens is achieved and maintained by a unique, highly regulated integration of lens cell proliferation and differentiation that persists throughout life. Zebrafish is a powerful genetic model for studying vertebrate lens differentiation and growth because the structural organization of the lens and gene functions are largely conserved with mammals, including humans. However, some features of zebrafish lens developmental morphology and gene expression are different from those of mammals and other terrestrial vertebrates. For example, the presumptive zebrafish lens delaminates from the surface ectoderm to form a solid mass of cells, in which the primary fibers differentiate by elongating in circular fashion. Both mutational and candidate gene analyses have identified and characterized developmental gene functions of the lens in zebrafish. This chapter presents the recent morphological analysis of zebrafish lens formation. In addition, the roles of Pitx3, Foxe3, and the lens-specific protein Lengsin (LENS Glutamine SYNthetase-like) in lens development are analyzed. Selected zebrafish lens mutants defective in early developmental processes and the maintenance of lens transparency are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Vihtelic
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Zebrafish Research, Galvin Life Sciences Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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