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Obesity treatment effect in Danish children and adolescents carrying Melanocortin-4 Receptor mutations. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 45:66-76. [PMID: 32921795 PMCID: PMC7752754 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To determine the prevalence of Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) mutations in a cohort of children and adolescents with overweight or obesity and to determine whether treatment responses differed between carriers and noncarriers. Methods Using target region capture sequencing, an MC4R mutation screen was performed in 1261 Danish children and adolescents enrolled at a tertiary multidisciplinary childhood obesity treatment center. Measurements of anthropometrics, blood pressure, fasting blood biochemistry including lipid and hormone levels, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were performed at baseline and throughout treatment. Results Of 1209 children and adolescents that met all criteria to be included in the described analyses, 30 (2.5%) carried damaging or unresolved MC4R mutations. At baseline, mutation carriers exhibited higher concentrations of plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (p = 0.003), and lower concentrations of plasma thyroxine (p = 0.010) compared to noncarriers. After a median of 1 year of treatment (range 0.5–4.0 years), body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) was reduced in noncarriers but not in carriers, and this difference in treatment response was statistically significant (p = 0.005). Furthermore, HDL cholesterol was reduced in carriers, a response significantly different from that of noncarriers (p = 0.017). Conclusion Among Danish children and adolescents with overweight or obesity entering a tertiary lifestyle intervention, 2.5% carried damaging or unresolved MC4R mutations. In contrast to noncarriers, carriers of damaging or unresolved MC4R mutations failed to reduce their BMI SDS during obesity treatment, indicating a need for personalized treatment based on the MC4R genotype.
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Yoon YR, Lee TG, Choi MH, Shin SW, Ko YG, Rhyu IJ, Kim DH, Seong JK, Baik JH. Glucose-regulated protein 78 binds to and regulates the melanocortin-4 receptor. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:1-14. [PMID: 30209265 PMCID: PMC6135830 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0144-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and plays an essential role in the control of energy homeostasis. Here, we identified a novel MC4R-interacting protein, glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), from a pulldown assay using hypothalamic protein extracts and the third intracellular loop of MC4R. We found that MC4R interacted with GRP78 in both the cytosol and at the cell surface and that this interaction increased when MC4R was internalized in the presence of the agonist melanotan-II (MTII). Downregulation of GRP78 using a short interfering RNA approach attenuated MTII-mediated receptor internalization. Reduction in GRP78 expression during tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress also suppressed MTII-mediated internalization of MC4R and cAMP-mediated transcriptional activity. Furthermore, lentiviral-mediated short hairpin RNA knockdown of endogenous GRP78 in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus resulted in an increase in body weight in mice fed a high-fat diet. These results suggest that GRP78 in the PVN binds to MC4R and may have a chaperone-like role in the regulation of MC4R trafficking and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ran Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Tae-Gul Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Seung Woo Shin
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Ko
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Im Joo Rhyu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.,Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, Institute for Veterinary Science, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology, and Bio MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Baik
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea. .,Department of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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Agosti F, Cordisco Gonzalez S, Martinez Damonte V, Tolosa MJ, Di Siervi N, Schioth HB, Davio C, Perello M, Raingo J. Melanocortin 4 receptor constitutive activity inhibits L-type voltage-gated calcium channels in neurons. Neuroscience 2017; 346:102-112. [PMID: 28093215 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is expressed in several brain nuclei playing a crucial role in the regulation of energy balance controlling the homeostasis of the organism. It displays both agonist-evoked and constitutive activity, and moreover, it can couple to different G proteins. Most of the research on MC4R has been focused on agonist-induced activity, while the molecular and cellular basis of MC4R constitutive activity remains scarcely studied. We have previously shown that neuronal N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV2.2) are inhibited by MC4R agonist-dependent activation, while the CaV subtypes that carry L- and P/Q-type current are not. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MC4R constitutive activity can affect CaV, with focus on the channel subtypes that can control transcriptional activity coupled to depolarization (L-type, CaV1.2/1.3) and neurotransmitter release (N- and P/Q-type, CaV2.2 and CaV2.1). We found that MC4R constitutive activity inhibits specifically CaV1.2/1.3 and CaV2.1 subtypes of CaV. We also explored the signaling pathways mediating this inhibition, and thus propose that agonist-dependent and basal MC4R activation modes signal differentially through Gs and Gi/o pathways to impact on different CaV subtypes. In addition, we found that chronic incubation with MC4R endogenous inverse agonist, agouti and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), occludes CaV inhibition in a cell line and in amygdaloid complex cultured neurons as well. Thus, we define new mechanisms of control of the main mediators of depolarization-induced calcium entry into neurons by a GPCR that displays constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Agosti
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE) Universidad de La Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comision de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Cordisco Gonzalez
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE) Universidad de La Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comision de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Martinez Damonte
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE) Universidad de La Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comision de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M J Tolosa
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE) Universidad de La Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comision de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Di Siervi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, ININFA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - H B Schioth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Davio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, ININFA, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Perello
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE) Universidad de La Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comision de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Raingo
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology (IMBICE) Universidad de La Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, and Comision de Investigaciones de la Provincia de buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Adaptive decision making to eat is crucial for survival, but in anorexia nervosa, the brain persistently supports reduced food intake despite a growing need for energy. How the brain persists in reducing food intake, sometimes even to the point of death and despite the evolution of multiple mechanisms to ensure survival by governing adaptive eating behaviors, remains mysterious. Neural substrates belong to the reward-habit system, which could differ among the eating disorders. The present review provides an overview of neural circuitry of restrictive food choice, binge eating, and the contribution of specific serotonin receptors. One possibility is that restrictive food intake critically engages goal-directed (decision making) systems and "habit," supporting the view that persistent caloric restriction mimics some aspects of addiction to drugs of abuse. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT An improved understanding of the neural basis of eating disorders is a timely challenge because these disorders can be deadly. Up to 70 million of people in the world suffer from eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa affects 1-4% of women in United States and is the first cause of death among adolescents in Europe. Studies relying on animal models suggest that decision making to eat (or not) can prevail over actual energy requirements due to emotional disturbances resulting in abnormal habitual behavior, mimicking dependence. These recent studies provide a foundation for developing more specific and effective interventions for these disorders.
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Kay EI, Botha R, Montgomery JM, Mountjoy KG. hMRAPα, but Not hMRAP2, Enhances hMC4R Constitutive Activity in HEK293 Cells and This Is Not Dependent on hMRAPα Induced Changes in hMC4R Complex N-linked Glycosylation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140320. [PMID: 26469516 PMCID: PMC4607451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MRAP1 but not MRAP2, is essential for melanocortin receptor 2 functional expression. Human MRAP1 splice variant (hMRAPα) and human MRAP2 (hMRAP2) also interact with the other melanocortin receptor subtypes in vitro, although the physiological significance of these interactions is unknown. Previously we showed that HA-hMC4R co-expression with hMRAPα, but not hMRAP2, specifically alters HA-hMC4R complex N-linked glycosylation. hMRAPα-FLAG also enhances hMC4R constitutive activity in vitro. Here we directly compare hMRAPα and hMRAP2 effects on hMC4R constitutive activity in HEK293 cells. In contrast to hMRAPα, co-expression with hMRAP2 had no effect on HA-hMC4R or untagged hMC4R constitutive coupling to adenylyl cyclase. We used fixed and live cell imaging of HA-hMC4R and hMC4R-eGFP respectively, to further characterise effects of hMRAPα on hMC4R subcellular trafficking. hMRAPα-FLAG co-expression did not alter the partitioning of either HA-hMC4R or hMC4R-eGFP into either the ER or the Golgi apparatus, therefore the hMRAPα effect on hMC4R complex N-linked glycosylation is probably not due to hMC4R retention in the ER. We also observed that unlike HA-hMC4R, hMC4R-eGFP lacks complex glycosylation both in the presence and absence of hMRAPα, although both HA-hMC4R and hMC4R-eGFP exhibited increased constitutive coupling to adenylyl cyclase following co-expression with hMRAPα. We conclude that hMRAPα and not hMRAP2 modulates hMC4R constitutive activity. Furthermore, hMRAPα does not increase hMC4R constitutive activity by altering hMC4R complex N-linked glycosylation. Instead we hypothesise that hMRAPα alters hMC4R conformational states leading to increased hMC4R constitutive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma I. Kay
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rikus Botha
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Johanna M. Montgomery
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen G. Mountjoy
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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6
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Melanocortin-4 Receptor in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity Pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:147-91. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Thearle MS, Muller YL, Hanson RL, Mullins M, Abdussamad M, Tran J, Knowler WC, Bogardus C, Krakoff J, Baier LJ. Greater impact of melanocortin-4 receptor deficiency on rates of growth and risk of type 2 diabetes during childhood compared with adulthood in Pima Indians. Diabetes 2012; 61:250-7. [PMID: 22106157 PMCID: PMC3237672 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Features of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) deficiency have been observed to be more pronounced in childhood. Longitudinal data from a population-based study were used to separate the phenotypic effects of MC4R deficiency during childhood and adulthood. The MC4R exon was sequenced in 6,760 individuals of predominantly Pima Indian heritage, and discovered mutations were functionally assessed in vitro. Effects on BMI, height, and slope of BMI change were assessed during childhood (ages 5-20 years) and adulthood (ages 20-45 years). Six mutations affecting MC4R function, including three that may be private to Pima Indians, were found in 159 individuals (2.4%). The slope of BMI increase was greater in individuals carrying an MC4R mutation compared with noncarriers during childhood but not during adulthood. The final adult height obtained was higher in individuals with MC4R deficiency. There was an increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes in individuals with a defective MC4R during childhood and adulthood, but this was only independent of BMI in childhood. The greater rates of body mass accumulation and risk of type 2 diabetes before the age of 20 years in individuals with MC4R deficiency indicate that the effects of these mutations are more apparent during the active growth of childhood.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Body Mass Index
- Child
- Child Development
- Child, Preschool
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Growth and Development/genetics
- Humans
- Indians, North American/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/deficiency
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/physiology
- Risk Factors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie S Thearle
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.
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Melanocortins and body weight regulation: glucocorticoids, Agouti-related protein and beyond. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:111-8. [PMID: 21199644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the intervening three decades since Panksepp observed for the first time that centrally administered α-melanocyte stimulating hormone decreased food intake (Panksepp and Meeker, 1976), a wealth of data have accrued to firmly establish melanocortin signaling as a central regulator of food intake and fat mass. Advances in molecular biology have not only allowed detailed studies of spontaneously occurring obese mice with altered melanocortin signaling to be undertaken but also permitted the generation of a plethora of mouse models with precise perturbations at critical steps in the melanocortin system to finesse further the cellular and molecular architecture of relevant pathways. In this article we focus in upon a number of these mouse models which continue to help us tease apart the complexities of this critical system. Further, we review data on the important interaction between pro-opiomelanocortin derived peptides and the adrenal system and the relationship between agonist and antagonist peptides acting at central melanocortin receptors.
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Interactions of the melanocortin-4 receptor with the peptide agonist NDP-MSH. J Mol Biol 2010; 401:433-50. [PMID: 20600126 PMCID: PMC3101337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) has an important regulatory role in energy homeostasis and food intake. Peptide agonists of the MC4R are characterized by the conserved sequence His6-Phe7-Arg8-Trp9, which is crucial for their interaction with the receptor. This investigation utilized the covalent attachment approach to identify receptor residues in close proximity to the bound ligand [Nle4,d-Phe7]melanocyte-stimulating hormone (NDP-MSH), thereby differentiating between residues directly involved in ligand binding and those mutations that compromise ligand binding by inducing conformational changes in the receptor. Also, recent X-ray structures of G-protein-coupled receptors were utilized to refine a model of human MC4R in the active state (R⁎), which was used to generate a better understanding of the binding mode of the ligand NDP-MSH at the atomic level. The mutation of residues in the human MC4R—such as Leu106 of extracellular loop 1, and Asp122, Ile125, and Asp126 of transmembrane (TM) helix 3, His264 (TM6), and Met292 (TM7)—to Cys residues produced definitive indications of proximity to the side chains of residues in the core region of the peptide ligand. Of particular interest was the contact between d-Phe7 on the ligand and Ile125 of TM3 on the MC4R. Additionally, Met292 (TM7) equivalent to Lys(7.45) (Ballesteros numbering scheme) involved in covalently attaching retinal in rhodopsin is shown to be in close proximity to Trp9. For the first time, the interactions between the terminal regions of NDP-MSH and the receptor are described. The amino-terminus appears to be adjacent to a series of hydrophilic residues with novel interactions at Cys196 (TM5) and Asp189 (extracellular loop 2). These interactions are reminiscent of sequential ligand binding exhibited by the β2-adrenergic receptor, with the former interaction being equivalent to the known interaction involving Ser204 of the β2-adrenergic receptor.
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Bromberg Y, Overton J, Vaisse C, Leibel RL, Rost B. In silico mutagenesis: a case study of the melanocortin 4 receptor. FASEB J 2009; 23:3059-69. [PMID: 19417090 PMCID: PMC2735358 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-127530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and a key molecule in the regulation of energy homeostasis. At least 159 substitutions in the coding region of human MC4R (hMC4R) have been described experimentally; over 80 of those occur naturally, and many have been implicated in obesity. However, assessment of the presumably functionally essential residues remains incomplete. Here we have performed a complete in silico mutagenesis analysis to assess the functional essentiality of all possible nonnative point mutants in the entire hMC4R protein (332 residues). We applied SNAP, which is a method for quantifying functional consequences of single amino acid (AA) substitutions, to calculate the effects of all possible substitutions at each position in the hMC4R AA sequence. We compiled a mutability score that reflects the degree to which a particular residue is likely to be functionally important. We performed the same experiment for a paralogue human melanocortin receptor (hMC1R) and a mouse orthologue (mMC4R) in order to compare computational evaluations of highly related sequences. Three results are most salient: 1) our predictions largely agree with the available experimental annotations; 2) this analysis identified several AAs that are likely to be functionally critical, but have not yet been studied experimentally; and 3) the differential analysis of the receptors implicates a number of residues as specifically important to MC4Rs vs. other GPCRs, such as hMC1R.—Bromberg, Y., Overton, J., Vaisse, C., Leibel, R. L., Rost, B. In silico mutagenesis: a case study of the melanocortin 4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Bromberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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Sánchez E, Rubio VC, Thompson D, Metz J, Flik G, Millhauser GL, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor-dependent inverse agonism of agouti-related protein on melanocortin 4 receptor in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1293-306. [PMID: 19225141 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90948.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is a G protein-coupled receptor mainly expressed in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Activation of the MC4R leads to a decrease in food intake, whereas inactivating mutations are a genetic cause of obesity. The binding of agouti-related protein (AGRP) reduces not only agonist-stimulated cAMP production (competitive antagonist) but also the basal activity of the receptor, as an inverse agonist. Transgenic zebrafish overexpressing AGRP display increased food intake and linear growth, indicative of a physiological role for the melanocortin system in the control of the energy balance in fish. We report on the cloning, pharmacological characterization, tissue distribution, and detailed brain mapping of a sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) MC4R ortholog. Sea bass MC4R is profusely expressed within food intake-controlling pathways of the fish brain. However, the activity of the melanocortin system during progressive fasting does not depend on the hypothalamic/pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and MC4R expression, which suggests that sea bass MC4R is constitutively activated and regulated by AGRP binding. We demonstrate that AGRP acts as competitive antagonist and reduces MTII-induced cAMP production. AGRP also decreases the basal activity of the receptor as an inverse agonist. This observation suggests that MC4R is constitutively active and supports the evolutionary conservation of the AGRP/MC4R interactions. The inverse agonism, but not the competitive antagonism, depends on the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX). This suggests that inverse agonism and competitive antagonism operate through different intracellular signaling pathways, a view that opens up new targets for the treatment of melanocortin-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sánchez
- Dept. of Fish Reproductive Physiology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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13
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Murph M, Nguyen G, Radhakrishna H, Mills GB. Sharpening the edges of understanding the structure/function of the LPA1 receptor: expression in cancer and mechanisms of regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1781:547-57. [PMID: 18501205 PMCID: PMC2565514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the molecular cloning of the vzg-1/Edg-2/LPA1 gene, studies have attempted to characterize LPA1 receptor functionality into a single categorical role, different from the other Edg-family LPA receptors. The desire to categorize LPA1 function has highlighted its complexity and demonstrated that the LPA1 receptor does not have one absolute function throughout every system. The central nervous system is highly enriched in the LPA1 receptor, suggesting an integral role in neuronal processes. Metastatic and invasive breast cancer also appears to have LPA-mediated LPA1 receptor functions that enhance phenotypes associated with tumorigenesis. LPA1 possesses a number of motifs conserved among G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): a DRY-like motif, a PDZ domain, Ser/Thr predicted sites of phosphorylation, a di-leucine motif, double cysteines in the tail and conserved residues that stabilize structure and determine ligand binding. The third intracellular loop of the LPA1 receptor may be the crux of receptor signaling and attenuation with phosphorylation of Thr-236 potentially a key determinant of basal LPA1 signaling. Mutagenesis data supports the notion that Thr-236 regulates this process since mutating Thr-236 to Ala-236 increased basal and LPA-mediated serum response factor (SRF) signaling activity and Lys-236 further increased this basal signaling. Here we describe progress on defining the major functions of the LPA1 receptor, discuss a context dependent dualistic role as both a negative regulator in cancer and a proto-oncogene, outline its structural components at the molecular amino acid level and present mutagenesis data on the third intracellular loop of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi Murph
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Giang Nguyen
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Harish Radhakrishna
- School of Biology and Petit Institute for Biosciences and Bioengineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,The Coca-Cola Company, One Coca-Cola Plaza, TEC-437, Atlanta, GA 30301
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
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