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Inouye S, Matsuda K, Nakamura M. Enzymatic sulfation of coelenterazine by human cytosolic aryl sulfotransferase SULT1A1: identification of coelenterazine C2-benzyl monosulfate by LC/ESI-TOF-MS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 665:133-140. [PMID: 37163933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Coelenterazine (CTZ) is known as a light-emitting source for the bioluminescence reaction in marine organisms. CTZ has two phenolic hydroxy groups at the C2-benzyl and C6-phenyl positions, and a keto-enol type hydroxy group at the C3-position in the core structure of imidazopyrazinone (= 3,7-dihydroimidazopyrazin-3-one). These hydroxy groups in CTZ could be sulfated by sulfotransferase(s), and the sulfates of Watasenia luciferin (CTZ disulfate at the C2- and C6-positions) and Renilla pre-luciferin (CTZ 3-enol sulfate) have been identified in marine organisms. To characterize the sulfation process of CTZ, human cytosolic aryl sulfotransferase SULT1A1 (SUTase) was used as a model enzyme. The sulfated products catalyzed by SUTase with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) were analyzed by LC/ESI-TOF-MS. The product was the monosulfate of CTZ and identified as the C2-benzyl sulfate of CTZ (CTZ C2-benzyl monosulfate), but CTZ disulfate, CTZ 3-enol sulfate, and CTZ C6-phenyl monosulfate were not detected. The non-enzymatic oxidation products of dehydrocoelenterazine (dCTZ, dehydrogenated derivative of CTZ), coelenteramide (CTMD), and coelenteramine (CTM) from CTZ were also identified as their monosulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inouye
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Matsuda
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
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Inouye S, Nakamura M, Hosoya T. Enzymatic conversion of dehydrocoelenterazine to coelenterazine using FMN-bound flavin reductase of NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:24-28. [PMID: 34864391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Coelenterazine (CTZ) is known as luciferin (a substrate) for the luminescence reaction with luciferase (an enzyme) in marine organisms and is unstable in aqueous solutions. The dehydrogenated form of CTZ (dehydrocoelenterazine, dCTZ) is stable and thought to be a storage form of CTZ and a recycling intermediate from the condensation reaction of coelenteramine and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to CTZ. In this study, the enzymatic conversion of dCTZ to CTZ was successfully achieved using NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase from the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri ATCC 7744 (FRase) in the presence of NADH (the FRase-NADH reaction). CTZ reduced from dCTZ in the FRase-NADH reaction was identified by HPLC and LC/ESI-TOF-MS analyses. Thus, dCTZ can be enzymatically converted to CTZ in vitro. Furthermore, the concentration of dCTZ could be determined by the luminescence activity using the CTZ-utilizing luciferases (Gaussia luciferase or Renilla luciferase) coupled with the FRase-NADH reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inouye
- Yokohama Research Center, JNC Co., 5-1 Okawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8605, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
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Inouye S, Nakamura M, Hosoya T. Formation of Coelenteramine from 2-peroxycoelenterazine in the Ca 2+ -binding Photoprotein Aequorin. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:1068-1076. [PMID: 34971002 DOI: 10.1111/php.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aequorin consists of apoprotein (apoAequorin) and (S)-2-peroxycoelenterazine (CTZ-OOH) and is considered to be a transient-state complex of an enzyme (apoAequorin) and a substrate (coelenterazine and molecular oxygen) in the enzymatic reaction. The degradation process of CTZ-OOH in aequorin was characterized under various conditions of protein denaturation. By acid treatment, the major product from CTZ-OOH was coelenteramine (CTM), but not coelenteramide (CTMD), and no significant luminescence was observed. The counterparts of CTM from CTZ-OOH were identified as 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4HPPA) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-TOF-MS). In the luminescence reaction of aequorin with Ca2+ , similar amounts of 4HPPA and 4HPAA were detected, indicating that CTM is formed by two pathways from CTZ-OOH through dioxetanone anion and not by hydrolysis from CTMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inouye
- Yokohama Research Center, JNC Co., 5-1 Okawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8605, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
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Inouye S, Sumida Y, Tomabechi Y, Taguchi J, Shirouzu M, Hosoya T. Chiral deaza-coelenterazine analogs for probing a substrate-binding site in the Ca2+-binding photoprotein aequorin. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251743. [PMID: 34115795 PMCID: PMC8195370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-binding photoprotein aequorin is a complex of apoAequorin (apoprotein) and (S)-2-peroxycoelenterazine. Aequorin can be regenerated by the incubation of apoAequorin with coelenterazine and molecular oxygen (O2). In this study, to investigate the molecular recognition of apoAequorin for coelenterazine using chemical probes, the chiral deaza-analogs of (S)- and (R)-deaza-CTZ (daCTZ) for coelenterazine and of (S)-2- and (R)-2-hydroxymethyl-deaza-CTZ (HM-daCTZ) for 2-peroxycoelenterazine were efficiently prepared by the improvement method. The chiral deaza-analogs of (S)-daCTZ and (S)-HM-daCTZ selectively inhibited the regeneration step to aequorin by binding the catalytic site of coelenterazine in the apoAequorin molecule. The crystal structures of the apoAequorin complexes with (S)-daCTZ and (S)-HM-daCTZ were determined, suggesting that the hydroxy moiety at the C6-hydroxyphenyl group and the carbonyl moiety of the imidazopyrazinone ring in coelenterazine are essential to bind the apoAequorin molecule through hydrogen bonding. Therefore, the chiral deaza-analogs of coelenterazine can be used as a probe to study the interaction between coelenterazine and the related proteins including photoprotein, luciferase, and coelenterazine-binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Inouye
- Yokohama Research Center, JNC Co., Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (SI); (TH)
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuri Tomabechi
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jumpei Taguchi
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory for Chemical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SI); (TH)
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Inouye S, Sahara-Miura Y. Expression and characterization of EF-hand I loop mutants of aequorin replaced with other loop sequences of Ca2+-binding proteins: an approach to studying the EF-hand motif of proteins. J Biochem 2016; 160:59-68. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hosoya T, Iimori R, Yoshida S, Sumida Y, Sahara-Miura Y, Sato JI, Inouye S. Concise Synthesis of v-Coelenterazines. Org Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Hosoya
- Laboratory
of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Rie Iimori
- Department
of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku,
Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Suguru Yoshida
- Laboratory
of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuto Sumida
- Laboratory
of Chemical Bioscience, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuiko Sahara-Miura
- Yokohama
Research
Center, JNC Co., 5-1 Okawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8605, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Sato
- Yokohama
Research
Center, JNC Co., 5-1 Okawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8605, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inouye
- Yokohama
Research
Center, JNC Co., 5-1 Okawa, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-8605, Japan
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Inouye S, Sahara-Miura Y. A Novel Catalytic Function of Synthetic IgG-Binding Domain (Z Domain) from Staphylococcal Protein A: Light Emission with Coelenterazine. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:137-44. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen SF, Ferré N, Liu YJ. QM/MM study on the light emitters of aequorin chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and fluorescence: a general understanding of the bioluminescence of several marine organisms. Chemistry 2013; 19:8466-72. [PMID: 23670851 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aequorea victoria is a type of jellyfish that is known by its famous protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), which has been widely used as a probe in many fields. Aequorea has another important protein, aequorin, which is one of the members of the EF-hand calcium-binding protein family. Aequorin has been used for intracellular calcium measurements for three decades, but its bioluminescence mechanism remains largely unknown. One of the important reasons is the lack of clear and reliable knowledge about the light emitters, which are complex. Several neutral and anionic forms exist in chemiexcited, bioluminescent, and fluorescent states and are connected with the H-bond network of the binding cavity in the protein. We first theoretically investigated aequorin chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and fluorescence in real proteins by performing hybrid quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics methods combined with a molecular dynamics method. For the first time, this study reported the origin and clear differences in the chemiluminescence, bioluminescence and fluorescence of aequorin, which is important for understanding the bioluminescence not only of jellyfish, but also of many other marine organisms (that have the same coelenterazine caved in different coelenterazine-type luciferases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, PR China
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Expression, purification and luminescence properties of coelenterazine-utilizing luciferases from Renilla, Oplophorus and Gaussia: Comparison of substrate specificity for C2-modified coelenterazines. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 88:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Inouye S, Sato JI. Purification of histidine-tagged aequorin with a reactive cysteine residue for chemical conjugations and its application for bioluminescent sandwich immunoassays. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:205-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Inouye S, Iimori R, Sahara Y, Hisada S, Hosoya T. Application of new semisynthetic aequorins with long half-decay time of luminescence to G-protein-coupled receptor assay. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:247-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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