1
|
Yuan C, Liu X, Cai S, Zhang L, Guo R, Jia Z, Sun Y, Li B. Secreted aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein-1 (AIMP1) is a promising predictor for the severity of acute AQP4-IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 70:104504. [PMID: 36623394 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex interacting with multifunctional protein-1 (AIMP1) has been reported to carry pro-inflammatory properties and anti-angiogenesis effects. However, the exact role of AIMP1 in patients with NMOSD is not yet clear. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between plasma AIMP1 levels and disease severity in patients with AQP4-IgG+ NMOSD from North China based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score. METHODS Plasma AIMP1 levels were measured using ELISA kits in 94 patients with AQP4-IgG+NMOSD (48 in the acute phase before high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) therapy, 21 in the acute phase after IVMP therapy, 25 in the clinical remission-phase)as well as 33 healthy controls (HCs). The disability function of NMOSD patients was evaluated using the EDSS score. Furthermore, the clinical characteristics of the patients were also evaluated, and laboratory tests were performed on blood samples. RESULTS The plasma AIMP1 levels in AQP4-IgG+NMOSD patients with acute phase before IVMP therapy were significantly higher as compared to those in patients after the IVMP therapy (p < 0.001) as well as those in the clinical remission phase (p = 0.021) or HCs (p < 0.001). Plasma AIMP1 levels were positively correlated with EDSS scores (r = 0.485, p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with serum complement 3 concentrations (r =-0.452, p = 0.001). AIMP1 exhibited the potential to distinguish NMOSD from HCs (AUROC 0.820, p < 0.0001) and could differentiate mild and moderate-severe NMOSD (AUROC 0.790, p = 0.0006). Furthermore, plasma AIMP1 levels of ≥49.55pg/mL were found to be an independent predictor of the risk for moderate-severe NMOSD (with OR 0.03, 95%CI 0.001-0.654, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION AIMP1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of AQP4-IgG+NMOSD disease and predict the disease activity, severity, or effect of treatment in patients with NMOSD. Further studies should be performed to reveal the precise mechanisms of AQP4-IgG+NMOSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China; Department of Neurology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xueyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Ruoyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Yafei Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China; The Key Laboratory of Neurology (Hebei Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Jin F, Li F, Qin S, Wang Y. Could targeting the heat shock protein 90 revolutionize antiviral therapy? Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional antiviral strategies that target viral components are frequently associated with the generation of drug-resistant viruses. Thus, the development of novel antiviral drugs is critical. Hsp90 is a promising broad-spectrum antiviral drug target; however, whether targeting Hsp90 will revolutionize antiviral therapy remains ambiguous. Here, we summarize how Hsp90 functions in relation to its interactors, and listed the specific Hsp90 isoforms that participated in the virus life cycle. We also discuss the advantages and challenges of targeting Hsp90, taking into account antiviral activity, toxicity and the likelihood of emergence of drug-resistant viruses. Overall, we highlight that targeting Hsp90 might represent a novel and effective antiviral strategy. However, further studies are required before Hsp90 inhibitors can be used in antiviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Shurong Qin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research & Development Center, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science & Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
JNK Signaling: Regulation and Functions Based on Complex Protein-Protein Partnerships. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:793-835. [PMID: 27466283 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress insults. JNKs also regulate important physiological processes, including neuronal functions, immunological actions, and embryonic development, via their impact on gene expression, cytoskeletal protein dynamics, and cell death/survival pathways. Although the JNK pathway has been under study for >20 years, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners of JNKs underlying the diversity of actions. Here we review the current knowledge of JNK structure and isoforms as well as the partnerships of JNKs with a range of intracellular proteins. Many of these proteins are direct substrates of the JNKs. We analyzed almost 100 of these target proteins in detail within a framework of their classification based on their regulation by JNKs. Examples of these JNK substrates include a diverse assortment of nuclear transcription factors (Jun, ATF2, Myc, Elk1), cytoplasmic proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation (DCX, Tau, WDR62) or vesicular transport (JIP1, JIP3), cell membrane receptors (BMPR2), and mitochondrial proteins (Mcl1, Bim). In addition, because upstream signaling components impact JNK activity, we critically assessed the involvement of signaling scaffolds and the roles of feedback mechanisms in the JNK pathway. Despite a clarification of many regulatory events in JNK-dependent signaling during the past decade, many other structural and mechanistic insights are just beginning to be revealed. These advances open new opportunities to understand the role of JNK signaling in diverse physiological and pathophysiological states.
Collapse
|
4
|
Liang D, Halpert MM, Konduri V, Decker WK. Stepping Out of the Cytosol: AIMp1/p43 Potentiates the Link Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:367-81. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1077829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
5
|
Plasma membrane gp96 enhances invasion and metastatic potential of liver cancer via regulation of uPAR. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1312-23. [PMID: 25841765 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy is currently under intensive investigation due to the resistance of liver cancer to cytotoxic chemotherapies. Dissecting the molecular events that drive the progression of liver cancer and defining specific targets are urgently needed to develop efficient tailored therapies. Cell membrane gp96 (mgp96) has been implicated in tumor growth and malignancy. Here, we explored the functional and clinical relevance of mgp96 in liver cancer. We found that elevated mgp96 abundance was associated with tumor metastasis and recurrence in patients with primary liver tumors. Decreased KDELR1 levels in hepatoma cells contribute to cell membrane translocation of the normally ER-resident gp96. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) was identified as a mgp96 client protein, and mgp96 stabilized uPAR protein. Our clinical results proved that elevated mgp96 abundance is positively correlated with uPAR expression levels in liver tumors. We further provided evidence that targeting mgp96 with siRNA or a specific mAb that blocked the mgp96-uPAR interaction led to inhibited cell growth, survival, and invasion in vitro, as well as the suppression of liver tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. mgp96 promotes liver cancer progression through increasing the protein stability and signaling of uPAR, and may be a new promising target for suppressing uPAR-mediated tumor growth and metastasis in liver cancer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu H, Malinin NL, Awasthi N, Schwarz RE, Schwarz MA. The N terminus of pro-endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) regulates its binding with the C terminus, arginyl-tRNA synthetase, and neurofilament light protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9753-66. [PMID: 25724651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.630533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II), one component of the multi-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex, plays multiple roles in physiological and pathological processes of protein translation, signal transduction, immunity, lung development, and tumor growth. Recent studies have determined that pro-EMAP II has an essential role in maintaining axon integrity in central and peripheral neural systems where deletion of the C terminus of pro-EMAP II has been reported in a consanguineous Israeli Bedouin kindred suffering from Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease. We hypothesized that the N terminus of pro-EMAP II has an important role in the regulation of protein-protein interactions. Using a GFP reporter system, we defined a putative leucine zipper in the N terminus of human pro-EMAP II protein (amino acid residues 1-70) that can form specific strip-like punctate structures. Through GFP punctum analysis, we uncovered that the pro-EMAP II C terminus (amino acids 147-312) can repress GFP punctum formation. Pulldown assays confirmed that the binding between the pro-EMAP II N terminus and its C terminus is mediated by a putative leucine zipper. Furthermore, the pro-EMAP II 1-70 amino acid region was identified as the binding partner of arginyl-tRNA synthetase, a polypeptide of the multi-aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex. We also determined that the punctate GFP pro-EMAP II 1-70 amino acid aggregate colocalizes and binds to the neurofilament light subunit protein that is associated with pathologic neurofilament network disorganization and degeneration of motor neurons. These findings indicate the structure and binding interaction of pro-EMAP II protein and suggest a role of this protein in pathological neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Xu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390 and
| | - Nikolay L Malinin
- the Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| | - Niranjan Awasthi
- the Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| | | | - Margaret A Schwarz
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390 and the Indiana University School of Medicine, South Bend, Indiana 46617
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Sun L, Hou J, Gui M, Ying J, Zhao H, Lv N, Meng S. Cell membrane gp96 facilitates HER2 dimerization and serves as a novel target in breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:512-24. [PMID: 25546612 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HER2 receptor dimerization is a critical step in the HER2 activation process. Here, we demonstrated that heat shock protein gp96 on cell membrane interacts with HER2, facilitates HER2 dimerization and promotes cell proliferation. Cell membrane gp96 levels were observed to correlate with HER2 phosphorylation in primary breast tumors. Finally, we provide evidence that targeting gp96 with a specific monoclonal antibody led to decreased cell growth and increased apoptosis in vitro, and suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Our work represents a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting HER2 signaling in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Gui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lv
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pang YLJ, Poruri K, Martinis SA. tRNA synthetase: tRNA aminoacylation and beyond. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 5:461-80. [PMID: 24706556 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are prominently known for their classic function in the first step of protein synthesis, where they bear the responsibility of setting the genetic code. Each enzyme is exquisitely adapted to covalently link a single standard amino acid to its cognate set of tRNA isoacceptors. These ancient enzymes have evolved idiosyncratically to host alternate activities that go far beyond their aminoacylation role and impact a wide range of other metabolic pathways and cell signaling processes. The family of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases has also been suggested as a remarkable scaffold to incorporate new domains that would drive evolution and the emergence of new organisms with more complex function. Because they are essential, the tRNA synthetases have served as pharmaceutical targets for drug and antibiotic development. The recent unfolding of novel important functions for this family of proteins offers new and promising pathways for therapeutic development to treat diverse human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ling Joy Pang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang QQ, Koessler RE, Birkett R, Dorfleutner A, Perlman H, Haines GK, Stehlik C, Nicchitta CV, Pope RM. Glycoprotein 96 perpetuates the persistent inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3638-48. [PMID: 22777994 DOI: 10.1002/art.34610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms that contribute to the persistent activation of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of endogenous gp96 in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated macrophage activation in RA. METHODS RA synovial fluid was used to activate macrophages and HEK-TLR-2 and HEK-TLR-4 cells. Neutralizing antibodies to TLR-2, TLR-4, and gp96 were used to inhibit activation. RA synovial fluid macrophages were isolated by CD14 negative selection. Cell activation was measured by the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or interleukin-8 messenger RNA. Arthritis was induced in mice by K/BxN serum transfer. The expression of gp96 was determined by immunoblot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Arthritis was treated with neutralizing anti-gp96 antiserum or control serum. RESULTS RA synovial fluid induced the activation of macrophages and HEK-TLR-2 and HEK-TLR-4 cells. RA synovial fluid-induced macrophage and HEK-TLR-2 activation was suppressed by neutralizing anti-gp96 antibodies only in the presence of high (>800 ng/ml) rather than low (<400 ng/ml) concentrations of gp96. Neutralization of RA synovial fluid macrophage cell surface gp96 inhibited the constitutive expression of TNFα. Supporting the role of gp96 in RA, joint tissue gp96 expression was induced in mice with the K/BxN serum-induced arthritis, and neutralizing antibodies to gp96 ameliorated joint inflammation, as determined by clinical and histologic examination. CONCLUSION These observations support the notion that gp96 plays a role as an endogenous TLR-2 ligand in RA and identify the TLR-2 pathway as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Quan Huang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang QQ, Pope RM. The role of glycoprotein 96 in the persistent inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 530:1-6. [PMID: 23257071 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The 96-kDa glycoprotein (gp96) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident molecular chaperone. Under physiologic conditions, gp96 facilitates the transport of toll-like receptors (TLRs) to cell or endosomal membranes. Under pathologic circumstances such as rheumatoid arthritis, gp96 translocates to the cell surface and extracellular space, serving as an endogenous danger signal promoting TLR signaling. Macrophages play a central role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, and are the major source of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Macrophage numbers in the sublining of RA synovial tissue correlate with clinical response. This review focuses on the recent findings that implicate gp96 induced macrophage activation mediated through TLR signaling in the pathogenesis of RA and provides insights concerning the targeting gp96 and the TLR signaling pathway as therapeutic approaches for patients with RA and possibly other chronic inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Quan Huang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, 240 East Huron, McGaw M220, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martins M, Custódio R, Camejo A, Almeida MT, Cabanes D, Sousa S. Listeria monocytogenes triggers the cell surface expression of Gp96 protein and interacts with its N terminus to support cellular infection. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43083-93. [PMID: 23109341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.422568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular food-borne pathogen causing listeriosis in humans. This bacterium deploys an arsenal of virulence factors that act in concert to promote cellular infection. Bacterial surface proteins are of primary importance in the process of host cell invasion. They interact with host cellular receptors, inducing/modulating specific cellular responses. We previously identified Vip, a Listeria surface protein covalently attached to the bacterial cell wall acting as a key virulence factor. We have shown that Vip interacts with Gp96 localized at the surface of host cells during invasion and that this interaction is critical for a successful infection in vivo. To better understand the importance of Vip-Gp96 interaction during infection, we aimed to characterize this interaction at the molecular level. Here we demonstrate that, during infection, L. monocytogenes triggers the cellular redistribution of Gp96, inducing its exposure at the cell surface. Upon infection, Gp96 N-terminal domain is exposed to the extracellular milieu in L2071 fibroblasts and interacts with Vip expressed by Listeria. We identified Gp96 (Asp(1)-Leu(170)) as sufficient to interact with Vip; however, we also showed that the region Tyr(179)-Leu(390) of Gp96 is important for the interaction. Our findings unravel the Listeria-induced surface expression of Gp96 and the topology of its insertion on the plasma membrane and improve our knowledge on the Vip-Gp96 interaction during Listeria infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Martins
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim DG, Choi JW, Lee JY, Kim H, Oh YS, Lee JW, Tak YK, Song JM, Razin E, Yun S, Kim S. Interaction of two translational components, lysyl‐tRNA synthetase and p40/37LRP, in plasma membrane promotes laminin‐dependent cell migration. FASEB J 2012; 26:4142-59. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-207639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Gyu Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Young Sun Oh
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jung Weon Lee
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- World Class UniversityDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yu Kyung Tak
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- World Class UniversityDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Joon Myong Song
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- World Class UniversityDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ehud Razin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical SchoolJerusalemIsrael
| | - Seok‐Hyun Yun
- Wellman Center for PhotomedicineMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- College of PharmacySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- World Class UniversityDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| |
Collapse
|