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CTGF Promotes the Osteoblast Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells by Positively Regulating BMP2/Smad Signal Transduction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2938015. [PMID: 36158888 PMCID: PMC9499771 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2938015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective This work is aimed at revealing the role and the molecular mechanism of connective tissue growth factor 2 (CTGF) in the osteoblast differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). Methods The osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs was induced by osteogenic induction medium (OM), and the expression level of osteogenic related proteins ALP, RUNX2, OCN, and CTGF was estimated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting analysis. We constructed cell lines with CTGF overexpression or knockdown to verify the role of CTGF in the osteoblast differentiation of PDLSCs. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining was introduced to measure the osteoblasts activity, and alizarin red S (ARS) staining was employed to test matrix mineralization. The interaction between CTGF and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was determined by endogenous coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Results The expression level of CTGF was increased during the osteogenic induction of PDLSCs. Additionally, CTGF overexpression effectively maintained the stemness and facilitated the osteoblast differentiation in PDLSCs, and CTGF knockdown exerted opposite effects. Moreover, at molecular mechanism, CTGF increased the activity of BMP-2/Smad signaling pathway. Conclusion This investigation verified that CTGF promotes the osteoblast differentiation in PDLSCs at least partly by activating BMP-2/Smad cascade signal.
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Honda M, Hariya R, Matsumoto M, Aizawa M. Acceleration of Osteogenesis via Stimulation of Angiogenesis by Combination with Scaffold and Connective Tissue Growth Factor. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12132068. [PMID: 31252589 PMCID: PMC6651084 DOI: 10.3390/ma12132068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In bone regeneration, there are some important cellular biological processes, such as mineralization, cell organization, and differentiation. In particular, vascularization into regenerative tissues is a key step for the survival of cells and tissues. In this study, to fabricate biomimetic-engineered bone, including vascular networks, we focused on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a multifunctional protein which could regulate the extracellular matrix remodeling. By combination with CTGF and hydroxyapatite (HAp) ceramics (2D) or apatite-fiber scaffold (AFS, 3D), we have fabricated bioactive materials. The CTGF-loaded HAp ceramics could enhance the cellular attachment through interaction with integrin and promote actin cytoskeletal reorganization. CTGF-loaded HAp also enhanced the differentiation of osteoblasts by integrin-mediated activation of the signaling pathway. Under co-culture conditions, both osteoblasts and endothelial cells in the CTGF-loaded AFS were stimulated by CTGF, and each cell could penetrate the central region of the scaffold in vitro and in vivo. Direct cell-cell interaction would also improve the functionality of cells in bone formation. These results suggest that coupling between effective optimized scaffold and CTGF with multifunction could provide better mimicking natural bone by stimulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Honda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hariya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mamoru Aizawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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Cheng G, Yin C, Tu H, Jiang S, Wang Q, Zhou X, Xing X, Xie C, Shi X, Du Y, Deng H, Li Z. Controlled Co-delivery of Growth Factors through Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Core-Shell Nanofibers for Improving Bone Regeneration. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6372-6382. [PMID: 31184474 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of bone tissue is regulated by both osteogenic and angiogenic growth factors which are expressed in a coordinated cascade of events. The aim of this study was to create a dual growth factor-release system that allows for time-controlled release to facilitate bone regeneration. We fabricated core-shell SF/PCL/PVA nanofibrous mats using coaxial electrospinning and layer-by-layer (LBL) techniques, where bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was incorporated into the core of the nanofibers and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was attached onto the surface. Our study confirmed the sustained release of BMP2 and a rapid release of CTGF. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated improvements in bone tissue recovery with the dual-drug release system. In vivo studies showed improvement in bone regeneration by 43% compared with single BMP2 release systems. Time-controlled release enabled by the core-shell nanofiber assembly provides a promising strategy to facilitate bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Chengcheng Yin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Hu Tu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Lab of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Xue Zhou
- School of Public Health , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430030 , China
| | - Xin Xing
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Congyong Xie
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Lab of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Yuming Du
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Lab of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Hongbing Deng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Hubei Key Lab of Biomass Resource Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, School of Resource and Environmental Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
| | - Zubing Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430079 , China
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Comparison of Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Stimulation on Platelet-Rich Plasma and Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cell Using Rat Zygomatic Bone Defect Model. Ann Plast Surg 2016; 75:565-71. [PMID: 26461101 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of bone defects that occur because of certain reasons has an important place in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The objective of the treatments of these defects was to reinstate the continuity of tissues placed in the area in which the defect has occurred. In this experimental study, the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow stromal cell, which propounded that they have positive impact on bone regeneration, was evaluated with the bone healing rate in the zygomatic bone defect model enwrapped with superficial temporal fascia. METHODS After creating a 4-mm defect on the zygomatic bone of the experiments, the defect was encompassed with a superficial temporal fascial flap and a nonunion model was created. After surgery, different combinations of the PRP, bone marrow stromal cell, and electromagnetic field applications were implemented on the defective area. All the experiments were subjected to bone density measurement. RESULTS The result revealed that the PRP and pulsed electromagnetic field implementation were rather a beneficial and an effective combination in terms of bone regeneration. CONCLUSIONS It was observed that the superficial temporal fascial flap used in the experiment was a good scaffold choice, providing an ideal bone regeneration area because of its autogenous, vascular, and 3-dimensional structures. As a result, it is presumed that this combination in the nonhealing bone defects is a rather useful treatment choice and can be used in a reliable way in clinical applications.
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Integrin mediated adhesion of osteoblasts to connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) induces cytoskeleton reorganization and cell differentiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115325. [PMID: 25714841 PMCID: PMC4340870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-osteoblast adhesion and interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins through integrin receptors result in activation of signaling pathways regulating osteoblast differentiation. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a matricellular protein secreted into the ECM. Prior studies in various cell types have shown that cell adhesion to CTGF via integrin receptors results in activation of specific signaling pathways that regulate cell functions, such as differentiation and cytoskeletal reorganization. To date, there are no studies that have examined whether CTGF can serve as an adhesive substrate for osteoblasts. In this study, we used the MC3T3-E1 cell line to demonstrate that CTGF serves as an adhesive matrix for osteoblasts. Anti-integrin blocking experiments and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that the integrin αvβ1 plays a key role in osteoblast adhesion to a CTGF matrix. Immunofluorescence staining of osteoblasts cultured on a CTGF matrix confirmed actin cytoskeletal reorganization, enhanced spreading, formation of focal adhesions, and activation of Rac1. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity assays, as well as Alizarin red staining demonstrated that osteoblast attachment to CTGF matrix enhanced maturation, bone nodule formation and matrix mineralization. To investigate whether the effect of CTGF on osteoblast differentiation involves integrin-mediated activation of specific signaling pathways, we performed Western blot, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and qPCR assays. Osteoblasts cultured on a CTGF matrix showed increased total and phosphorylated (activated) forms of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Inhibition of ERK blocked osteogenic differentiation in cells cultured on a CTGF matrix. There was an increase in runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) binding to the osteocalcin gene promoter, and in the expression of osteogenic markers regulated by Runx2. Collectively, the results of this study are the first to demonstrate CTGF serves as a suitable matrix protein, enhancing osteoblast adhesion (via αvβ1 integrin) and promoting cell spreading via cytoskeletal reorganization and Rac1 activation. Furthermore, integrin-mediated activation of ERK signaling resulted in increased osteoblast differentiation accompanied by an increase in Runx2 binding to the osteocalcin promoter and in the expression of osteogenic markers.
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Takigawa M. Terminology of CCN1-6 should not be applicable for their fragments and be limited to only full length CCN1-6. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:81-3. [PMID: 25698662 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences (ARCOCS), Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan,
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Windus LCE, Glover TT, Avery VM. Bone-stromal cells up-regulate tumourigenic markers in a tumour-stromal 3D model of prostate cancer. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:112. [PMID: 24073816 PMCID: PMC3850923 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate interactions between tumour cells and the surrounding bone stroma are to date largely undetermined in prostate cancer (PCa) progression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of alpha 6 and beta 1 integrin subunits in mediating tumour-stromal interactions. Methods Utilising 3D in vitro assays we evaluated and compared 1. Monocultures of prostate metastatic PC3, bone stromal derived HS5 and prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells and 2. Tumour-stromal co-cultures (PC3 + HS5) to ascertain changes in cellular phenotype, function and expression of metastatic markers. Results In comparison to 3D monocultures of PC3 or HS5 cells, when cultured together, these cells displayed up-regulated invasive and proliferative qualities, along with altered expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal and chemokine protein constituents implicated in metastatic dissemination. When co-cultured, HS5 cells were found to re-express N-Cadherin and chemokine receptor CXCR7. Alterations in N-Cadherin expression were found to be mediated by soluble factors secreted by PC3 tumour cells, while chemokine receptor re-expression was dependent on direct cell-cell interactions. We have also shown that integrins beta 1 and alpha 6 play an integral role in maintaining cell homeostasis and mediating expression of E-Cadherin, N-Cadherin and vimentin, in addition to chemokine receptor CXCR7. Conclusions Collectively our results suggest that both PC3 and HS5 cells provide a “protective” and reciprocal milieu that promotes tumour growth. As such 3D co-cultures may serve as a more complex and valid biological model in the drug discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa C E Windus
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Brisbane, QLD, Canada.
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Leask A. CCN2: a novel, specific and valid target for anti-fibrotic drug intervention. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1067-71. [PMID: 23848501 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.812074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prior attempts at developing anti-fibrotic therapies have focused on using growth factors and cytokines as targets. However, growth factors and cytokines have effects on normal physiology as well as fibrosis, making effective drug development difficult. AREAS COVERED Matricellular proteins alter the cellular microenvironment and hence cellular signaling responses to cytokines and growth factors. A survey of Pubmed reveals that the expression pattern of matricellular proteins notably that of CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor) is often altered in pathophysiological conditions such as fibrosis. Moreover, data presented in recent publications suggests that CCN2 directly mediates fibrosis. EXPERT OPINION As a result of these features, matricellular proteins such as CCN2, a member of the CCN family of matricellular proteins, might be ideal targets against which to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Leask
- The University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich Dentistry, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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CTGF mediates Smad-dependent transforming growth factor β signaling to regulate mesenchymal cell proliferation during palate development. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3482-93. [PMID: 23816882 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00615-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling plays crucial functions in the regulation of craniofacial development, including palatogenesis. Here, we have identified connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) as a downstream target of the TGF-β signaling pathway in palatogenesis. The pattern of Ctgf expression in wild-type embryos suggests that it may be involved in key processes during palate development. We found that Ctgf expression is downregulated in both Wnt1-Cre; Tgfbr2(fl/fl) and Osr2-Cre; Smad4(fl/fl) palates. In Tgfbr2 mutant embryos, downregulation of Ctgf expression is associated with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) overactivation, whereas loss of function of Smad4 itself leads to downregulation of Ctgf expression. We also found that CTGF regulates its own expression via TGF-β signaling. Osr2-Cre; Smad4(fl/fl) mice exhibit a defect in cell proliferation similar to that of Tgfbr2 mutant mice, as well as cleft palate. We detected no alteration in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) downstream targets in Smad4 mutant palates, suggesting that the reduction in cell proliferation is due to defective transduction of TGF-β signaling via decreased Ctgf expression. Significantly, an exogenous source of CTGF was able to rescue the cell proliferation defect in both Tgfbr2 and Smad4 mutant palates. Collectively, our data suggest that CTGF regulates proliferation as a mediator of the canonical pathway of TGF-β signaling during palatogenesis.
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Novel chondrogenic and chondroprotective effects of the natural compound harmine. Biochimie 2013; 95:374-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Arnott JA, Lambi AG, Mundy C, Hendesi H, Pixley RA, Owen TA, Safadi FF, Popoff SN. The role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in skeletogenesis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 2012; 21:43-69. [PMID: 21967332 DOI: 10.1615/critreveukargeneexpr.v21.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a 38 kDa, cysteine rich, extracellular matrix protein composed of 4 domains or modules. CTGF has been shown to regulate a diverse array of cellular functions and has been implicated in more complex biological processes such as angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis. A role for CTGF in the development and maintenance of skeletal tissues first came to light in studies demonstrating its expression in cartilage and bone cells, which was dramatically increased during skeletal repair or regeneration. The physiological significance of CTGF in skeletogenesis was confirmed in CTGF-null mice, which exhibited multiple skeletal dysmorphisms as a result of impaired growth plate chondrogenesis, angiogenesis, and bone formation/mineralization. Given the emerging importance of CTGF in osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, this review will focus on its expression in skeletal tissues, its effects on osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation and function, and the skeletal implications of ablation or over-expression of CTGF in knockout or transgenic mouse models, respectively. In addition, this review will examine the role of integrin-mediated signaling and the regulation of CTGF expression as it relates to skeletogenesis. We will emphasize CTGF studies in bone or bone cells, and will identify opportunities for future investigations concerning CTGF and chondrogenesis/osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Arnott
- Basic Sciences Department, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
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Huang X, Zhang J, Huang C, Wang Y, Pei D. Effect of intracanal dentine wettability on human dental pulp cell attachment. Int Endod J 2011; 45:346-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Wang JJ, Ye F, Cheng LJ, Shi YJ, Bao J, Sun HQ, Wang W, Zhang P, Bu H. Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells promoted by overexpression of connective tissue growth factor. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:355-67. [PMID: 19434762 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Large segmental bone defect repair remains a clinical and scientific challenge with increasing interest focusing on combining gene transfection with tissue engineering techniques. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS A CTGF-expressing plasmid (pCTGF) was constructed and transfected into MSCs. Then expressions of bone morphogenesis-related genes, proliferation rate, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were examined to evaluate the osteogenic potential of the CTGF gene-modified MSCs. RESULTS Overexpression of CTGF was confirmed in pCTGF-MSCs. pCTGF transfection significantly enhanced the proliferation rates of pCTGF-MSCs (P<0.05). CTGF induced a 7.5-fold increase in cell migration over control (P<0.05). pCTGF transfection enhanced the expression of bone matrix proteins, such as bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and collagen type I in MSCs. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of pCTGF-MSCs at the 1st and 2nd weeks were 4.0- and 3.0-fold higher than those of MSCs cultured in OS-medium, significantly higher than those of mock-MSCs and normal control MSCs (P<0.05). Overexpression of CTGF in MSCs enhanced the capability to form mineralized nodules. CONCLUSION Overexpression of CTGF could improve the osteogenic differentiation ability of MSCs, and the CTGF gene-modified MSCs are potential as novel cell resources of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology of Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Kikuchi T, Kubota S, Asaumi K, Kawaki H, Nishida T, Kawata K, Mitani S, Tabata Y, Ozaki T, Takigawa M. Promotion of bone regeneration by CCN2 incorporated into gelatin hydrogel. Tissue Eng Part A 2009. [PMID: 19230129 DOI: 10.1089/tea.2007.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN family protein 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is a unique molecule that promotes the entire endochondral ossification process and regeneration of damaged articular cartilage. Also, CCN2 has been shown to enhance the adhesion and migration of bone marrow stromal cells as well as the growth and differentiation of osteoblasts; hence, its utility in bone regeneration has been suggested. Here, we evaluated the effect of CCN2 on the regeneration of an intractable bone defect in a rat model. First, we prepared two recombinant CCN2s of different origins, and the one showing the stronger effect on osteoblasts in vitro was selected for further evaluation, based on the result of an in vitro bioassay. Next, to obtain a sustained effect, the recombinant CCN2 was incorporated into gelatin hydrogel that enabled the gradual release of the factor. Evaluation in vivo indicated that CCN2 continued to be released at least for up to 14 days after its incorporation. Application of the gelatin hydrogel-CCN2 complex, together with a collagen scaffold to the bone defect prepared in a rat femur resulted in remarkable induction of osteoblastic mineralization markers within 2 weeks. Finally, distinct enhancement of bone regeneration was observed 3 weeks after the application of the complex. These results confirm the utility of CCN2 in the regeneration of intractable bone defects in vivo when the factor is incorporated into gelatin hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Okamoto Y, Sonoyama W, Ono M, Akiyama K, Fujisawa T, Oshima M, Tsuchimoto Y, Matsuka Y, Yasuda T, Shi S, Kuboki T. Simvastatin Induces the Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. J Endod 2009; 35:367-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kuroda C, Kubota S, Kawata K, Aoyama E, Sumiyoshi K, Oka M, Inoue M, Minagi S, Takigawa M. Distribution, gene expression, and functional role of EphA4 during ossification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:22-7. [PMID: 18601903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase has been shown to be critically involved in neural tissue development. Here, we found EphA4 was also distributed among hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts in the growth plate of developing mouse long bones. In vitro evaluation revealed that ephA4 expression was elevated upon hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and that markedly stronger expression was observed in osteoblastic SaOS-2 than chondrocytic HCS-2/8 cells. Of note, RNAi-mediated silencing of ephA4 in SaOS-2 cells resulted in the repression of osteocalcin gene expression and alkaline phosphatase activity. Interestingly, confocal laser-scanning microscopic analysis revealed the presence of EphA4 molecules in the nucleus as well as on the surface of SaOS-2 cells. These findings are the first indication of a critical role of EphA4 in ossification, especially at the final stage in which osteoblasts and hypertrophic chondrocytes play major roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisa Kuroda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8525, Japan
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Kikuchi T, Kubota S, Asaumi K, Kawaki H, Nishida T, Kawata K, Mitani S, Tabata Y, Ozaki T, Takigawa M. Promotion of Bone Regeneration by CCN2 Incorporated into Gelatin Hydrogel. Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:1089-98. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2007.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kikuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Asaumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Mitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Ono M, Kubota S, Fujisawa T, Sonoyama W, Kawaki H, Akiyama K, Shimono K, Oshima M, Nishida T, Yoshida Y, Suzuki K, Takigawa M, Kuboki T. Promotion of Hydroxyapatite-Associated, Stem Cell-Based Bone Regeneration by CCN2. Cell Transplant 2008; 17:231-40. [DOI: 10.3727/000000008783907143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple roles have been already recognized for CCN2 in cartilage development and regeneration. However, the effects of CCN2 on bone regeneration remain to be elucidated. In this study, the utility of CCN2 on bone regeneration was examined in vitro and in vivo in combination with hydroxyapatite (HAp) as a scaffold. Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) were isolated from human iliac bone marrow aspirates of healthy donors and expanded, and the effects of CCN2 on their proliferation and migration were examined in vitro. The proliferation of hBMSCs on a plastic or HAp plate was significantly enhanced by CCN2. Moreover, the migration of hBMSCs also dramatically increased by CCN2. Interestingly, a C-terminal signal modular fragment of CCN2 (CT-module) also enhanced the cell proliferation and migration as efficiently as the full-length CCN2. Next, in order to estimate the effect of CCN2 on the migration and survival of hBMSCs and bone formation inside the HAp scaffold in vivo, two experiments were performed. First, the porous HAp carrier was cultured with hBMSCs for a week, and the cell–scaffold hybrid was transplanted with or without CCN2 subcutaneously into immunocompromised mice. CCN2 accelerated the hBMSC-like cell migration and survival inside the porous HAp within 4 weeks after transplantation. Second, the porous HAp carrier with or without CCN2 was directly implanted into bone defects within a rabbit mandible, and bone regeneration inside was evaluated. As a result, CCN2 efficiently induced the cell invasion and bone formation inside the porous HAp scaffold. These findings suggest that CCN2 and its CT-module fragment could be useful for regeneration and reconstruction of large-scale bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuo Fujisawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Sonoyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Harumi Kawaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Akiyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kengo Shimono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Oshima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuomi Suzuki
- Department of Biomaterials, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuo Kuboki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Functional requirement of CCN2 for intramembranous bone formation in embryonic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 366:450-6. [PMID: 18067859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CCN2 is best known as a promoter of chondrocyte differentiation among the CCN family members, and Ccn2 null mutant mice display skeletal dysmorphisms. However, little is known concerning the roles of CCN2 during bone formation. We herein present a comparative analysis of wild-type and Ccn2 null mice to investigate the roles of CCN2 in bone development. Multiple histochemical methods were employed to analyze the effects of CCN2 deletion in vivo, and effects of CCN2 on the osteogenic response were evaluated with the isolated and cultured osteoblasts. As a result, we found a drastic reduction of the osteoblastic phenotype in Ccn2 null mutants. Importantly, addition of exogenous CCN2 promoted every step of osteoblast differentiation and rescued the attenuated activities of the Ccn2 null osteoblasts. These results suggest that CCN2 is required not only for the regulation of cartilage and subsequent events, but also for the normal intramembranous bone development.
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