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Bonner JM, Boulianne GL. Diverse structures, functions and uses of FK506 binding proteins. Cell Signal 2017; 38:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Ishikawa Y, Boudko S, Bächinger HP. Ziploc-ing the structure: Triple helix formation is coordinated by rough endoplasmic reticulum resident PPIases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1983-93. [PMID: 25583561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein folding is crucial for proteins' specific functions and is facilitated by various types of enzymes and molecular chaperones. The peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIase) are one of these families of enzymes. They ubiquitously exist inside the cell and there are eight PPIases in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), a compartment where the folding of most secreted proteins occurs. SCOPE OF REVIEW We review the functional and structural aspects of individual rER resident PPIases. Furthermore, we specifically discuss the role of these PPIases during collagen biosynthesis, since collagen is the most abundant protein in humans, is synthesized in the rER, and contains a proportionally high number of proline residues. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The rER resident PPIases recognize different sets of substrates and facilitate their folding. Although they are clearly catalysts for protein folding, they also have more broad and multifaceted functions. We propose that PPIases coordinate collagen biosynthesis in the rER. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review expands our understanding of collagen biosynthesis by explaining the influence of novel indirect mechanisms of regulating folding and this is also explored for PPIases. We also suggest future directions of research to obtain a better understanding of collagen biosynthesis and functions of PPIases in the rER. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Shriners Hospital for Children, Research Department, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sergei Boudko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Shriners Hospital for Children, Research Department, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hans Peter Bächinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Shriners Hospital for Children, Research Department, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Boudko SP, Ishikawa Y, Nix J, Chapman MS, Bächinger HP. Structure of human peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP22 containing two EF-hand motifs. Protein Sci 2013; 23:67-75. [PMID: 24272907 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family consists of proteins with a variety of protein-protein interaction domains and versatile cellular functions. It is assumed that all members are peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases with the enzymatic function attributed to the FKBP domain. Six members of this family localize to the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Four of them, FKBP22 (encoded by the FKBP14 gene), FKBP23 (FKBP7), FKBP60 (FKBP9), and FKBP65 (FKBP10), are unique among all FKBPs as they contain the EF-hand motifs. Little is known about the biological roles of these proteins, but emerging genetics studies are attracting great interest to the ER resident FKBPs, as mutations in genes encoding FKBP10 and FKBP14 were shown to cause a variety of matrix disorders. Although the structural organization of the FKBP-type domain as well as of the EF-hand motif has been known for a while, it is difficult to conclude how these structures are combined and how it affects the protein functionality. We have determined a unique 1.9 Å resolution crystal structure for human FKBP22, which can serve as a prototype for other EF hand-containing FKBPs. The EF-hand motifs of two FKBP22 molecules form a dimeric complex with an elongated and predominantly hydrophobic cavity that can potentially be occupied by an aliphatic ligand. The FKBP-type domains are separated by a cleft and their putative active sites can catalyze isomerazation of two bonds within a polypeptide chain in extended conformation. These structural results are of prime interest for understanding biological functions of ER resident FKBPs containing EF-hand motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Boudko
- Research Department, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, 97239; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97239
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Gidalevitz T, Stevens F, Argon Y. Orchestration of secretory protein folding by ER chaperones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:2410-24. [PMID: 23507200 PMCID: PMC3729627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is a major compartment of protein biogenesis in the cell, dedicated to production of secretory, membrane and organelle proteins. The secretome has distinct structural and post-translational characteristics, since folding in the ER occurs in an environment that is distinct in terms of its ionic composition, dynamics and requirements for quality control. The folding machinery in the ER therefore includes chaperones and folding enzymes that introduce, monitor and react to disulfide bonds, glycans, and fluctuations of luminal calcium. We describe the major chaperone networks in the lumen and discuss how they have distinct modes of operation that enable cells to accomplish highly efficient production of the secretome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Functional and structural diversity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Gidalevitz
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Drexel University, 418 Papadakis Integrated Science Bldg, 3245 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Yair Argon
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, , Phone: 267-426-5131, Fax: 267-426-5165)
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Galat A. Functional diversity and pharmacological profiles of the FKBPs and their complexes with small natural ligands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3243-75. [PMID: 23224428 PMCID: PMC11113493 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
From 5 to 12 FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are encoded in the genomes of disparate marine organisms, which appeared at the dawn of evolutionary events giving rise to primordial multicellular organisms with elaborated internal body plan. Fifteen FKBPs, several FKBP-like proteins and some splicing variants of them are expressed in humans. Human FKBP12 and some of its paralogues bind to different macrocyclic antibiotics such as FK506 or rapamycin and their derivatives. FKBP12/(macrocyclic antibiotic) complexes induce diverse pharmacological activities such as immunosuppression in humans, anticancerous actions and as sustainers of quiescence in certain organisms. Since the FKBPs bind to various assemblies of proteins and other intracellular components, their complexes with the immunosuppressive drugs may differentially perturb miscellaneous cellular functions. Sequence-structure relationships and pharmacological profiles of diverse FKBPs and their involvement in crucial intracellular signalization pathways and modulation of cryptic intercellular communication networks were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Galat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Bat. 152, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Murphy LA, Ramirez EA, Trinh VT, Herman AM, Anderson VC, Brewster JL. Endoplasmic reticulum stress or mutation of an EF-hand Ca(2+)-binding domain directs the FKBP65 rotamase to an ERAD-based proteolysis. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:607-19. [PMID: 21761186 PMCID: PMC3220392 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-011-0270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FKBP65 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized chaperone and rotamase, with cargo proteins that include tropoelastin and collagen. In humans, mutations in FKBP65 have recently been shown to cause a form of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a brittle bone disease resulting from deficient secretion of mature type I collagen. In this work, we describe the rapid proteolysis of FKBP65 in response to ER stress signals that activate the release of ER Ca(2+) stores. A large-scale screen for stress-induced cellular changes revealed FKBP65 proteins to decrease within 6-12 h of stress activation. Inhibiting IP(3)R-mediated ER Ca(2+) release blocked this response. No other ER-localized chaperone and folding mediators assessed in the study displayed this phenomenon, indicating that this rapid proteolysis of folding mediator is distinctive. Imaging and cellular fractionation confirmed the localization of FKBP65 (72 kDa glycoprotein) to the ER of untreated cells, a rapid decrease in protein levels following ER stress, and the corresponding appearance of a 30-kDa fragment in the cytosol. Inhibition of the proteasome during ER stress revealed an accumulation of FKBP65 in the cytosol, consistent with retrotranslocation and a proteasome-based proteolysis. To assess the role of Ca(2+)-binding EF-hand domains in FKBP65 stability, a recombinant FKBP65-GFP construct was engineered to ablate Ca(2+) binding at each of two EF-hand domains. Cells transfected with the wild-type construct displayed ER localization of the FKBP65-GFP protein and a proteasome-dependent proteolysis in response to ER stress. Recombinant FKBP65-GFP carrying a defect in the EF1 Ca(2+)-binding domain displayed diminished protein in the ER when compared to wild-type FKBP65-GFP. Proteasome inhibition restored mutant protein to levels similar to that of the wild-type FKBP65-GFP. A similar mutation in EF2 did not confer FKBP65 proteolysis. This work supports a model in which stress-induced changes in ER Ca(2+) stores induce the rapid proteolysis of FKBP65, a chaperone and folding mediator of collagen and tropoelastin. The destruction of this protein may identify a cellular strategy for replacement of protein folding machinery following ER stress. The implications for stress-induced changes in the handling of aggregate-prone proteins in the ER-Golgi secretory pathway are discussed. This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R15GM065139) and the National Science Foundation (DBI-0452587).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. Murphy
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263 USA
| | - Emily A. Ramirez
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263 USA
| | - Van T. Trinh
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263 USA
| | - Alexander M. Herman
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263 USA
| | - Valen C. Anderson
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263 USA
| | - Jay L. Brewster
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263 USA
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Feng M, Gu C, Ma S, Wang Y, Liu H, Han R, Gao J, Long Y, Mi H. Mouse FKBP23 mediates conformer-specific functions of BiP by catalyzing Pro117 cis/trans isomerization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 408:537-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu H, Han R, Feng M, Gao J, Long Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, Mi H. Preparation of molecular imprinted polymer with quaternary ammonium groups as recognition sites for separation of pig cyclophilin 18 and bovine serum albumin. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1856-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Määttänen P, Gehring K, Bergeron JJM, Thomas DY. Protein quality control in the ER: the recognition of misfolded proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:500-11. [PMID: 20347046 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism, in molecular terms of protein quality control, specifically of how the cell recognizes and discriminates misfolded proteins, remains a challenge. In the secretory pathway the folding status of glycoproteins passing through the endoplasmic reticulum is marked by the composition of the N-glycan. The different glycoforms are recognized by specialized lectins. The folding sensor UGGT acts as an unusual molecular chaperone and covalently modifies the Man9 N-glycan of a misfolded protein by adding a glucose moiety and converts it to Glc1Man9 that rebinds the lectin calnexin. However, further links between the folding status of a glycoprotein and the composition of the N-glycan are unclear. There is little unequivocal evidence for other proteins in the ER recognizing the N-glycan and also acting as molecular chaperones. Nevertheless, based upon a few examples, we suggest that this function is carried out by individual proteins in several different complexes. Thus, calnexin binds the protein disulfide isomerase ERp57, that acts upon Glc1Man9 glycoproteins. In another example the protein disulfide isomerase ERdj5 binds specifically to EDEM (which is probably a mannosidase) and a lectin OS9, and reduces the disulfide bonds of bound glycoproteins destined for ERAD. Thus the glycan recognition is performed by a lectin and the chaperone function performed by a specific partner protein that can recognize misfolded proteins. We predict that this will be a common arrangement of proteins in the ER and that members of protein foldase families such as PDI and PPI will bind specifically to lectins in the ER. Molecular chaperones BiP and GRp94 will assist in the folding of proteins bound in these complexes as well as in the folding of non-glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Määttänen
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Calì T, Vanoni O, Molinari M. The endoplasmic reticulum crossroads for newly synthesized polypeptide chains. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2008; 83:135-79. [PMID: 19186254 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)00604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tito Calì
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellizona, Switzerland
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Hebert DN, Molinari M. In and out of the ER: protein folding, quality control, degradation, and related human diseases. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1377-408. [PMID: 17928587 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00050.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial fraction of eukaryotic gene products are synthesized by ribosomes attached at the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. These polypeptides enter cotranslationally in the ER lumen, which contains resident molecular chaperones and folding factors that assist their maturation. Native proteins are released from the ER lumen and are transported through the secretory pathway to their final intra- or extracellular destination. Folding-defective polypeptides are exported across the ER membrane into the cytosol and destroyed. Cellular and organismal homeostasis relies on a balanced activity of the ER folding, quality control, and degradation machineries as shown by the dozens of human diseases related to defective maturation or disposal of individual polypeptides generated in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Hebert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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