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Aanniz T, Bouyahya A, Balahbib A, El Kadri K, Khalid A, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, El Omari N, Zaid Y, Wong RSY, Yeo CI, Goh BH, Bakrim S. Natural bioactive compounds targeting DNA methyltransferase enzymes in cancer: Mechanisms insights and efficiencies. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110907. [PMID: 38395253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to health and life and is essentially carried out at the promoter region of the DNA of each gene. Depending on the molecular context, this region may be accessible or non-accessible (possibility of integration of RNA polymerase or not at this region). Among enzymes that control this process, DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs), are responsible for DNA demethylation at the CpG islands, particularly at the promoter regions, to regulate transcription. The aberrant activity of these enzymes, i.e. their abnormal expression or activity, can result in the repression or overactivation of gene expression. Consequently, this can generate cellular dysregulation leading to instability and tumor development. Several reports highlighted the involvement of DNMTs in human cancers. The inhibition or activation of DNMTs is a promising therapeutic approach in many human cancers. In the present work, we provide a comprehensive and critical summary of natural bioactive molecules as primary inhibitors of DNMTs in human cancers. The active compounds hold the potential to be developed as anti-cancer epidrugs targeting DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, B.P, 6203, Morocco.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, 10106, Morocco.
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco.
| | - Kawtar El Kadri
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box: 2424, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - Younes Zaid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Rebecca Shin-Yee Wong
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Medical Education, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Chien Ing Yeo
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 80000, Morocco.
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Chua BH, Zaal Anuar N, Ferry L, Domrane C, Wittek A, Mukundan VT, Jha S, Butter F, Tenen DG, Defossez PA, Kappei D. E4F1 and ZNF148 are transcriptional activators of the -57A > C and wild-type TERT promoter. Genome Res 2023; 33:1893-1905. [PMID: 37918959 PMCID: PMC10760450 DOI: 10.1101/gr.277724.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Point mutations within the TERT promoter are the most recurrent somatic noncoding mutations identified across different cancer types, including glioblastoma, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and bladder cancer. They are most abundant at -146C > T and -124C > T, and rarer at -57A > C, with the latter originally described as a familial case, but subsequently shown also to occur somatically. All three mutations create de novo E26-specific (ETS) binding sites and result in activation of the TERT gene, allowing cancer cells to achieve replicative immortality. Here, we used a systematic proteomics screen to identify transcription factors preferentially binding to the -146C > T, -124C > T, and -57A > C mutations. Although we confirmed binding of multiple ETS factors to the mutant -146C > T and -124C > T sequences, we identified E4F1 as a -57A > C-specific binder and ZNF148 as a TERT wild-type (WT) promoter binder that showed reduced interaction with the -124C > T allele. Both proteins are activating transcription factors that bind specifically to the -57A > C and WT (at position 124) TERT promoter sequence in corresponding cell lines, and up-regulate TERT transcription and telomerase activity. Our work describes new regulators of TERT gene expression with possible roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Haow Chua
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore
| | - Nurkaiyisah Zaal Anuar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Laure Ferry
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Cecilia Domrane
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anna Wittek
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Vineeth T Mukundan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Sudhakar Jha
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology (IMVZ), Friedrich Loeffler Institute, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore;
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596 Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117599 Singapore
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Bouyahya A, El Omari N, Bakha M, Aanniz T, El Menyiy N, El Hachlafi N, El Baaboua A, El-Shazly M, Alshahrani MM, Al Awadh AA, Lee LH, Benali T, Mubarak MS. Pharmacological Properties of Trichostatin A, Focusing on the Anticancer Potential: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101235. [PMID: 36297347 PMCID: PMC9612318 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), a natural derivative of dienohydroxamic acid derived from a fungal metabolite, exhibits various biological activities. It exerts antidiabetic activity and reverses high glucose levels caused by the downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in Schwann cells, anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the expression of various cytokines, and significant antioxidant activity by suppressing oxidative stress through multiple mechanisms. Most importantly, TSA exhibits potent inhibitory activity against different types of cancer through different pathways. The anticancer activity of TSA appeared in many in vitro and in vivo investigations that involved various cell lines and animal models. Indeed, TSA exhibits anticancer properties alone or in combination with other drugs used in chemotherapy. It induces sensitivity of some human cancers toward chemotherapeutical drugs. TSA also exhibits its action on epigenetic modulators involved in cell transformation, and therefore it is considered an epidrug candidate for cancer therapy. Accordingly, this work presents a comprehensive review of the most recent developments in utilizing this natural compound for the prevention, management, and treatment of various diseases, including cancer, along with the multiple mechanisms of action. In addition, this review summarizes the most recent and relevant literature that deals with the use of TSA as a therapeutic agent against various diseases, emphasizing its anticancer potential and the anticancer molecular mechanisms. Moreover, TSA has not been involved in toxicological effects on normal cells. Furthermore, this work highlights the potential utilization of TSA as a complementary or alternative medicine for preventing and treating cancer, alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10106, Morocco
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (L.-H.L.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Bakha
- Unit of Plant Biotechnology and Sustainable Development of Natural Resources “B2DRN”, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Beni Mellal, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Mghila, P.O. Box 592, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco
| | - Tarik Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat B.P. 6203, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Agency of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Taounate 34025, Morocco
| | - Naoufal El Hachlafi
- Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules Laboratory, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, Sidi Mohmed Ben Abdellah University, Imouzzer Road Fez, Fez 30050, Morocco
| | - Aicha El Baaboua
- Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology Team, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group (NBDD), Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (L.-H.L.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Sidi Bouzid B.P. 4162, Morocco
| | - Mohammad S. Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amma 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (L.-H.L.); (M.S.M.)
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Louwies T, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. Chronic stress increases DNA methylation of the GR promoter in the central nucleus of the amygdala of female rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14377. [PMID: 35411658 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The central pathophysiological mechanisms underlying irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a female-predominant gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and abnormal bowel habits, remain poorly understood. IBS patients often report that chronic stress exacerbates their symptoms. Brain imaging studies have revealed that the amygdala, a stress-responsive brain region, of IBS patients is overactive when compared to healthy controls. Previously, we demonstrated that downregulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) underlies stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity in female rats. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate in the CeA of female rats whether chronic water avoidance stress (WAS) alters DNA methylation of the GR exon 17 promoter region, a region homologous to the human GR promoter. As histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are able to change DNA methylation, we also evaluated whether administration of the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) directly into the CeA prevented WAS-induced increases in DNA methylation of the GR exon 17 promoter. We found that WAS increased overall and specific CpG methylation of the GR promoter in the CeA of female rats, which persisted for up to 28 days. Administration of the TSA directly into the CeA prevented these stress-induced changes of DNA methylation at the GR promoter. Our results suggest that, in females, changes in DNA methylation are involved in the regulation of GR expression in the CeA. These changes in DNA methylation may contribute to the central mechanisms responsible for stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs Louwies
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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OUP accepted manuscript. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:311-324. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Li Z, Zhou X, Cai S, Fan J, Wei Z, Chen Y, Cao G. Key roles of CCCTC-binding factor in cancer evolution and development. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The processes of cancer and embryonic development have a partially overlapping effect. Several transcription factor families, which are highly conserved in the evolutionary history of biology, play a key role in the development of cancer and are often responsible for the pivotal developmental processes such as cell survival, expansion, senescence, and differentiation. As an evolutionary conserved and ubiquitously expression protein, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) has diverse regulatory functions, including gene regulation, imprinting, insulation, X chromosome inactivation, and the establishment of three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structure during human embryogenesis. In various cancers, CTCF is considered as a tumor suppressor gene and plays homeostatic roles in maintaining genome function and integrity. However, the mechanisms of CTCF in tumor development have not been fully elucidated. Here, this review will focus on the key roles of CTCF in cancer evolution and development (Cancer Evo-Dev) and embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishuai Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shiliang Cai
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junyan Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhimin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting Epigenetic Pathways in Cancer: A Review on Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Quinones, and Isothiocyanates. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113714. [PMID: 34835969 PMCID: PMC8621755 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most complex and systemic diseases affecting the health of mankind, causing major deaths with a significant increase. This pathology is caused by several risk factors, of which genetic disturbances constitute the major elements, which not only initiate tumor transformation but also epigenetic disturbances which are linked to it and which can induce transcriptional instability. Indeed, the involvement of epigenetic disturbances in cancer has been the subject of correlations today, in addition to the use of drugs that operate specifically on different epigenetic pathways. Natural molecules, especially those isolated from medicinal plants, have shown anticancer effects linked to mechanisms of action. The objective of this review is to explore the anticancer effects of alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, and isothiocyanates.
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Donia T, Khedr S, Salim EI, Hessien M. Trichostatin A sensitizes hepatoma cells to Taxol more than 5-Aza-dC and dexamethasone. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:299-309. [PMID: 34773731 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work was designed to compare the sensitizing effects of epigenetic modifiers on cancer cells vs. that of glucocorticoids. Also, to evaluate their effects on genes involved in epigenetic changes and drug metabolism. METHODS Hepatoma cells (HepG2) were treated with the anticancer drug (Taxol), with a histone deacetylase inhibitor (Trichostatin A [TSA]), DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-dC) or dexamethasone (DEX). Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay and the apoptosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC. The expression levels of HDAC1, HDAC3, Dnmt1, Dnmt3α, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 were monitored by qRT-PCR. RESULTS TSA, synergistically enhanced cells sensitivity with the anticancer effect of Taxol more than 5-Aza-dC and DEX. This was evidenced by the relative decrease in IC50 in cells cotreated with Taxol + TSA, Taxol + 5-Aza-dC or Taxol + DEX. Apoptosis was induced in 51.2, 16.9 and 41.3% of cells, respectively. In presence of Taxol, TSA induced four-fold increase in the expression of HDAC1 and downregulated Dnmt1&3α genes. CYP2D6 demonstrated progressive expression (up to 28-fold) with the increasing number of drugs. Moreover, the isoform overexpressed in cells treated with TSA + Taxol > DEX + Taxol > 5-Aza-dC + Taxol (6.4, 4.6 and 2.99, respectively). The investigated genes were clustered in two distinct subsets, where no coregulation was observed between HDAC1 and HDAC3. However, tight pairwise correlation-based cluster was seen between (CYP3A4/Dnmt3α and CYP2D6/CYP2C19). CONCLUSIONS The data reflects the sensitizing effect of acetylation modification by TSA on the responsiveness of hepatoma cells to anticancer therapy. The effect of histone deacetylase inhibition was more than hypomethylation and glucocorticoid effects. TSA exerts its role through its modulatory role on epigenetics and drugs metabolizing genes. Other modifiers (5-Aza-dC and DEX), however may adopt different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoria Donia
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherien Khedr
- College of Pharmacy, Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elsayed I Salim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hessien
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Donia T, Khedr S, Salim EI, Hessien M. Trichostatin A sensitizes hepatoma cells to Taxol more than 5-Aza-dC and dexamethasone. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 0:dmdi-2020-0186. [PMID: 33818027 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi-2020-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work was designed to compare the sensitizing effects of epigenetic modifiers on cancer cells vs. that of glucocorticoids. Also, to evaluate their effects on genes involved in epigenetic changes and drug metabolism. METHODS Hepatoma cells (HepG2) were treated with the anticancer drug (Taxol), with a histone deacetylase inhibitor (Trichostatin A [TSA]), DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (5-Aza-dC) or dexamethasone (DEX). Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay and the apoptosis was determined by Annexin V-FITC. The expression levels of HDAC1, HDAC3, Dnmt1, Dnmt3α, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2B6, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 were monitored by qRT-PCR. RESULTS TSA, synergistically enhanced cells sensitivity with the anticancer effect of Taxol more than 5-Aza-dC and DEX. This was evidenced by the relative decrease in IC50 in cells cotreated with Taxol + TSA, Taxol + 5-Aza-dC or Taxol + DEX. Apoptosis was induced in 51.2, 16.9 and 41.3% of cells, respectively. In presence of Taxol, TSA induced four-fold increase in the expression of HDAC1 and downregulated Dnmt1&3α genes. CYP2D6 demonstrated progressive expression (up to 28-fold) with the increasing number of drugs. Moreover, the isoform overexpressed in cells treated with TSA + Taxol > DEX + Taxol > 5-Aza-dC + Taxol (6.4, 4.6 and 2.99, respectively). The investigated genes were clustered in two distinct subsets, where no coregulation was observed between HDAC1 and HDAC3. However, tight pairwise correlation-based cluster was seen between (CYP3A4/Dnmt3α and CYP2D6/CYP2C19). CONCLUSIONS The data reflects the sensitizing effect of acetylation modification by TSA on the responsiveness of hepatoma cells to anticancer therapy. The effect of histone deacetylase inhibition was more than hypomethylation and glucocorticoid effects. TSA exerts its role through its modulatory role on epigenetics and drugs metabolizing genes. Other modifiers (5-Aza-dC and DEX), however may adopt different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoria Donia
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherien Khedr
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Elsayed I Salim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hessien
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Dogan F, Forsyth NR. Telomerase Regulation: A Role for Epigenetics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061213. [PMID: 33802026 PMCID: PMC8000866 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Maintenance of telomeres is a fundamental step in human carcinogenesis and is primarily regulated by telomerase and the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT). Improved understanding of the transcriptional control of this gene may provide potential therapeutic targets. Epigenetic modifications are a prominent mechanism to control telomerase activity and regulation of the TERT gene. TERT-targeting miRNAs have been widely studied and their function explained through pre-clinical in vivo model-based validation studies. Further, histone deacetylase inhibitors are now in pre and early clinical trials with significant clinical success. Importantly, TERT downregulation through epigenetic modifications including TERT promoter methylation, histone deacetylase inhibitors, and miRNA activity might contribute to clinical study design. This review provides an overview of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of TERT expression and telomerase activity. Abstract Telomerase was first described by Greider and Blackburn in 1984, a discovery ultimately recognized by the Nobel Prize committee in 2009. The three decades following on from its discovery have been accompanied by an increased understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of telomerase activity, and its role in telomere biology. Telomerase has a clearly defined role in telomere length maintenance and an established influence on DNA replication, differentiation, survival, development, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and a further role in therapeutic resistance in human stem and cancer cells including those of breast and cervical origin. TERT encodes the catalytic subunit and rate-limiting factor for telomerase enzyme activity. The mechanisms of activation or silencing of TERT remain open to debate across somatic, cancer, and stem cells. Promoter mutations upstream of TERT may promote dysregulated telomerase activation in tumour cells but additional factors including epigenetic, transcriptional and posttranscriptional modifications also have a role to play. Previous systematic analysis indicated methylation and mutation of the TERT promoter in 53% and 31%, respectively, of TERT expressing cancer cell lines supporting the concept of a key role for epigenetic alteration associated with TERT dysregulation and cellular transformation. Epigenetic regulators including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs are now emerging as drivers in the regulation of telomeres and telomerase activity. Epigenetic regulation may be responsible for reversible silencing of TERT in several biological processes including development and differentiation, and increased TERT expression in cancers. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms behind telomerase regulation holds important prospects for cancer treatment, diagnosis and prognosis. This review will focus on the role of epigenetics in telomerase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Dogan
- The Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK;
| | - Nicholas R. Forsyth
- The Guy Hilton Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK;
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence:
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Wang S, Yan WW, He M, Wei D, Long ZJ, Tao YM. Aloe emodin inhibits telomerase activity in breast cancer cells: transcriptional and enzymological mechanism. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1383-1396. [PMID: 32207090 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomerase plays an essential role in cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated inhibition mechanism of aloe emodin (AE) on three different types of breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7. METHODS The cells were treated with different concentrations of AE. Relative length of telomere and human telomerase reverse-transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA level was analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Protein level was assayed by Western blot. Sodium bisulfite methylation sequencing was performed to assess the methylation status of gene promoter. Enzymology kinetics was applied to reveal the interaction between AE and telomerase. Ultraviolet-visible titration and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting experiment were carried out to study the interaction between AE and telomeric DNA. RESULTS Continuous AE exposure of these cells for 48 h results in shortening of telomeres and inhibition of telomerase. The transcription of hTERT was repressed by activation of E2F1 and inactivation of c-myc proteins. Significant demethylation of CpG islands in hTERT gene promoter was observed in MDA-MB-453 and MCF-7 cells. AE competed with dNTP for occupation of the enzyme active site. AE was a telomeric G-quadruplex structure stabilizer as indicated by titration test and FRET experiments. CONCLUSIONS AE was a competitive inhibitor of telomerase and a G-quadruplex structure stabilizer. AE decreased the transcription of hTERT gene in the three breast cancer cell lines via up-regulation E2F1 and down-regulation c-myc expressions. The suppressed transcription was also related to the demethylation of the gene promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wen Yan
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Min He
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Wei
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zu-Ji Long
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ming Tao
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Steed KL, Jordan HR, Tollefsbol TO. SAHA and EGCG Promote Apoptosis in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells, Possibly Through the Modulation of cIAP2. Anticancer Res 2020; 40:9-26. [PMID: 31892549 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Inhibition of apoptosis is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and anti-apoptotic genes are often targets of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2) has a role in degrading caspases by linking them to ubiquitin molecules, and is upregulated in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Previous studies have demonstrated that cIAP2 may play a role in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, was administered to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells alone or in combination with epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor isolated from green tea. RESULTS The compounds were able to decrease the expression of cIAP2 while increasing the expression of pro-apoptotic caspase 7. There were also changes in histone modifications, suggesting a role of epigenetic mechanisms in these changes in expression of cIAP2. These changes resulted in an increase in apoptosis. SAHA and EGCG were also capable of limiting TNBC cell migration across a fibronectin (FN) matrix. CONCLUSION SAHA and EGCG reduce the metastatic potential of TNBC by inducing the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla L Steed
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - Harrison R Jordan
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
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13
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Kwa FAA, Cole-Sinclair MF, Kapuscinski MK. Combination Treatment of p53-Null HL-60 cells with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors and Chlorambucil Augments Apoptosis and Increases BCL6 and p21 Gene Expression. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:72-81. [PMID: 30318011 DOI: 10.2174/1874467211666181010161836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of hematological malignancies with conventional DNA-damaging drugs, such as chlorambucil (CLB), commonly results in p53-dependent chemo-resistance. Chromatin modifying agents, such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), sodium butyrate (NaBu) and trichostatin A (TSA), may reverse chemo-resistance by modulating the activity of chromatin remodeling enzymes and/or genes that control cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. OBJECTIVE This study examined the potential use of HDACIs and CLB combination therapies in an in vitro chemo-resistant leukemia model. METHODS The p53-null promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL60, was used as an in vitro model of chemo-resistant leukemia. Drug cytotoxicity was determined by tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric assays and Annexin V/propidium iodide staining (flow cytometry). The level of mRNA expression of the chromatin modifying genes was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Micromolar concentrations of CLB combined with either NaBu or TSA triggered synergistic cytotoxic effects in HL-60 cells (p < 0.001). The effects of the combination treatments resulted in upregulated p21 gene expression (up to 59-fold; p<0.001) that preceded an increase in BCL6 gene expression (up to 20-fold; p < 0.001). Statistically significant but smaller magnitude changes (≤ 2-fold; p <0.05) were noted in the expression of other genes studied regardless of the treatment type. CONCLUSION The combination treatment of p53-null HL-60 cells with DNA-damaging agent CLB and HDACIs NaBu and TSA triggered additive to synergistic effects on apoptosis and upregulated BCL6 and p21 expression. These findings reveal BCL6 and p21 as potential targets of chemo-resistance for the development of anti-leukemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith A A Kwa
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Miroslav K Kapuscinski
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3053, Australia
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14
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Jie MM, Chang X, Zeng S, Liu C, Liao GB, Wu YR, Liu CH, Hu CJ, Yang SM, Li XZ. Diverse regulatory manners of human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:63. [PMID: 31186051 PMCID: PMC6560729 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the core subunit of human telomerase and plays important roles in human cancers. Aberrant expression of hTERT is closely associated with tumorigenesis, cancer cell stemness maintaining, cell proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, senescence evasion and metastasis. The molecular basis of hTERT regulation is highly complicated and consists of various layers. A deep and full-scale comprehension of the regulatory mechanisms of hTERT is pivotal in understanding the pathogenesis and searching for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the recent advances regarding the diverse regulatory mechanisms of hTERT, including the transcriptional (promoter mutation, promoter region methylation and histone acetylation), post-transcriptional (mRNA alternative splicing and non-coding RNAs) and post-translational levels (phosphorylation and ubiquitination), which may provide novel perspectives for further translational diagnosis or therapeutic strategies targeting hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Jie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shuo Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Guo-Bin Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ya-Ran Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chun-Hua Liu
- Teaching evaluation center of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xin-Zhe Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China.
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15
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Schnekenburger M, Dicato M, Diederich MF. Anticancer potential of naturally occurring immunoepigenetic modulators: A promising avenue? Cancer 2019; 125:1612-1628. [PMID: 30840315 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system represents the major primary defense line against carcinogenesis and acts by identifying and eradicating nascent transformed cells. A growing body of evidence is indicating that aberrant epigenetic reprogramming plays a key role in tumor immune escape through: 1) impaired efficient recognition of neoplastic cells by the immune system, resulting from a downregulation or loss of the expression of tumor-associated antigens, human leukocyte antigens, antigen processing and presenting machinery, and costimulatory molecule genes; 2) aberrant expression of immune checkpoint proteins and their ligands; and 3) modification of cytokine profiles and tumor-associated immune cell populations toward an immunosuppressive state in the tumor microenvironment. Consistent with the inherent reversibility of epigenetic alterations, epigenetic drugs, including DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, have the unique potential to favorably modify the tumor microenvironment, restore tumor recognition and stimulate an antitumor immune response. The objective of this review is to highlight selected, naturally occurring epigenetic modulators, namely, butyrate, curcumin, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, romidepsin, and trichostatin A, with a special focus on their antitumor immune properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer, Kirchberg Hospital, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc F Diederich
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F, Roustazadeh A, Golestan F. Effect of Genistein in Comparison with Trichostatin A on Reactivation of DNMTs Genes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2018; 6:141-146. [PMID: 29951358 PMCID: PMC6018304 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: DNA methylation and histone modification are epigenetic modifications essential for normal function of mammalian cells. The processes are mediated by biochemical interactions between DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases. Promoter hypermethylation and deacetylation of tumor suppressor genes play major roles in cancer induction, through transcriptional silencing of these genes. DNA hypermethylation is carried out by a family of DNMTs including DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b. In hepatocellular carcinoma, a significant positive correlation between over-expression of these genes and cancer induction has been reported. The DNA demethylating agent genistein (GE) has been demonstrated to reduce different cancers. Previously, we reported that GE can induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma PLC/PRF5 and HepG2 cell lines. Besides, histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as trichostatin A (TSA), were successfully used to inhibit cancer cell growth. The present study was designed to assess the effect of GE in comparison with TSA on DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b gene expression, cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in the HepG2 cell line. Methods: Cells were seeded and treated with various doses of GE and TSA. The MTT assay, flow cytometry assay, and real-time RT-PCR were used to determine viability, apoptosis, and DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b gene expression respectively. Results: Both agents inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis and reactivated DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b gene expression. Furthermore, TSA demonstrated a significantly greater apoptotic effect than the other agent, whereas GE improved gene expression more significantly than TSA. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that GE and TSA can significantly inhibit cell growth, induce apoptosis and restore DNMT1, DNMT3a and DNMT3b gene reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars province, Iran
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars province, Iran
- *Correspondence to: Fraidoon Kavoosi, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars province, 74148-46199, Iran. Tel: +98-9173914117, E-mail:
| | - Abazar Roustazadeh
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars province, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golestan
- Student Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars province, Iran
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17
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Eitsuka T, Nakagawa K, Kato S, Ito J, Otoki Y, Takasu S, Shimizu N, Takahashi T, Miyazawa T. Modulation of Telomerase Activity in Cancer Cells by Dietary Compounds: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E478. [PMID: 29415465 PMCID: PMC5855700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is expressed in ~90% of human cancer cell lines and tumor specimens, whereas its enzymatic activity is not detectable in most human somatic cells, suggesting that telomerase represents a highly attractive target for selective cancer treatment. Accordingly, various classes of telomerase inhibitors have been screened and developed in recent years. We and other researchers have successfully found that some dietary compounds can modulate telomerase activity in cancer cells. Telomerase inhibitors derived from food are subdivided into two groups: one group directly blocks the enzymatic activity of telomerase (e.g., catechin and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol), and the other downregulates the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of human telomerase, via signal transduction pathways (e.g., retinoic acid and tocotrienol). In contrast, a few dietary components, including genistein and glycated lipid, induce cellular telomerase activity in several types of cancer cells, suggesting that they may be involved in tumor progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effects of dietary factors on telomerase regulation in cancer cells and discusses their molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Eitsuka
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Shunji Kato
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Junya Ito
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Yurika Otoki
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Soo Takasu
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Naoki Shimizu
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Takumi Takahashi
- Food & Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan.
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18
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Li PT, Wang ZF, Chu IT, Kuan YM, Li MH, Huang MC, Chiang PC, Chang TC, Chen CT. Expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is modulated by quadruplex formation in its first exon due to DNA methylation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:20859-20870. [PMID: 29084850 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA secondary structures and methylation are two well-known mechanisms that regulate gene expression. The catalytic subunit of telomerase, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), is overexpressed in ∼90% of human cancers to maintain telomere length for cell immortalization. Binding of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) to the first exon of the hTERT gene can down-regulate its expression. However, DNA methylation in the first exon can prevent CTCF binding in most cancers, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. The NMR analysis showed that a stretch of guanine-rich sequence in the first exon of hTERT and located within the CTCF-binding region can form two secondary structures, a hairpin and a quadruplex. A key finding was that the methylation of cytosine at the specific CpG dinucleotides will participate in quartet formation, causing the shift of the equilibrium from the hairpin structure to the quadruplex structure. Of further importance was the finding that the quadruplex formation disrupts CTCF protein binding, which results in an increase in hTERT gene expression. Our results not only identify quadruplex formation in the first exon promoted by CpG dinucleotide methylation as a regulator of hTERT expression but also provide a possible mechanistic insight into the regulation of gene expression via secondary DNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Tzu Li
- From the Departments of Biochemical Science and Technology and
| | - Zi-Fu Wang
- the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Te Chu
- the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Chemistry, National Taiwan University and
| | - Yen-Min Kuan
- From the Departments of Biochemical Science and Technology and
| | - Ming-Hao Li
- the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Ching Huang
- From the Departments of Biochemical Science and Technology and
| | - Pei-Chi Chiang
- From the Departments of Biochemical Science and Technology and
| | - Ta-Chau Chang
- the Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan .,Chemistry, National Taiwan University and
| | - Chin-Tin Chen
- From the Departments of Biochemical Science and Technology and
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19
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Dinami R, Buemi V, Sestito R, Zappone A, Ciani Y, Mano M, Petti E, Sacconi A, Blandino G, Giacca M, Piazza S, Benetti R, Schoeftner S. Epigenetic silencing of miR-296 and miR-512 ensures hTERT dependent apoptosis protection and telomere maintenance in basal-type breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:95674-95691. [PMID: 29221158 PMCID: PMC5707052 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of the telomerase complex, hTERT, ensures unlimited proliferative potential of cancer cells by maintaining telomere function and protecting from apoptosis. Using a miRNA screening approach we identified miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p as miRNAs that target hTERT in breast cancer cells. Ectopic miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p reduce telomerase activity, drive telomere shortening and cause proliferation defects by enhancing senescence and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In line with the relevance of hTERT expression for human cancer we found that miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p expression is reduced in human breast cancer. Accordingly, high expression of miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p target genes including hTERT is linked with significantly reduced distant metastasis free survival and relapse free survival of basal type breast cancer patients. This suggests relevance of the identified miRNAs in basal type breast cancer. Epigenetic silencing of miR-296 and miR-512 encoding genes is responsible for low levels of miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p expression in basal type breast cancer cells. Disrupting gene silencing results in a dramatic upregulation of miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p levels leading to reduced hTERT expression and increased sensitivity to the induction of apoptosis. Altogether, our data suggest that epigenetic regulatory circuits in basal type breast cancer may contribute to high hTERT levels by silencing miR-296-5p and miR-512-5p expression, thereby contributing to the aggressiveness of basal type breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Dinami
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Valentina Buemi
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Rosanna Sestito
- Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Antonina Zappone
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Yari Ciani
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Unit (BFGU), Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Miguel Mano
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Eleonora Petti
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Andrea Sacconi
- Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Translational Oncogenomics Group, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Translational Oncogenomics Group, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacca
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Unit (BFGU), Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Roberta Benetti
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Cancer Epigenetics Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Stefan Schoeftner
- Laboratorio Nazionale Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie (LNCIB), Genomic Stability Unit, Trieste 34149, Italy.,Italian National Cancer Institute, Regina Elena, Rome 00144, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
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20
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Bagu ET, Miah S, Dai C, Spriggs T, Ogunbolude Y, Beaton E, Sanders M, Goel RK, Bonham K, Lukong KE. Repression of Fyn-related kinase in breast cancer cells is associated with promoter site-specific CpG methylation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11442-11459. [PMID: 28077797 PMCID: PMC5355277 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The triple-negative breast cancer subtype is highly aggressive and has no defined therapeutic target. Fyn-related kinase (FRK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, reported to be downregulated in breast cancer and gliomas, where it is suggested to have tumor suppressor activity. We examined the expression profile of FRK in a panel of 40 breast cancer cells representing all the major subtypes, as well as in 4 non-malignant mammary epithelial cell lines. We found that FRK expression was significantly repressed in a proportion of basal B breast cancer cell lines. We then determined the mechanism of suppression of FRK in FRK-low or negative cell lines. In silico analyses of the FRK promoter region led to the identification of at least 17 CpG sites. Bisulphite sequencing of the promoter region revealed that two of these sites were consistently methylated in FRK-low/negative cell lines and especially in the basal B breast cancer subtype. We further show that treatment of these cells with histone deacetylase inhibitors, Entinostat and Mocetinostat' promoted re-expression of FRK mRNA and protein. Further, using luciferase reporter assays, we show that both GATA3-binding protein FOG1 and constitutively active STAT5A increased the activity of FRK promoter. Together, our results present the first evidence that site-specific promoter methylation contributes to the repression of FRK more so in basal B breast cancers. Our study also highlights the potential clinical significance of targeting FRK using epigenetic drugs specifically in basal B breast cancers which are usually triple negative and very aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Bagu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Sayem Miah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Current address: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Chenlu Dai
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Travis Spriggs
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yetunde Ogunbolude
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Erika Beaton
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Michelle Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Raghuveera K Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Keith Bonham
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Cancer Research Unit, Health Research Division, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, and Division of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4H4, Canada
| | - Kiven E Lukong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
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21
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Kumar A, Nilednu P, Kumar A, Sharma NK. Epigenetic perturbation driving asleep telomerase reverse transcriptase: Possible therapeutic avenues in carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695951. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, implications of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), a component of ribonucleoprotein telomerase in aging, senescence, and stem cell are highly evident. Besides, the activation of hTERT is also being documented several cancer types including carcinoma. The awakening of telomerase during carcinoma initiation and development is being seen with different perspectives including genetic and epigenetic tools and events. In view of several tumor progenitors genes (also referred as epigenetic mediators), telomerase is placed as key enzyme to achieve the carcinoma phenotype and sustain during the progression. It is true that swaying of telomerase in carcinoma could be facilitated with dedicated set of epigenetic modulators and modifiers players. These epigenetic alterations are heritable, potentially reversible, and seen as the epigenetic signature of carcinoma. Several papers converge to suggest that DNA methylation, histone modification, and small non-coding RNAs are the widely appreciated epigenetic changes towards hTERT modulation. In this review, we summarize the contribution of epigenetic factors in the telomerase activation and discuss potential avenues to achieve therapeutic intervention in carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, India
| | - Pritish Nilednu
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, India
| | - Azad Kumar
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, India
| | - Nilesh Kumar Sharma
- Cancer and Translational Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Pune, India
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Avin BA, Umbricht CB, Zeiger MA. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase regulation by DNA methylation, transcription factor binding and alternative splicing (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2199-2205. [PMID: 27779655 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic subunit of telomerase, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), plays an essential role in telomere maintenance to oppose cellular senescence and, is highly regulated in normal and cancerous cells. Regulation of hTERT occurs through multiple avenues, including a unique pattern of CpG promoter methylation and alternative splicing. Promoter methylation affects the binding of transcription factors, resulting in changes in expression of the gene. In addition to expression level changes, changes in promoter binding can affect alternative splicing in a cotranscriptional manner. The alternative splicing of hTERT results in either the full length transcript which can form the active telomerase complex with hTR, or numerous inactive isoforms. Both regulation strategies are exploited in cancer to activate telomerase, however, the exact mechanism is unknown. Therefore, unraveling the link between promoter methylation status and alternative splicing for hTERT could expose yet another level of hTERT regulation. In an attempt to provide insight into the cellular control of active telomerase in cancer, this review will discuss our current perspective on CpG methylation of the hTERT promoter region, summarize the different forms of alternatively spliced variants, and examine examples of transcription factor binding that affects splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Avin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christopher B Umbricht
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Martha A Zeiger
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Chen Y, Zhang Y. Functional and mechanistic analysis of telomerase: An antitumor drug target. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 163:24-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lewis KA, Tollefsbol TO. Regulation of the Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Subunit through Epigenetic Mechanisms. Front Genet 2016; 7:83. [PMID: 27242892 PMCID: PMC4860561 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome-shortening is characteristic of normal cells, and is known as the end replication problem. Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for extending the ends of the chromosomes in de novo synthesis, and occurs in germ cells as well as most malignant cancers. There are three subunits of telomerase: human telomerase RNA (hTERC), human telomerase associated protein (hTEP1), or dyskerin, and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). hTERC and hTEP1 are constitutively expressed, so the enzymatic activity of telomerase is dependent on the transcription of hTERT. DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation are basic epigenetic regulations involved in the expression of hTERT. Non-coding RNA can also serve as a form of epigenetic control of hTERT. This epigenetic-based regulation of hTERT is important in providing a mechanism for reversibility of hTERT control in various biological states. These include embryonic down-regulation of hTERT contributing to aging and the upregulation of hTERT playing a critical role in over 90% of cancers. Normal human somatic cells have a non-methylated/hypomethylated CpG island within the hTERT promoter region, while telomerase-positive cells paradoxically have at least a partially methylated promoter region that is opposite to the normal roles of DNA methylation. Histone acetylation of H3K9 within the promoter region is associated with an open chromatin state such that transcription machinery has the space to form. Histone methylation of hTERT has varied control of the gene, however. Mono- and dimethylation of H3K9 within the promoter region indicate silent euchromatin, while a trimethylated H3K9 enhances gene transcription. Non-coding RNAs can target epigenetic-modifying enzymes, as well as transcription factors involved in the control of hTERT. An epigenetics diet that can affect the epigenome of cancer cells is a recent fascination that has received much attention. By combining portions of this diet with epigenome-altering treatments, it is possible to selectively regulate the epigenetic control of hTERT and its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla A Lewis
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BirminghamAL, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BirminghamAL, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BirminghamAL, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BirminghamAL, USA; Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BirminghamAL, USA
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Khan S, Shukla S, Sinha S, Meeran SM. Centchroman altered the expressions of tumor-related genes through active chromatin modifications in mammary cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1747-1760. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Khan
- Division of Endocrinology; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
| | - Samriddhi Shukla
- Division of Endocrinology; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
| | - Sonam Sinha
- Division of Endocrinology; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
| | - Syed Musthapa Meeran
- Division of Endocrinology; Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow India
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26
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Zhang D, Sun X, Liu J, Xie X, Cui W, Zhu Y. Homocysteine accelerates senescence of endothelial cells via DNA hypomethylation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:71-8. [PMID: 25359865 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Homocysteine can accelerate the senescence of endothelial progenitor cells or endothelial cells (ECs) via telomerase inactivation and length shortening. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we investigated whether homocysteine promotes endothelial senescence by reducing the expression and activity of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by DNA methylation to reduce ECs telomerase activity. APPROACH AND RESULTS When compared with primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells grown under standard conditions, ECs with chronic homocysteine treatment showed accelerated upregulation of p16, p21, and p53, markers of cellular senescence, during 6 to 10 passages. Interestingly, homocysteine-stimulated but not angiotensin II-stimulated ECs senescence could be reversed by hypermethylation induced by folic acid or s-adenosylmethionine supplementation. Meanwhile, homocysteine promoted the shortening of telomere length specifically related to restoration of hTERT transcriptional expression and CCCTC-binding factor binding sites with hTERT promoter hypomethylation, as detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, and bisulfite sequencing assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation results showed that homocysteine-reduced telomere activity and homocysteine-induced EC senescence might contribute to hTERT promoter demethylation by increasing CCCTC-binding factor repression and interfering in the SP1 binding to the demethylated hTERT promoter, which might relate with reduced of DNA methyltransferase 1. Furthermore, the CCCTC-binding factor-dependent mechanism of homocysteine-reduced hTERT expression via DNA demethylation was confirmed in aortic endothelia of mice with hyperhomocysteine levels. CONCLUSIONS CCCTC-binding factor and SP1 cross talk may contribute to homocysteine-reduced hTERT DNA methylation and expression in endothelial senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Zhang
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China (D.Z., W.C.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (W.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China (D.Z., J.L., X.X.); and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China (D.Z., W.C.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (W.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China (D.Z., J.L., X.X.); and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Jianlan Liu
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China (D.Z., W.C.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (W.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China (D.Z., J.L., X.X.); and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Xina Xie
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China (D.Z., W.C.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (W.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China (D.Z., J.L., X.X.); and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Y.Z.)
| | - Wei Cui
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China (D.Z., W.C.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (W.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China (D.Z., J.L., X.X.); and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Y.Z.).
| | - Yi Zhu
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China (D.Z., W.C.); Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China (W.C.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China (D.Z., J.L., X.X.); and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (Y.Z.).
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27
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Kong Q, Ji G, Xie B, Li J, Mao J, Wang J, Liu S, Liu L, Liu Z. Telomere elongation facilitated by trichostatin a in cloned embryos and pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 10:399-407. [PMID: 24510582 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Telomere attrition and genomic instability are associated with organism aging. Concerns still exist regarding telomere length resetting in cloned embryos and ntES cells, and possibilities of premature aging of cloned animals achieved by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Trichostatin A (TSA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, effectively improves the developmental competence of cloned embryos and animals, and recently contributes to successful generation of human ntES cells by SCNT. To test the function of TSA on resetting telomere length, we analyzed telomeres in cloned blastocysts and pigs following treatment of SCNT embryos with TSA. Here, we show that telomeres of cloned pigs generated by standard SCNT methods are not effectively restored, compared with those of donor cells, however TSA significantly increases telomere lengths in cloned pigs. Telomeres elongate in cloned porcine embryos during early cleavage from one-cell to four-cell stages. Notably, TSA facilitates telomere lengthening of cloned embryos mainly at morula-blastocyst stages. Knockdown of pTert by shRNA in donor cells reduces telomerase activity in cloned blastocysts but does not abrogate telomere elongation in the TSA-treated embryos (p > 0.05). However, genes associated with recombination or telomerase-independent mechanism of alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) Rad50 and BLM show increased expression in TSA-treated embryos. These data suggest that TSA may promote telomere elongation of cloned porcine embryos by ALT. Together, TSA can elongate telomeres in cloned embryos and piglets, and this could be one of the mechanisms underlying improved development of cloned embryos and animals treated with TSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingran Kong
- Laboratory of Embryo Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China,
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28
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Hou L, Ma F, Yang J, Riaz H, Wang Y, Wu W, Xia X, Ma Z, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Ying W, Xu D, Zuo B, Ren Z, Xiong Y. Effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor oxamflatin on in vitro porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos. Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:253-65. [PMID: 24960409 PMCID: PMC4116115 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low cloning efficiency is considered to be caused by the incomplete or aberrant epigenetic reprogramming of differentiated donor cells in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Oxamflatin, a novel class of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), has been found to improve the in vitro and full-term developmental potential of SCNT embryos. In the present study, we studied the effects of oxamflatin treatment on in vitro porcine SCNT embryos. Our results indicated that the rate of in vitro blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos treated with 1 μM oxamflatin for 15 h postactivation was significantly higher than all other treatments. Treatment of oxamflatin decreased the relative histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in cloned embryos and resulted in hyperacetylation levels of histone H3 at lysine 9 (AcH3K9) and histone H4 at lysine 5 (AcH4K5) at pronuclear, two-cell, and four-cell stages partly through downregulating HDAC1. The suppression of HDAC6 through oxamflatin increased the nonhistone acetylation level of α-tubulin during the mitotic cell cycle of early SCNT embryos. In addition, we demonstrated that oxamflatin downregulated DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression and global DNA methylation level (5-methylcytosine) in two-cell-stage porcine SCNT embryos. The pluripotency-related gene POU5F1 was found to be upregulated in the oxamflatin-treated group with a decreased DNA methylation tendency in its promoter regions. Treatment of oxamflatin did not change the locus-specific DNA methylation levels of Sus scrofa heterochromatic satellite DNA sequences at the blastocyst stage. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that treatment with HDACi may contribute to maintaining the stable status of cytoskeleton-associated elements, such as acetylated α-tubulin, which may be the crucial determinants of donor nuclear reprogramming in early SCNT embryos. In summary, oxamflatin treatment improves the developmental potential of porcine SCNT embryos in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fanhua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinzeng Yang
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822
| | - Hasan Riaz
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wangjun Wu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenqin Ying
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dequan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Martin SL, Hardy TM, Tollefsbol TO. Medicinal chemistry of the epigenetic diet and caloric restriction. Curr Med Chem 2014; 20:4050-9. [PMID: 23895687 DOI: 10.2174/09298673113209990189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pronounced effects of the epigenetic diet (ED) and caloric restriction (CR) have on epigenetic gene regulation have been documented in many pre-clinical and clinical studies. Understanding epigenetics is of high importance because of the concept that external factors such as nutrition and diet may possess the ability to alter gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence. The ED introduces bioactive medicinal chemistry compounds such as sulforaphane (SFN), curcumin (CCM), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol (RSV) that are thought to aid in extending the human lifespan. CR, although similar to ED in the target of longevity, mildly reduces the total daily calorie intake while concurrently providing all beneficial nutrients. Both CR and ED may act as epigenetic modifiers to slow the aging process through histone modification, DNA methylation, and by modulating microRNA expression. CR and ED have been proposed as two important mechanisms that modulate and potentially slow the progression of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, obesity, Alzheimer's and osteoporosis to name a few. While many investigators have examined CR and ED as separate entities, this review will primarily focus on both as they relate to age-related diseases, their epigenetic effects and their medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Martin
- CH175, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 USA.
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30
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Liang F, Diao L, Liu J, Jiang N, Zhang J, Wang H, Zhou W, Huang G, Ma D. Paternal ethanol exposure and behavioral abnormities in offspring: associated alterations in imprinted gene methylation. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:126-33. [PMID: 24486713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research confirms that maternal ethanol (EtOH) exposure can induce physical and mental disorders in offspring, yet the effect of paternal ethanol exposure on offspring is unclear. Methylation alterations in imprinted genes may be related to the well-documented teratogenic effects of ethanol. Here, we report that ethanol (0, 1.1, 3.3 g/kg) was administered intragastrically to male mice and a behavioral study was performed on their F1 generation. Data show that F1 mice with fathers exposed to the highest dose of ethanol had delayed cognitive performance and increased anxiety and depression. A specific circling behavior was observed in the offspring of the paternally ethanol-exposed group. The degree of methylation and mRNA expression of H19, Peg3, Ndn and Snrpn were assessed in paternal sperm and in the cerebral cortices of each offspring. It did affect methylation in paternal sperm (H19 and Peg3) and in the offspring's cerebral cortices (CpG7 and CpG11 in Peg3 and Snrpn), but the level of mRNA expression has not changed. In the circling mice, the highest ethanol exposure increase in methylation (CpG 1, 2, 7 and 11) and decreases in mRNA of Peg3.Thus, chronic paternal ethanol exposure can affect the methylation of imprinted genes in sire sperm that may be passed on to offspring, giving rise to mental deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Lei Diao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Children Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Children Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, China
| | | | - Duan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Children Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, China.
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Zhang DH, Wen XM, Zhang L, Cui W. DNA Methylation of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Associated With Leukocyte Telomere Length Shortening in Hyperhomocysteinemia-Type Hypertension in Humans and in a Rat Model. Circ J 2014; 78:1915-23. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-14-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Xue-mei Wen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Peking Union Medical College
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Peking Union Medical College
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Zhang D, Wen X, Wu W, Xu E, Zhang Y, Cui W. Homocysteine-related hTERT DNA demethylation contributes to shortened leukocyte telomere length in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2013; 231:173-9. [PMID: 24125430 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is shortened in patients with clinical atherosclerosis (AS). Here we aimed to explore the contribution of elevated homocysteine (Hcy) level to LTL shortening in AS patients and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Circulating leukocytes were collected from 197 patients with AS and 165 sex- and age-matched healthy subjects for LTL determination. mRNA expression or DNA methylation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) was determined by real-time PCR and methylation-specific PCR assay, respectively. We established a hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) mice model to confirm human results. RESULTS Hcy was negatively correlated with LTL shortening in AS patients (r = -0.179, p = 0.015) and controls (r = -0.146, p = 0.031). Serum folate and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels significantly interacted with Hcy in LTL shortening. Hcy was related to hTERT mRNA downregulation and promoter demethylation, which combined was associated with LTL shortening in AS patients. Hcy-induced LTL shortening did not differ by sites of AS lesions or infarction. Similar to clinical observations, our HHcy mice model suggested that Hcy induced DNA demethylation and downregulation of mouse TERT and further contributed to LTL shortening. CONCLUSIONS Elevated Hcy level induced DNA demethylation of hTERT and was closely related with hTERT downregulation, which led to LTL shortening in AS. These findings provide novel insights into an epigenetic mechanism for Hcy-related AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing 100730, China
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Borowiak M, Kuhlmann AS, Girard S, Gazzolo L, Mesnard JM, Jalinot P, Dodon MD. HTLV-1 bZIP factor impedes the menin tumor suppressor and upregulates JunD-mediated transcription of the hTERT gene. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2664-72. [PMID: 23784080 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity in cancer cells is dependent on the transcriptional regulation of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, encoding the catalytic subunit of human telomerase. We have shown previously that HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper (HBZ), a viral regulatory protein encoded by the human retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, type 1 (HTLV-1) cooperates with JunD to enhance hTERT transcription in adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells. Menin, the product of the tumor-suppressor MEN-1 gene, also interacts with JunD, represses its transcriptional activity and downregulates telomerase expression. The main objective of this study was to examine how menin and HBZ get involved in the regulation of hTERT transcription. In this study, we report that JunD and menin form a repressor complex of hTERT transcription in HBZ-negative cells. Conversely, in HBZ-positive cells, the formation of a JunD/HBZ/menin ternary complex and the recruitment of p300 histone acetyl transferase activity by HBZ lead to a decreased activity of the JunD-menin suppressor unit that correlates with the activation of hTERT transcription. Silencing HBZ or menin expression in ATL cells confirms that these proteins are differentially involved in telomerase regulation. These results propose that HBZ, by impeding the tumor-suppressor activity of menin, functions as a leukemogenic cofactor to upregulate gene transcription and promote JunD-mediated leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Borowiak
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5239, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Yu M, Kong H, Zhao Y, Sun X, Zheng Z, Yang C, Zhu Y. Enhancement of adriamycin cytotoxicity by sodium butyrate involves hTERT downmodulation-mediated apoptosis in human uterine cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:505-13. [PMID: 23359532 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Transgenetic Animal Research; Liaoning Province; Department of Laboratory Animal; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Hong Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Gynecology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xuefei Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Transgenetic Animal Research; Liaoning Province; Department of Laboratory Animal; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Chunming Yang
- Department of Urology; First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology; First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Weiss C, Uziel O, Wolach O, Nordenberg J, Beery E, Bulvick S, Kanfer G, Cohen O, Ram R, Bakhanashvili M, Magen-Nativ H, Shilo N, Lahav M. Differential downregulation of telomerase activity by bortezomib in multiple myeloma cells-multiple regulatory pathways in vitro and ex vivo. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1844-52. [PMID: 23169337 PMCID: PMC3504947 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of telomerase in multiple myeloma (MM) is well established; however, its response to bortezomib has not been addressed. METHODS The effect of bortezomib on telomerase activity and cell proliferation was evaluated in four MM cell lines and in myeloma cells obtained from eight patients. The mechanism of telomerase regulation on epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational levels was further assessed in two selected cell lines: ARP-1 and CAG. Clinical data were correlated with the laboratory findings. RESULTS Bortezomib downregulated telomerase activity and decreased proliferation in all cell lines and cells obtained from patients, albeit in two different patterns of kinetics. ARP-1 cells demonstrated higher and earlier sensitivity than CAG cells due to differential phosphorylation of hTERT by PKCα. Methylation of hTERT promoter was not affected. Transcription of hTERT was similarly inhibited in both lines by decreased binding of SP-1 and not of C-Myc and NFκB. The ex vivo results confirmed the in vitro findings and suggested existence of clinical relevance. CONCLUSION Bortezomib downregulates telomerase activity in MM cells both transcriptionally and post-translationally. MM cells, both in vitro and in patients, exhibit different sensitivity to the drug due to different post-translational response. The effect of bortezomib on telomerase activity may correlate with resistance to bortezomib in patients, suggesting its potential utility as a pre-treatment assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weiss
- Laniado Medical Center, Netanya, Israel
| | - O Uziel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Wolach
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Nordenberg
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - E Beery
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - S Bulvick
- Laniado Medical Center, Netanya, Israel
| | - G Kanfer
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - O Cohen
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Ram
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Davidoff, Israel
- Internal Department A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Peetah-Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - M Bakhanashvili
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - H Magen-Nativ
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Davidoff, Israel
| | - N Shilo
- Internal Department A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Peetah-Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - M Lahav
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Internal Department A, Beilinson Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Peetah-Tikva 49100, Israel
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Guo N, Cheng D, Li ZH, Zhou QB, Zhou JJ, Lin Q, Zeng B, Liao Q, Chen RF. Transfection of HCVc improves hTERT expression through STAT3 pathway by epigenetic regulation in Huh7 cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:3419-26. [PMID: 22688977 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Guo
- Department of Organ Transplant,Qi Lu hosptial of Shan Dong university,Jinan,250012, China
| | - Di Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhi Hua Li
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Quan Bo Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jia Jia Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Bing Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiaofang Liao
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ru Fu Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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37
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Min NY, Kim JH, Choi JH, Liang W, Ko YJ, Rhee S, Bang H, Ham SW, Park AJ, Lee KH. Selective death of cancer cells by preferential induction of reactive oxygen species in response to (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 421:91-7. [PMID: 22487794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) induces apoptosis in cancer cells without adversely affecting normal cells. Understanding the cancer-specific cytotoxic activity of EGCG is very important in defining the mechanism of tumorigenesis and identifying superb chemotherapeutic agents against cancer. We comparatively assayed human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)-mediated apoptosis by EGCG-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal cells and cancer cells. EGCG showed differential levels of ROS induction between the cell types; ROS, especially hydrogen peroxide, was highly induced in cancer cells, while it was not in normal cells. In addition, the higher level of ROS down-regulated hTERT via binding of CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) to the core promoter region of hTERT, which repressed hTERT expression. CTCF binding was epigenetically controlled by the demethylation of the previously hypermethylated site for CTCF, which was induced by down-regulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). In contrast, hTERT down-regulation was not observed in normal cells. These results suggest that preferential death of cancer cells by EGCG could be caused by the cancer-specific induction of ROS and epigenetic modulation of expression of apoptosis-related genes, such as hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Young Min
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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38
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Knezovich JG, Ramsay M. The effect of preconception paternal alcohol exposure on epigenetic remodeling of the h19 and rasgrf1 imprinting control regions in mouse offspring. Front Genet 2012; 3:10. [PMID: 22371710 PMCID: PMC3284254 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Imprinted loci play a critical role in fetal development. Their expression is often regulated by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) protein binding at imprinting control regions (ICRs). Prenatal alcohol exposure has been shown to reduce global DNA methylation in the developing mouse fetus. This study explored the effect of preconception paternal alcohol exposure on DNA methylation at two paternally methylated ICRs (H19 and Rasgrf1) in the sperm of exposed males and somatic DNA of sired offspring. Significant reductions at the H19 CTCF 1 (p = 0.0027) and CTCF 2 (p = 0.0009) binding sites were observed in the offspring of ethanol-treated sires, which was significantly correlated with reduced weight at postnatal days 35–42 (p < 0.05). As birth weight was unaffected and growth was only delayed during the postnatal weaning period, with subsequent re-convergence, we hypothesize that this may be the result of a mental deficit causing delayed establishment of independent feeding following weaning and would explain why this effect is transient. No difference in DNA methylation was observed in the sperm of alcohol-exposed males, indicating that the transmission of the epigenetic signal at conception is not due to altered methylation, but may be the result of an RNA-mediated mechanism or altered chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaysen Gregory Knezovich
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Division of Human Genetics, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa
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39
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Regulation of the human catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT). Gene 2012; 498:135-46. [PMID: 22381618 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been much interest in the regulation of telomerase, the enzyme responsible for maintaining the integrity of chromosomal ends, and its crucial role in cellular immortalization, tumorigenesis, and the progression of cancer. Telomerase activity is characterized by the expression of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene, suggesting that TERT serves as the major limiting agent for telomerase activity. Recent discoveries have led to characterization of various interactants that aid in the regulation of human TERT (hTERT), including numerous transcription factors; further supporting the pivotal role that transcription plays in both the expression and repression of telomerase. Several studies have suggested that epigenetic modulation of the hTERT core promoter region may provide an additional level of regulation. Although these studies have provided essential information on the regulation of hTERT, there has been ambiguity of the role of methylation within the core promoter region and the subsequent binding of various activating and repressive agents. As a result, we found it necessary to consolidate and summarize these recent developments and elucidate these discrepancies. In this review, we focus on the co-regulation of hTERT via transcriptional regulation, the presence or absence of various activators and repressors, as well as the epigenetic pathways of DNA methylation and histone modifications.
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40
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Abstract
CTCF is an evolutionary conserved and ubiquitously expressed protein that binds thousands of sites in the human genome. Ectopic expression of CTCF in various normal and tumoral human cell lines inhibits cell division and clonogenicity, with the consequence to consider CTCF a potential tumor-suppressor factor. In this review article, we focused on the molecular mechanisms engaged by CTCF to modulate the expression of several key-regulators of differentiation, cellular senescence, cell cycle control and progression, whose expression is frequently altered in tumors. Moreover, we discussed common features of CTCF at each tumor-related DNA-binding sequence, such as protein-partners, post-translational modifications, and distinctive epigenetic marks establishment. The investigation of the molecular mechanisms engaged by CTCF to modulate tumor-related genes emphasizes the cell-type dependency of its tumor suppressor role. Indeed, the ability of CTCF to bind their promoters strictly depends by cell-type features as DNA methylation, BORIS-binding and post-translational modifications as PARYlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Fiorentino
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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41
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Abstract
Chromatin insulators are DNA-protein complexes with broad functions in nuclear biology. Based on the ability of insulator proteins to interact with each other, it was originally found that insulators form loops that bring together distant regions of the genome. Data from genome-wide localization studies indicate that insulator proteins can be present in intergenic regions as well as at the 5', introns or 3' of genes, suggesting a variety of roles for insulator loops in chromosome biology. Recent results suggest that insulators mediate intra- and interchromosomal interactions to affect transcription, imprinting, and recombination. Cells have developed mechanisms to control insulator activity by recruiting specialized proteins or by covalent modification of core components. It is then possible that insulator-mediated interactions set up cell-specific blueprints of nuclear organization that may contribute to the establishment of different patterns of gene expression during cell differentiation and development. As a consequence, disruption of insulator activity could result in the development of cancer or other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Yang
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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42
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Li CT, Hsiao YM, Wu TC, Lin YW, Yeh KT, Ko JL. Vorinostat, SAHA, represses telomerase activity via epigenetic regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase in non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:3044-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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43
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Gladych M, Wojtyla A, Rubis B. Human telomerase expression regulation. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:359-76. [DOI: 10.1139/o11-037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since telomerase has been recognized as a relevant factor distinguishing cancer cells from normal cells, it has become a very promising target for anti-cancer therapy. A correlation between short telomere length and increased mortality was revealed in many studies. The telomerase expression/activity appears to be one of the most crucial factors to study to improve cancer therapy and prevention. However, this multisubunit enzymatic complex can be regulated at various levels. Thus, several strategies have been proposed to control telomerase in cancer cells such as anti-sense technology against TR and TERT, ribozymes against TERT, anti-estrogens, progesterone, vitamin D, retinoic acid, quadruplex stabilizers, telomere and telomerase targeting agents, modulation of interaction with other proteins involved in the regulation of telomerase and telomeres, etc. However, the transcription control of key telomerase subunits seems to play the crucial role in whole complexes activity and cancer cells immortality. Thus, the research of telomerase regulation can bring significant insight into the knowledge concerning stem cells metabolism but also ageing. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of numerous telomerase regulation mechanisms at the transcription level in human that might become attractive anti-cancer therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gladych
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aneta Wojtyla
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Blazej Rubis
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Przybyszewskiego 49 St., 60-355 Poznan, Poland
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44
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Wong TC, Sokol ES, Schep AN, Punjiya M, Tran DA, Allan D, Drewell RA. Transcriptional repression by the proximal exonic region at the human TERT gene. Gene 2011; 486:65-73. [PMID: 21787851 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the enzyme telomerase (hTERT) is responsible for the synthesis of new repeat sequences at the telomeres of chromosomes. Although active in early embryogenesis, the hTERT gene is transcriptionally silenced in almost all somatic cells in the adult, but is aberrantly re-activated in over 90% of human cancers. The molecular mechanisms responsible for repression of this gene are thought to involve the transcription factor CTCF. In this study, we bioinformatically identify putative CTCF binding sites in the hTERT proximal exonic region (PER) and determine their functional relevance in mediating transcriptional silencing at this gene. Tests using a reporter gene assay in HeLa cancer cells demonstrate that a sub-region of the PER exhibits strong transcriptional repressive activity. This repression is independent of the previously identified CTCF binding site near the transcriptional start site of the hTERT gene. In addition, site directed mutagenesis of three predicted CTCF binding sites, including a previously characterized in vivo site in exon 2, does not result in a loss of the repression mediated by the PER. The results from this study indicate that expression of the hTERT gene in HeLa cells is regulated by sequences in the PER. This transcriptional control is mediated through additional regulatory molecular mechanisms, independent of CTCF binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence C Wong
- Biology Department, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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45
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Wan Y, Chen W, Xing J, Tan J, Li B, Chen H, Lin Z, Chiang JH, Ramsey S. Transcriptome profiling reveals a novel role for trichostatin A in antagonizing histone chaperone Chz1 mediated telomere anti-silencing. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2519-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Renaud S, Loukinov D, Alberti L, Vostrov A, Kwon YW, Bosman FT, Lobanenkov V, Benhattar J. BORIS/CTCFL-mediated transcriptional regulation of the hTERT telomerase gene in testicular and ovarian tumor cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:862-73. [PMID: 20876690 PMCID: PMC3035453 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity, not detectable in somatic cells but frequently activated during carcinogenesis, confers immortality to tumors. Mechanisms governing expression of the catalytic subunit hTERT, the limiting factor for telomerase activity, still remain unclear. We previously proposed a model in which the binding of the transcription factor CTCF to the two first exons of hTERT results in transcriptional inhibition in normal cells. This inhibition is abrogated, however, by methylation of CTCF binding sites in 85% of tumors. Here, we showed that hTERT was unmethylated in testicular and ovarian tumors and in derivative cell lines. We demonstrated that CTCF and its paralogue, BORIS/CTCFL, were both present in the nucleus of the same cancer cells and bound to the first exon of hTERT in vivo. Moreover, exogenous BORIS expression in normal BORIS-negative cells was sufficient to activate hTERT transcription with an increasing number of cell passages. Thus, expression of BORIS was sufficient to allow hTERT transcription in normal cells and to counteract the inhibitory effect of CTCF in testicular and ovarian tumor cells. These results define an important contribution of BORIS to immortalization during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Renaud
- Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Meeran SM, Patel SN, Tollefsbol TO. Sulforaphane causes epigenetic repression of hTERT expression in human breast cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11457. [PMID: 20625516 PMCID: PMC2897894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, is a common dietary component that has histone deacetylase inhibition activity and exciting potential in cancer prevention. The mechanisms by which SFN imparts its chemopreventive properties are of considerable interest and little is known of its preventive potential for breast cancer. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that SFN significantly inhibits the viability and proliferation of breast cancer cells in vitro while it has negligible effects on normal breast cells. Inhibition of telomerase has received considerable attention because of its high expression in cancer cells and extremely low level of expression in normal cells. SFN treatment dose- and time-dependently inhibited human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic regulatory subunit of telomerase, in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), especially DNMT1 and DNMT3a, were also decreased in SFN-treated breast cancer cells suggesting that SFN may repress hTERT by impacting epigenetic pathways. Down-regulation of DNMTs in response to SFN induced site-specific CpG demethylation occurring primarily in the first exon of the hTERT gene thereby facilitating CTCF binding associated with hTERT repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis of the hTERT promoter revealed that SFN increased the level of active chromatin markers acetyl-H3, acetyl-H3K9 and acetyl-H4, whereas the trimethyl-H3K9 and trimethyl-H3K27 inactive chromatin markers were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. SFN-induced hyperacetylation facilitated the binding of many hTERT repressor proteins such as MAD1 and CTCF to the hTERT regulatory region. Depletion of CTCF using siRNA reduced the SFN-induced down-regulation of hTERT mRNA transcription in these breast cancer cells. In addition, down-regulation of hTERT expression facilitated the induction of cellular apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, our results provide novel insights into SFN-mediated epigenetic down-regulation of telomerase in breast cancer prevention and may open new avenues for approaches to SFN-mediated cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Meeran
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shweta N. Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Trygve O. Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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48
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Li W, Tao KX. Advances in research of the epigenetic regulation of hTERT expression. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2010; 18:1026-1031. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v18.i10.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic subunit of the telomerase, is the rate-limiting component for telomerase activity. Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription does not change DNA sequences but depends on chemical modification of either DNA or histones or non-coding RNAs. Epigenetic regulation is inheritable and plays an important role in controlling gene expression. The expression of hTERT may also be subjected to epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation and methylation, and non-coding RNAs.
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