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Habuchi O. Functions of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate. Glycobiology 2022; 32:664-678. [PMID: 35552694 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) containing GalNAc4,6-disulfate (GalNAc4S6S) were initially discovered in marine animals. Following the discovery, these glycosaminoglycans have been found in various animals including human. In the biosynthesis of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S, three groups of sulfotransferases are involved; chondroitin 4-sulfotransferases (C4STs), dermatan 4-sulfotransferase-1 (D4ST-1) and GalNAc 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST). GalNAc4S-6ST and its products have been shown to play important roles in the abnormal pathological conditions such as central nervous system injury, cancer development, abnormal tissue fibrosis, development of osteoporosis, and infection with viruses or nematodes. CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S has been shown to increase with the functional differentiation of mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Genetic approaches using knockout or knockdown of GalNAc4S-6ST, blocking of the epitopes containing GalNAc4S6S by specific antibodies and chemical technology that enabled the synthesis of oligosaccharides with defined sulfation patterns have been applied successfully to these investigations. These studies contributed significantly to the basic understanding of the functional roles of CS/DS containing GalNAc4S6S in various abnormal conditions, and appear to provide promising clues to the development of possible measures to treat them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osami Habuchi
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Igayacho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8542, Japan
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Higashi N, Maeda R, Sesoko N, Isono M, Ishikawa S, Tani Y, Takahashi K, Oku T, Higashi K, Onishi S, Nakajima M, Irimura T. Chondroitin sulfate E blocks enzymatic action of heparanase and heparanase-induced cellular responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:152-158. [PMID: 31582210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether chondroitin sulfates (CSs) exert inhibitory effects on heparanase (Hpse), the sole endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, which also stimulates chemokine production. Hpse-mediated degradation of HS was suppressed in the presence of glycosaminoglycans derived from a squid cartilage and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells, including the E unit of CS. Pretreatment of the chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) with chondroitinase ABC abolished the inhibitory effect. Recombinant proteins that mimic pro-form and mature-form Hpse bound to the immobilized CS-E. Cellular responses as a result of Hpse-mediated binding, namely, uptake of Hpse by mast cells and Hpse-induced release of chemokine CCL2 from colon carcinoma cells, were also blocked by the CS-E. CS-E may regulate endogenous Hpse-mediated cellular functions by inhibiting enzymatic activity and binding to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Higashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Rino Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Nakaba Sesoko
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Momoko Isono
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Sodai Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yurina Tani
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Teruaki Oku
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kyohei Higashi
- Department of Clinical and Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoichi Onishi
- Department of Clinical and Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Irimura
- Division of Glycobiologics, Intractable Disease Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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Kastana P, Choleva E, Poimenidi E, Karamanos N, Sugahara K, Papadimitriou E. Insight into the role of chondroitin sulfate E in angiogenesis. FEBS J 2019; 286:2921-2936. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pinelopi Kastana
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Effrosyni Choleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Evangelia Poimenidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology Department of Pharmacy University of Patras Greece
| | - Nikos Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiology Res. Group Laboratory of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry University of Patras Greece
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pathobiochemistry Meijo University Nagoya Japan
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Aynacıoğlu AŞ, Bilir A, Tuna MY. Involvement of midkine in autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Mod Rheumatol 2018; 29:567-571. [DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2018.1523701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Şükrü Aynacıoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Istanbul Aydin University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bilir
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul Aydin University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yakup Tuna
- Department of Anatomy, Istanbul Aydin University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wu GC, Yuan H, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Elevated plasma midkine and pleiotrophin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40181-40189. [PMID: 27903979 PMCID: PMC5522313 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that two heparin-binding growth factor, midkine and pleiotrophin are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including SLE. To investigate the plasma midkine and pleiotrophin levels in SLE patients, as well as their correlation with major clinical parameters and interleukin-17 (IL-17) level in SLE, 83 SLE patients and 123 controls including 20 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, 21 Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients and 82 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Plasma midkine, pleiotrophin and IL-17 levels were detected by ELISA. Midkine and pleiotrophin levels were significantly higher in SLE, RA and SS patients compared with HCs (all P < 0.05). There were significantly lower midkine and pleiotrophin levels in SLE compared to SS (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). No significant differences in midkine and pleiotrophin levels were found between SLE and RA (P = 0.240 and P = 0.074, respectively). Both plasma midkine and pleiotrophin levels were associated with rash and anti-SSA in SLE. In addition, both midkine and pleiotrophin levels were positively associated with IL-17 level in SLE (both P < 0.001). Area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for midkine and pleiotrophin were 0.606 (0.527–0.681) and 0.605 (0.526–0.680) respectively. In conclusion, elevated plasma midkine and pleiotrophin levels and their associations with rash, anti-SSA and IL-17 in SLE patients suggest their involvement in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Cui Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Population Health and Major Disease Screening and Diagnosis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Population Health and Major Disease Screening and Diagnosis, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Population Health and Major Disease Screening and Diagnosis, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Liedert A, Schinke T, Ignatius A, Amling M. The role of midkine in skeletal remodelling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:870-8. [PMID: 24102259 PMCID: PMC3925025 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bone tissue is subjected to continuous remodelling, replacing old or damaged bone throughout life. In bone remodelling, the coordinated activities of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts ensure the maintenance of bone mass and strength. In early life, the balance of these cellular activities is tightly regulated by various factors, including systemic hormones, the mechanical environment and locally released growth factors. Age-related changes in the activity of these factors in bone remodelling can result in diseases with low bone mass, such as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a systemic and age-related skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and structural degeneration of bone tissue, predisposing the patient to an increased fracture risk. The growth factor midkine (Mdk) plays a key role in bone remodelling and it is expressed during bone formation and fracture repair. Using a mouse deficient in Mdk, our group have identified this protein as a negative regulator of bone formation and mechanically induced bone remodelling. Thus, specific Mdk antagonists might represent a therapeutic option for diseases characterized by low bone mass, such as osteoporosis. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Liedert
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, Center of Musculoskeletal Research, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Tamura JI, Tsutsumishita-Nakai N, Nakao Y, Kawano M, Kato S, Takeda N, Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H. Synthesis and interaction with midkine of biotinylated chondroitin sulfate tetrasaccharides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1371-4. [PMID: 22237251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Regiospecifically sulfated chondroitin sulfate repeating tetrasaccharides, CS-OO, GlcAβ-GalNAcβ-GlcAβ-GalNAcβ;CS-EE, GlcAβ-GalNAc(4S6S)β-GlcAβ-GalNAc(4S6S)β; and CS-AA, GlcAβ-GalNAc(4S)β-GlcAβ-GalNAc(4S)β, having biotin linked with a hydrophilic linker at the reducing terminal were synthesized effectively by a coupling of the corresponding disaccharide units and regioselective sulfation. CS-EE showed greater affinity for midkine than CS-AA and CS-OO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Tamura
- Department of Regional Environment, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8551, Japan.
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Colombo C, Creighton CJ, Ghadimi MP, Bolshakov S, Warneke CL, Zhang Y, Lusby K, Zhu S, Lazar AJ, West RB, van de Rijn M, Lev D. Increased midkine expression correlates with desmoid tumour recurrence: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. J Pathol 2011; 225:574-82. [PMID: 21826666 DOI: 10.1002/path.2951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Desmoid tumours (DTs) are soft tissue monoclonal neoplasms exhibiting a unique phenotype, consisting of aggressive local invasiveness without metastatic capacity. While DTs can infrequently occur as part of familial adenomatosis polyposis, most cases arise sporadically. Sporadic DTs harbour a high prevalence of CTNNB1 mutations and hence increased β-catenin signalling. However, β-catenin downstream transcriptional targets and other molecular deregulations operative in DT inception and progression are currently not well defined, contributing to the lack of sensitive molecular prognosticators and efficacious targeted therapeutic strategies. We compared the gene expression profiles of 14 sporadic DTs to those of five corresponding normal tissues and six solitary fibrous tumour specimens. A DT expression signature consisting of 636 up- and 119 down-regulated genes highly enriched for extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and wound healing-related proteins was generated. Furthermore, 98 (15%) of the over-expressed genes were demonstrated to contain a TCF/LEF consensus binding site in their promoters, possibly heralding direct β-catenin downstream targets relevant to DT. The protein products of three of the up-regulated DT genes: ADAM12, MMP2 and midkine, were found to be commonly expressed in a large cohort of human DT samples assembled on a tissue microarray. Interestingly, enhanced midkine expression significantly correlated with a higher propensity and decreased time for primary DT recurrence (log-rank p = 0.0025). Finally, midkine was found to enhance the migration and invasion of primary DT cell cultures. Taken together, these studies provide insights into potential DT molecular aberrations and novel β-catenin transcriptional targets. Further studies to confirm the utility of midkine as a clinical DT molecular prognosticator and a potential therapeutic target are therefore warranted. Raw gene array data can be found at: http://smd.stanford.edu/
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Colombo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC), Houston, TX 77054, USA
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Muramatsu T. Midkine: a promising molecule for drug development to treat diseases of the central nervous system. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:410-23. [PMID: 21375488 PMCID: PMC3267162 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795164167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding cytokine, and promotes growth, survival, migration and other activities of target cells. After describing the general properties of MK, this review focuses on MK and MK inhibitors as therapeutics for diseases in the central nervous system. MK is strongly expressed during embryogenesis especially at the midgestation period, but is expressed only at restricted sites in adults. MK expression is induced upon tissue injury such as ischemic brain damage. Since exogenously administered MK or the gene transfer of MK suppresses neuronal cell death in experimental systems, MK has the potential to treat cerebral infarction. MK might become important also in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. MK is involved in inflammatory diseases by enhancing migration of leukocytes, inducing chemokine production and suppressing regulatory T cells. Since an aptamer to MK suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalitis, MK inhibitors are promising for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. MK is overexpressed in most malignant tumors including glioblastoma, and is involved in tumor invasion. MK inhibitors may be of value in the treatment of glioblastoma. Furthermore, an oncolytic adenovirus, whose replication is under the control of the MK promoter, inhibits the growth of glioblastoma xenografts. MK inhibitors under development include antibodies, aptamers, glycosaminoglycans, peptides and low molecular weight compounds. siRNA and antisense oligoDNA have proved effective against malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases in experimental systems. Practical information concerning the development of MK and MK inhibitors as therapeutics is described in the final part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan.
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Matsui T, Ichihara-Tanaka K, Lan C, Muramatsu H, Kondou T, Hirose C, Sakuma S, Muramatsu T. Midkine inhibitors: application of a simple assay procedure to screening of inhibitory compounds. Int Arch Med 2010; 3:12. [PMID: 20565917 PMCID: PMC2898662 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Midkine is a heparin-binding cytokine and is involved in etiology of various diseases. Thus, midkine inhibitors are expected to be helpful in treatment of many diseases. Methods We developed a simple assay for midkine activity based on midkine-dependent migration of osteblastic cells. Midkine inhibitors were searched as materials that inhibit this midkine activity. To develop peptides that inhibit midkine activity, we constructed models in which C-terminal half of midkine interacted with α4β1-integrin. Low molecular weight compounds which are expected to bind to midkine with high affinity were searched by in silico screening with the aid of Presto-X2 program. Results Among peptides in putative binding sites of midkine and the integrin, a peptide derived from β1-integrin and that derived from the first β sheet of the C-terminal half of midkine significantly inhibited midkine activity. Two low molecular weight compounds found by in silico screening exhibited no toxicity to target cells, but inhibited midkine activity. They are trifluoro compounds: one (PubChem 4603792) is 2-(2,6-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-4-thiophen-2-yl-6-(trifluoromethy)pyrimidine, and the other has a related structure. Conclusions The assay procedure is helpful in screening midkine inhibitors. All reagents described here might become mother material to develop clinically effective midkine inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsui
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan.
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Klüppel M. The roles of chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1 in development and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:113-32. [PMID: 20807643 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate (CS) consists of long linear chains of repeating disaccharide units, which are covalently attached to core proteins to form CS-proteoglycans. These molecules have been shown to fulfill important biological functions in development, disease, and signaling. Biosynthesis of CS takes place in the Golgi apparatus. Concomitant to chondroitin chain elongation, sulfation of specific carbon residues by chondroitin sulfotransferase enzymes takes place. The sulfation balance and pattern of CS on specific carbon residues are tightly regulated during development, injury, and disease, with the temporal and spatial expression of chondroitin sulfotransferase genes believed to be a crucial determinant of this fine balance of chondroitin sulfation. Chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1)/carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11 (CHST11) is one of the enzymes involved in the sulfation of chondroitin by catalyzing the transfer of sulfate groups from a sulfate donor to the carbon-4 position of the N-acetylgalactosamine sugar of the repeating disaccharide units. Here, I summarize the significant recent advances in our understanding of the roles of C4ST-1 in vertebrate development, disease, and signaling pathways, and the transcriptional regulation of the C4ST-1 gene. Proper 4-sulfation of chondroitin by C4ST-1 plays a crucial role in the skeletal development and signaling events, and new evidence is suggestive of a potential role for C4ST-1 in human disease, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klüppel
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Children's Memorial Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Muramatsu T. Midkine, a heparin-binding cytokine with multiple roles in development, repair and diseases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:410-425. [PMID: 20431264 PMCID: PMC3417803 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Midkine is a heparin-binding cytokine or a growth factor with a molecular weight of 13 kDa. Midkine binds to oversulfated structures in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. The midkine receptor is a molecular complex containing proteoglycans. Midkine promotes migration, survival and other activities of target cells. Midkine has about 50% sequence identity with pleiotrophin. Mice deficient in both factors exhibit severe abnormalities including female infertility. In adults, midkine is expressed in damaged tissues and involved in the reparative process. It is also involved in inflammatory reactions by promoting the migration of leukocytes, induction of chemokines and suppression of regulatory T cells. Midkine is expressed in a variety of malignant tumors and promotes their growth and invasion. Midkine appears to be helpful for the treatment of injuries in the heart, brain, spinal cord and retina. Midkine inhibitors are expected to be effective in the treatment of malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, renal diseases, restenosis, hypertension and adhesion after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University. 12 Araike, Aichi, Japan.
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Jin Z, Lahat G, Korchin B, Nguyen T, Zhu QS, Wang X, Lazar AJ, Trent J, Pollock RE, Lev D. Midkine Enhances Soft-Tissue Sarcoma Growth: A Possible Novel Therapeutic Target. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:5033-42. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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