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Macchiaiolo M, Panfili FM, Gonfiantini MV, Mastrogiorgio G, Buonuomo PS, Gaspari S, Longo D, Zollino M, Bartuli A. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a young patient with Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2746-2750. [PMID: 32945094 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS, MIM #610954) is a rare neurodevelopmental disease characterized by the association of intellectual disability, characteristic facial gestalt and episodes of abnormal and irregular breathing. PTHS is due to heterozygous loss-of-function variants in the TCF4 gene (transcription factor 4, MIM #602272) encoding for a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. TCF4 is highly expressed during early development of the nervous system, and it is involved in cellular differentiation and proliferation. Since the first clinical description in 1978, less than 200 PTHS patients have been described. A comprehensive phenotype, especially regarding cancer predisposition, is not yet well defined. We report the case of a 7-year-old boy affected by PTHS with a 4-week history of progressive swelling of the frontal bones diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michaela Veronika Gonfiantini
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerarda Mastrogiorgio
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sabrina Buonuomo
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gaspari
- Hematology/Oncology, Cellular and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Longo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, UOC Genetica, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Istituto di Medicina Genomica, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Diseases and Genetic Unit, University Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Ruiz de Garibay G, Mateo F, Stradella A, Valdés-Mas R, Palomero L, Serra-Musach J, Puente DA, Díaz-Navarro A, Vargas-Parra G, Tornero E, Morilla I, Farré L, Martinez-Iniesta M, Herranz C, McCormack E, Vidal A, Petit A, Soler T, Lázaro C, Puente XS, Villanueva A, Pujana MA. Tumor xenograft modeling identifies an association between TCF4 loss and breast cancer chemoresistance. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.032292. [PMID: 29666142 PMCID: PMC5992609 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.032292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of cancer therapeutic resistance is fundamental to improving cancer care. There is clear benefit from chemotherapy in different breast cancer settings; however, knowledge of the mutations and genes that mediate resistance is incomplete. In this study, by modeling chemoresistance in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we show that adaptation to therapy is genetically complex and identify that loss of transcription factor 4 (TCF4; also known as ITF2) is associated with this process. A triple-negative BRCA1-mutated PDX was used to study the genetics of chemoresistance. The PDX was treated in parallel with four chemotherapies for five iterative cycles. Exome sequencing identified few genes with de novo or enriched mutations in common among the different therapies, whereas many common depleted mutations/genes were observed. Analysis of somatic mutations from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) supported the prognostic relevance of the identified genes. A mutation in TCF4 was found de novo in all treatments, and analysis of drug sensitivity profiles across cancer cell lines supported the link to chemoresistance. Loss of TCF4 conferred chemoresistance in breast cancer cell models, possibly by altering cell cycle regulation. Targeted sequencing in chemoresistant tumors identified an intronic variant of TCF4 that may represent an expression quantitative trait locus associated with relapse outcome in TCGA. Immunohistochemical studies suggest a common loss of nuclear TCF4 expression post-chemotherapy. Together, these results from tumor xenograft modeling depict a link between altered TCF4 expression and breast cancer chemoresistance. Summary: By modeling chemoresistance in patient-derived breast cancer xenografts, this study shows that adaptation to therapy is genetically complex and that loss of transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is associated with this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorka Ruiz de Garibay
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Laboratory, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesca Mateo
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Laboratory, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agostina Stradella
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafael Valdés-Mas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Luis Palomero
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Laboratory, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Serra-Musach
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Laboratory, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Diana A Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Ander Díaz-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
| | - Gardenia Vargas-Parra
- Hereditary Cancer Programme, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Tornero
- Hereditary Cancer Programme, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Idoia Morilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Farré
- Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors Laboratory, ProCURE, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Martinez-Iniesta
- Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors Laboratory, ProCURE, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen Herranz
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Laboratory, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emmet McCormack
- Departments of Clinical Science and Internal Medicine, Haematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, and Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - August Vidal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Petit
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Soler
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Conxi Lázaro
- Hereditary Cancer Programme, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Cancer, CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Xose S Puente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre of Cancer, CIBERONC, Spain
| | - Alberto Villanueva
- Chemoresistance and Predictive Factors Laboratory, ProCURE, ICO, Oncobell, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain.,Xenopat S.L., Business Bioincubator, Bellvitge Health Science Campus, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Laboratory, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
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Wang LH, Baker NE. Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway in a developmental checkpoint monitoring helix-loop-helix proteins. Dev Cell 2015; 32:191-202. [PMID: 25579975 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The E proteins and Id proteins are, respectively, the positive and negative heterodimer partners for the basic-helix-loop-helix protein family and as such contribute to a remarkably large number of cell-fate decisions. E proteins and Id proteins also function to inhibit or promote cell proliferation and cancer. Using a genetic modifier screen in Drosophila, we show that the Id protein Extramacrochaetae enables growth by suppressing activation of the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway of tumor suppressors, activation that requires transcriptional activation of the expanded gene by the E protein Daughterless. Daughterless protein binds to an intronic enhancer in the expanded gene, both activating the SWH pathway independently of the transmembrane protein Crumbs and bypassing the negative feedback regulation that targets the same expanded enhancer. Thus, the Salvador-Warts-Hippo pathway has a cell-autonomous function to prevent inappropriate differentiation due to transcription factor imbalance and monitors the intrinsic developmental status of progenitor cells, distinct from any responses to cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hsin Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Mologni L, Dekhil H, Ceccon M, Purgante S, Lan C, Cleris L, Magistroni V, Formelli F, Gambacorti-Passerini CB. Colorectal tumors are effectively eradicated by combined inhibition of {beta}-catenin, KRAS, and the oncogenic transcription factor ITF2. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7253-63. [PMID: 20823162 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinomas (CRC) harbor well-defined genetic abnormalities, including aberrant activation of β-catenin (β-cat) and KRAS, but independent targeting of these molecules seems to have limited therapeutic effect. In this study, we report therapeutic effects of combined targeting of different oncogenes in CRC. Inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated silencing of β-cat, ITF2, or KRAS decreased proliferation by 88%, 72%, and 45%, respectively, with no significant apoptosis in any case. In contrast, combined blockade of β-cat and ITF2 inhibited proliferation by 99% with massive apoptosis. Similar effects occurred after combined shRNA against β-cat and KRAS. In vivo, single oncogene blockade inhibited the growth of established tumors by up to 30%, whereas dual β-cat and ITF2 targeting caused 93% inhibition. Similar tumor growth suppression was achieved by double β-cat/KRAS shRNA in vivo. Our findings illustrate an effective therapeutic principle in CRC based on a combination targeting strategy that includes the ITF2 oncogene, which represents a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mologni
- University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy; McGill University, Montreal, Canada; and National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
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Appaiah H, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Mehta R, Thorat M, Badve S, Nakshatri H. ITF2 is a target of CXCR4 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and is associated with reduced survival in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:600-14. [PMID: 20603605 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.6.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4, a chemokine receptor, plays an important role in breast cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. The transcriptional targets of CXCR4 signaling are not known. Microarray analysis of CXCR4-enriched and CXCR4-low subpopulations of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, which has a constitutively active CXCR4 signaling network, revealed differential expression of ∼ 200 genes in the CXCR4-enriched subpopulation. ITF2, upregulated in CXCR4-enriched cells, was investigated further. Expression array datasets of primary breast tumors revealed higher ITF2 expression in estrogen receptor negative tumors, which correlated with reduced progression free and overall survival and suggested its relevance in breast cancer progression. CXCL12, a CXCR4 ligand, increased ITF2 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. ITF2 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that controls the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the function of the ID family (inhibitor-of-differentiation) of transcription factors, such as ID2. ID2 promotes differentiation of breast epithelial cells and its reduced expression in breast cancer is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Both CXCR4 and ITF2 repressed ID2 expression. In xenograft studies, CXCR4-enriched cells formed large tumors and exhibited significantly elevated lung metastasis. Short interfering RNA against ITF2 reduced invasion of the CXCR4-enriched MDA-MB-231 subpopulation, whereas ITF2 overexpression restored the invasive capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells expressing CXCR4shRNA. Furthermore, overexpression of ITF2 in these cells enhanced tumor growth. We propose that ITF2 is one of the CXCR4 targets, which is involved in CXCR4-dependent tumor growth and invasion of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Appaiah
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Perotti C, Wiedl T, Florin L, Reuter H, Moffat S, Silbermann M, Hahn M, Angel P, Shemanko CS. Characterization of mammary epithelial cell line HC11 using the NIA 15k gene array reveals potential regulators of the undifferentiated and differentiated phenotypes. Differentiation 2009; 78:269-82. [PMID: 19523745 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of undifferentiated mammary epithelial stem and/or progenitor cells results in the production of luminal-ductal and myoepithelial cells in the young animal and upon pregnancy, the production of luminal alveolar cells. A few key regulators of differentiation have been identified, though it is not known yet how these proteins function together to achieve their well-orchestrated products. In an effort to identify regulators of early differentiation, we screened the NIA 15k gene array of 15,247 developmentally expressed genes using mouse mammary epithelial HC11 cells as a model of differentiation. We have confirmed a number of genes preferentially expressed in the undifferentiated cells (Lgals1, Ran, Jam-A and Bmpr1a) and in those induced to undergo differentiation (Id1, Nfkbiz, Trib1, Rps21, Ier3). Using antibodies to the proteins encoded by Lgals1, and Jam-A, we confirmed that their proteins levels were higher in the undifferentiated cells. Although the amounts of bone morphogenetic protein receptor-1A (BMPR1A) protein were present at all stages, we found the activity of its downstream signal transduction pathway, as measured by the presence of phosphorylated-SMAD1, -SMAD5, and -SMAD8, is elevated in undifferentiated cells and decreases in fully differentiated cells. This evidence supports that the BMPR1A pathway functions primarily in undifferentiated mammary epithelial cells. We have identified a number of genes, of known and unknown function, that are candidates for the maintenance of the undifferentiated phenotype and for early regulators of mammary alveolar cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perotti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, N.W. Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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