1
|
Tong D, Tang Y, Zhong P. The emerging roles of histone demethylases in cancers. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:795-821. [PMID: 38227150 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Modulation of histone methylation status is regarded as an important mechanism of epigenetic regulation and has substantial clinical potential for the therapy of diseases, including cancer and other disorders. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive introduction to the enzymology of histone demethylases, as well as their cancerous roles, molecular mechanisms, therapeutic possibilities, and challenges for targeting them, in order to advance drug design for clinical therapy and highlight new insight into the mechanisms of these enzymes in cancer. A series of clinical trials have been performed to explore potential roles of histone demethylases in several cancer types. Numerous targeted inhibitors associated with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy have been used to exert anticancer functions. Future studies should evaluate the dynamic transformation of histone demethylases leading to carcinogenesis and explore individual therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dali Tong
- Department of Urological Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China.
| | - Peng Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hua C, Chen J, Li S, Zhou J, Fu J, Sun W, Wang W. KDM6 Demethylases and Their Roles in Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:779918. [PMID: 34950587 PMCID: PMC8688854 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.779918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy is moving beyond traditional chemotherapy to include epigenetic approaches. KDM6 demethylases are dynamic regulation of gene expression by histone demethylation in response to diverse stimuli, and thus their dysregulation has been observed in various cancers. In this review, we first briefly introduce structural features of KDM6 subfamily, and then discuss the regulation of KDM6, which involves the coordinated control between cellular metabolism (intrinsic regulators) and tumor microenvironment (extrinsic stimuli). We further describe the aberrant functions of KDM6 in human cancers, acting as either a tumor suppressor or an oncoprotein in a context-dependent manner. Finally, we propose potential therapy of KDM6 enzymes based on their structural features, epigenetics, and immunomodulatory mechanisms, providing novel insights for prevention and treatment of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Shuting Li
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Jiahong Fu
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weijian Sun
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yildirim-Buharalioglu G. KDM6B Regulates Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation by Controlling c-MYC Expression. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:106-119. [PMID: 34862309 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of lysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A) and 6B (KDM6B) has been reported in prostate cancer (PCa). However, the mechanism underlying the specific role of KDM6A/B in PCa is still fragmentary. Here, we report novel KDM6A/B downstream targets involved in controlling PCa cell proliferation. KDM6A and KDM6B mRNAs were higher in LNCaP but not in PC3 and DU145 cells. Higher KDM6A mRNA was confirmed at the protein level. A metastasis associated gene focussed oligonucleotide array was performed to identify KDM6A/B dependent genes in LNCaP cells treated with a KDM6 family selective inhibitor, GSK-J4. This identified 5 genes (c-MYC, NF2, CTBP1, EPHB2, PLAUR) that were decreased more than 50 % by GSK-J4 and c-MYC was the most downregulated gene. Array data was validated by quantitative RT-PCR, which detected a reduction in c-MYC steady state mRNA and pre-spliced mRNA, indicative of transcriptional repression of c-MYC gene expression. Furthermore, c-MYC protein was also decreased by GSK-J4. Importantly, GSK-J4 reduced mRNA and protein levels of c-MYC target gene, CyclinD1 (CCND1). Silencing of KDM6A/B with siRNA confirmed that expression of both c-MYC and CCND1 are dependent on KDM6B. Phosphorylated Retinoblastoma (pRb), a marker of G1 to S-phase transition, was decreased by GSK-J4 and KDM6B silencing. GSK-J4 treatment resulted decrease in cell proliferation and cell number, detected by MTS assay and conventional cell counting, respectively. Consequently, we conclude that KDM6B controlling c-MYC, CCND1 and pRb contribute regulation of PCa cell proliferation, which represents KDM6B as a promising epigenetic target for the treatment of advanced PCa. Significance Statement Lysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A) and 6B (KDM6B) were upregulated in prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we reported novel KDM6A/B downstream targets involved in controlling PCa cell proliferation. Amongst 84 metastasis associated genes, c-MYC was the most inhibited gene by KDM6 family inhibitor, GSK-J4. This was accompanied by decreased c-MYC target gene, CCND1 and pRb, which were selectively dependent on KDM6B. GSK-J4 decreased proliferation and cell counting. Consequently, we conclude that KDM6B controlling c-MYC, CCND1 and pRb contribute regulation of PCa proliferation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kdm6a deficiency restricted to mouse hematopoietic cells causes an age- and sex-dependent myelodysplastic syndrome-like phenotype. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255706. [PMID: 34780480 PMCID: PMC8592440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kdm6a/Utx, a gene on the X chromosome, encodes a histone H3K27me3 demethylase that has an orthologue on the Y chromosome (Uty) (Zheng et al. 2018). We previously identified inactivating mutations of Kdm6a in approximately 50% of mouse acute promyelocytic leukemia samples; however, somatic mutations of KDM6A are more rare in human AML samples, ranging in frequency from 2–15% in different series of patients, where their role in pathogenesis is not yet clear. In this study, we show that female Kdm6aflox/flox mice (with allele inactivation initiated by Vav1-Cre in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have a sex-specific phenotype that emerges with aging, with features resembling a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Female Kdm6a-knockout (KO) mice have an age-dependent expansion of their HSPCs with aberrant self-renewal, but they did not differentiate normally into downstream progeny. These mice became mildly anemic and thrombocytopenic, but did not develop overt leukemia, or die from these cytopenias. ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq studies showed only minor changes in H3K27me3, H3K27ac, H3K4me, H3K4me3 and chromatin accessibility between Kdm6a-WT and Kdm6a-KO mice. Utilizing scRNA-seq, Kdm6a loss was linked to the transcriptional repression of genes that mediate hematopoietic cell fate determination. These data demonstrate that Kdm6a plays an important role in normal hematopoiesis, and that its inactivation may contribute to AML pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Yang J, Zhang X, Liu H, Guo J. KDM6A suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation by negatively regulating the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2774-2782. [PMID: 32765772 PMCID: PMC7401926 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A) is a Jumonji-C domain-containing histone demethylase that specifically catalyzes the removal of histone H3 lysine-27 trimethylation. KDM6A is a member of the KDM6 family, the biological role of which has been reported in various types of cancer, including bladder and lung cancer, as well as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. However, the role of KDM6A in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not completely understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the biological function of KDM6A in HCC progression. The expression profile of KDM6A was examined in HCC surgical specimens using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. In addition, the role of KDM6A in the proliferation capacities of HCC cell lines was examined in vitro and in vivo using crystal violet and MTT assays. The underlying mechanism by which KDM6A exerts its function was explored by western blotting. The present study indicated that KDM6A was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues compared with normal control tissues. The role of KDM6A in HCC cell proliferation was also determined. KDM6A overexpression significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation, whereas KDM6A knockdown significantly promoted HCC cell proliferation compared with the corresponding control groups. Consistently, KDM6A overexpression suppressed HCC cell tumorigenesis in vivo. The western blotting results indicated that KDM6A overexpression decreased the phosphorylation levels of smad2, whereas KDM6A knockdown increased the phosphorylation levels of smad2 compared with the corresponding control groups. Therefore, the present study suggested that KDM6A may inhibit HCC cell proliferation by negatively regulating the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway, suggesting that KDM6A may serve as a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of General Surgery, People's Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of General Surgery, People's Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of General Surgery, People's Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of General Surgery, People's Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Clinical Center of General Surgery, People's Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Noguera NI, Catalano G, Banella C, Divona M, Faraoni I, Ottone T, Arcese W, Voso MT. Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Update on the Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, Resistance and on Innovative Treatment Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101591. [PMID: 31635329 PMCID: PMC6826966 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights new findings that have deepened our understanding of the mechanisms of leukemogenesis, therapy and resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARa) sets the cellular landscape of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by repressing the transcription of RARa target genes and disrupting PML-NBs. The RAR receptors control the homeostasis of tissue growth, modeling and regeneration, and PML-NBs are involved in self-renewal of normal and cancer stem cells, DNA damage response, senescence and stress response. The additional somatic mutations in APL mainly involve FLT3, WT1, NRAS, KRAS, ARID1B and ARID1A genes. The treatment outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed APL improved dramatically since the advent of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). ATRA activates the transcription of blocked genes and degrades PML-RARα, while ATO degrades PML-RARa by promoting apoptosis and has a pro-oxidant effect. The resistance to ATRA and ATO may derive from the mutations in the RARa ligand binding domain (LBD) and in the PML-B2 domain of PML-RARa, but such mutations cannot explain the majority of resistances experienced in the clinic, globally accounting for 5-10% of cases. Several studies are ongoing to unravel clonal evolution and resistance, suggesting the therapeutic potential of new retinoid molecules and combinatorial treatments of ATRA or ATO with different drugs acting through alternative mechanisms of action, which may lead to synergistic effects on growth control or the induction of apoptosis in APL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N I Noguera
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - G Catalano
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - C Banella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - M Divona
- Policlinico Tor vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - I Faraoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - T Ottone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - W Arcese
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - M T Voso
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Santa Lucia Foundation, Unit of Neuro-Oncoematologia, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00143 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Expression of UTX Indicates Poor Prognosis in Patients With Luminal Breast Cancer and is Associated With MMP-11 Expression. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2019; 28:544-550. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Soto DR, Barton C, Munger K, McLaughlin-Drubin ME. KDM6A addiction of cervical carcinoma cell lines is triggered by E7 and mediated by p21CIP1 suppression of replication stress. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006661. [PMID: 28968467 PMCID: PMC5638616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of E7 proteins encoded by carcinogenic, high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) triggers increased expression of the histone H3 lysine 27 demethylase KDM6A. KDM6A expression is necessary for survival of high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells, including several cervical cancer lines. Here we show that increased KDM6A in response to high-risk HPV E7 expression causes epigenetic de-repression of the cell cycle and DNA replication inhibitor p21CIP1, and p21CIP1 expression is necessary for survival of high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells. The requirement for KDM6A and p21CIP1 expression for survival of high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells is based on p21CIP1’s ability to inhibit DNA replication through PCNA binding. We show that ectopic expression of cellular replication factors can rescue the loss of cell viability in response to p21CIP1 and KDM6A depletion. Moreover, we discovered that nucleoside supplementation will override the loss of cell viability in response to p21CIP1 depletion, suggesting that p21CIP1 depletion causes lethal replication stress. This model is further supported by increased double strand DNA breaks upon KDM6A or p21CIP1 depletion and DNA combing experiments that show aberrant re-replication upon KDM6A or p21CIP1 depletion in high-risk HPV E7 expressing cells. Therefore, KDM6A and p21CIP1 expression are essential to curb E7 induced replication stress to levels that do not markedly interfere with cell viability. High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with approximately five percent of all human cancers, including virtually all cervical cancers as well as a large percentage of anal, vaginal, vulvar, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. The HPV E6 and E7 proteins are the major oncogenic drivers in these tumors, and persistent expression of E6 and E7 is required for the maintenance of the transformed state. While E6 and E7 lack intrinsic enzymatic activities, and thus are difficult to directly target therapeutically, they biochemically interact with, functionally modify, or alter expression of key host cellular signaling proteins. HPV16 E7 triggers increased expression of the KDM6A histone demethylase, and KDM6A expression becomes necessary for the survival of HPV16 E7 expressing cells. Here we show that the requirement for persistent KDM6A expression is mediated by the cell cycle and DNA replication inhibitor p21CIP1 in that p21CIP1 expression is necessary for survival of E7 expressing cells. Remarkably, this is based on the ability of p21CIP1 to inhibit cellular DNA replication by binding PCNA. Our results suggest that increased KDM6A and p21CIP1 expression serves to curb HPV16 E7-induced replication stress to levels that are conducive to DNA replication but do not cause death of HPV infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Soto
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Barton
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karl Munger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. McLaughlin-Drubin
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Epigenetic regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by KDM6A histone demethylase in lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1407-1413. [PMID: 28698146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone methylation is associated with various biological and pathological processes including cancer development. KDM6A is a candidate tumor suppressor gene that encodes a histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase. In this study, we discovered that ectopic expression of KDM6A antagonized TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration of lung cancer cell lines through its demethylase activity. KDM6A counteracted TGF-β-dependent changes in the expression of EMT-related genes such as CDH1/E-cadherin, FN1/Fibronectin, ZEB family and microRNA-200 family. Mechanistic investigations revealed that KDM6A inhibited the recruitment of EZH2 histone H3K27 methyltransferase and H3K27 methylation on the regulatory regions of the target genes such as CDH1 and microRNA-200 family. Knockdown of KDM6A did not proceed EMT by itself, but influenced the expression of specific target genes critical for EMT, suggesting that endogenous KDM6A was involved in EMT-inducing transcriptional program. This study demonstrated a novel regulatory role of KDM6A histone demethylase in the epigenetic control of EMT process in lung cancer cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang L, Song LS, Liu XF, Xia Q, Bai LG, Gao L, Gao GQ, Wang Y, Wei ZY, Bai CL, Li GP. The Maternal Effect Genes UTX and JMJD3 Play Contrasting Roles in Mus musculus Preimplantation Embryo Development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26711. [PMID: 27384759 PMCID: PMC4935995 DOI: 10.1038/srep26711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of embryonic development in mammals, epigenetic modifications must be erased and reconstructed. In particular, the trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) is associated with gene-specific transcriptional repression and contributes to the maintenance of the pluripotent embryos. In this study, we determined that the global levels of the H3K27me3 marker were elevated in MII oocyte chromatin and decrease to minimal levels at the 8-cell and morula stages. When the blastocyst hatched, H3K27me3 was re-established in the inner cell mass. We also determined that H3K27me3-specific demethylases, UTX and JMJD3, were observed at high transcript and protein levels in mouse preimplantation embryos. In the activated oocytes, when the H3K27me3 disappeared at the 8-cell stage, the UTX (but not JMJD3) protein levels were undetectable. Using RNA interference, we suppressed UTX and JMJD3 gene expression in the embryos and determined that the functions of UTX and JMJD3 were complementary. When JMJD3 levels were decreased by RNA interference, the embryo development rate and quality were improved, but the knockdown of UTX produced the opposite results. Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms controlling preimplantation development is critical to comprehending the basis of embryonic development and to devise methods and approaches to treat infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Shuang Song
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Fei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ge Bai
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gao
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Qi Gao
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu-Ying Wei
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ling Bai
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Peng Li
- The Key Laboratory of the National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
System Review about Function Role of ESCC Driver Gene KDM6A by Network Biology Approach. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:1970904. [PMID: 27294188 PMCID: PMC4886093 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1970904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. KDM6A (Lysine (K)-Specific Demethylase 6A) is the driver gene related to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In order to provide more biological insights into KDM6A, in this paper, we treat PPI (protein-protein interaction) network derived from KDM6A as a conceptual framework and follow it to review its biological function. Method. We constructed a PPI network with Cytoscape software and performed clustering of network with Clust&See. Then, we evaluate the pathways, which are statistically involved in the network derived from KDM6A. Lastly, gene ontology analysis of clusters of genes in the network was conducted. Result. The network includes three clusters that consist of 74 nodes connected via 453 edges. Fifty-five pathways are statistically involved in the network and most of them are functionally related to the processes of cell cycle, gene expression, and carcinogenesis. The biology themes of clusters 1, 2, and 3 are chromatin modification, regulation of gene expression by transcription factor complex, and control of cell cycle, respectively. Conclusion. The PPI network presents a panoramic view which can facilitate for us to understand the function role of KDM6A. It is a helpful way by network approach to perform system review on a certain gene.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang J, Liu L, Xi W, Long Q, Wang Y, Bai Q, Xia Y, Xu J, Guo J. Prognostic value of UTX expression in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2016; 34:338.e19-27. [PMID: 27106782 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our previous studies have identified an abnormal H3K27 methylation status in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat on chromosome X (UTX) has been demonstrated as a histone demethylase that specifically targets di-methyl groups and tri-methyl groups on lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me2/3). Herein, we explored the prognostic value of tumoral UTX expression in patient with ccRCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively enrolled 290 ccRCC patients underwent nephrectomy at a single institution between 2005 and 2007. UTX expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays and its prognostic value was assessed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model. Nomograms were generated as prediction models for overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS). RESULTS Low expression of UTX was associated with reduced OS (P<0.001) and DFS (P = 0.001). In multivariate cox analyses, UTX was defined as an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio = 2.732 [95% CI: 1.650-4.493], P<0.001) and DFS (hazard ratio = 1.959 [95% CI: 1.153-3.326], P<0.001) as well. After stratifying patients into different risk groups using the Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade and necrosis/Leibovich score, decreased UTX expression was associated with shorter OS in both low-risk (P = 0.002) and high-risk groups (P = 0.030), but with shorter DFS only in low-risk group (P<0.001). Overall, 2 nomograms incorporating UTX expression with other parameters performed well in predicting patients' 5-year and 8-year OS and DFS (c-indices = 0.824 and 0.798, respectively). CONCLUSIONS UTX is a prognostic biomarker for patients with ccRCC both in OS and DFS prediction, especially significant in low-risk patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Choi HJ, Park JH, Park M, Won HY, Joo HS, Lee CH, Lee JY, Kong G. UTX inhibits EMT-induced breast CSC properties by epigenetic repression of EMT genes in cooperation with LSD1 and HDAC1. EMBO Rep 2015; 16:1288-98. [PMID: 26303947 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The histone H3K27 demethylase, UTX, is a known component of the H3K4 methyltransferase MLL complex, but its functional association with H3K4 methylation in human cancers remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that UTX loss induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated breast cancer stem cell (CSC) properties by increasing the expression of the SNAIL, ZEB1 and ZEB2 EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and of the transcriptional repressor CDH1. UTX facilitates the epigenetic silencing of EMT-TFs by inducing competition between MLL4 and the H3K4 demethylase LSD1. EMT-TF promoters are occupied by c-Myc and MLL4, and UTX recognizes these proteins, interrupting their transcriptional activation function. UTX decreases H3K4me2 and H3 acetylation at these promoters by forming a transcriptional repressive complex with LSD1, HDAC1 and DNMT1. Taken together, our findings indicate that UTX is a prominent tumour suppressor that functions as a negative regulator of EMT-induced CSC-like properties by epigenetically repressing EMT-TFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Joo Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Park
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mikyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Young Won
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Seok Joo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jeong-Yeon Lee
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gu Kong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research (IBBR), Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nickerson ML, Dancik GM, Im KM, Edwards MG, Turan S, Brown J, Ruiz-Rodriguez C, Owens C, Costello JC, Guo G, Tsang SX, Li Y, Zhou Q, Cai Z, Moore LE, Lucia MS, Dean M, Theodorescu D. Concurrent alterations in TERT, KDM6A, and the BRCA pathway in bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:4935-48. [PMID: 25225064 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic analysis of bladder cancer has revealed a number of frequently altered genes, including frequent alterations of the telomerase (TERT) gene promoter, although few altered genes have been functionally evaluated. Our objective is to characterize alterations observed by exome sequencing and sequencing of the TERT promoter, and to examine the functional relevance of histone lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A/UTX), a frequently mutated histone demethylase, in bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed bladder cancer samples from 54 U.S. patients by exome and targeted sequencing and confirmed somatic variants using normal tissue from the same patient. We examined the biologic function of KDM6A using in vivo and in vitro assays. RESULTS We observed frequent somatic alterations in BRCA1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) in 15% of tumors, including deleterious alterations to the deubiquitinase active site and the nuclear localization signal. BAP1 mutations contribute to a high frequency of tumors with breast cancer (BRCA) DNA repair pathway alterations and were significantly associated with papillary histologic features in tumors. BAP1 and KDM6A mutations significantly co-occurred in tumors. Somatic variants altering the TERT promoter were found in 69% of tumors but were not correlated with alterations in other bladder cancer genes. We examined the function of KDM6A, altered in 24% of tumors, and show depletion in human bladder cancer cells, enhanced in vitro proliferation, in vivo tumor growth, and cell migration. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to identify frequent BAP1 and BRCA pathway alterations in bladder cancer, show TERT promoter alterations are independent of other bladder cancer gene alterations, and show KDM6A loss is a driver of the bladder cancer phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Nickerson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Kate M Im
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Michael G Edwards
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sevilay Turan
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Christina Ruiz-Rodriguez
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Charles Owens
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - James C Costello
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lee E Moore
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - M Scott Lucia
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael Dean
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado. Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado. University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Herlihy N, Dogrusöz M, van Essen TH, Harbour JW, van der Velden PA, van Eggermond MCJA, Haasnoot GW, van den Elsen PJ, Jager MJ. Skewed expression of the genes encoding epigenetic modifiers in high-risk uveal melanoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:1447-58. [PMID: 25593028 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Monosomy 3 (M3) or the presence of a specific RNA expression profile, known as class 2, is strongly associated with death from uveal melanoma (UM). Given the important role of epigenetic processes in cancer development and progression, we compared the transcriptional profiles of a selection of epigenetic regulators between primary UM with a good and a bad prognosis. METHODS Transcriptional levels of 59 epigenetic regulator genes were measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 20 UM, 12 with monosomy of chromosome 3 (M3) and 8 with disomy of chromosome 3 (D3). Validation was performed in an independent cohort. Expression levels were compared to clinicopathological characteristics, including class type. Bisulfite sequencing was used to evaluate the role of DNA methylation in gene silencing. RESULTS In the first set of tumors, general downregulation of transcription of the genes encoding epigenetic regulatory enzymes was seen in association with M3. The 10 genes with the highest differential expression between M3 and D3 were selected and were analyzed in a second set of tumors. In the validation set, significantly lower levels of KAT2B (P = 0.008), HDAC11 (P = 0.009), KMT1C (P = 0.05), KDM4B (P = 0.003), KDM6B (P = 0.04), and BMI-1 (P = 0.001) transcripts were found in tumors with M3/class 2. Methylation of C-phosphate-G (CpG) residues was not observed on the putative regulatory regions of KAT2B, KDM4B, or KDM6B. CONCLUSIONS Expression levels of a number of histone-modifying genes and polycomb family members are significantly lower in uveal melanoma with monosomy 3/class 2, supporting a general dysregulation of epigenetic modifiers in UM with a bad prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoimh Herlihy
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Dogrusöz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T Huibertus van Essen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marja C J A van Eggermond
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geert W Haasnoot
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van den Elsen
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Van der Meulen J, Speleman F, Van Vlierberghe P. The H3K27me3 demethylase UTX in normal development and disease. Epigenetics 2014; 9:658-68. [PMID: 24561908 PMCID: PMC4063824 DOI: 10.4161/epi.28298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, the Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat on chromosome X (UTX) was identified as a histone demethylase that specifically targets di- and tri-methyl groups on lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me2/3). Since then, UTX has been proven essential during normal development, as it is critically required for correct reprogramming, embryonic development and tissue-specific differentiation. UTX is a member of the MLL2 H3K4 methyltransferase complex and its catalytic activity has been linked to regulation of HOX and RB transcriptional networks. In addition, an H3K27me2/3 demethylase independent function for UTX was uncovered in promoting general chromatin remodeling in concert with the BRG1-containing SWI/SNF remodeling complex. Constitutional inactivation of UTX causes a specific hereditary disorder called the Kabuki syndrome, whereas somatic loss of UTX has been reported in a variety of human cancers. Here, we compile the breakthrough discoveries made from the first disclosure of UTX as a histone demethylase till the identification of disease-related UTX mutations and specific UTX inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Speleman
- Center for Medical Genetics; Ghent University; Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo X, Li X, Wang Y, Tian Z, Duan X, Cai Z. Nicotine induces alteration of H3K27 demethylase UTX in kidney cancer cell. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:264-9. [PMID: 23925944 DOI: 10.1177/0960327113499043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is one of the most important risk factors for kidney cancer, but the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. To examine the expression change of histone H3 on lysine 27 trimethylase (H3K27me3) demethylases ubiquitously transcribed TPR gene on the X chromosome (UTX) in kidney cancer cell line 786-O after nicotine treatment, quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis were carried out. These results showed that nicotine can increase UTX messenger RNA and protein levels and also decrease the content of H3K27me3. The decreased content of H3K27me3 may activate specific gene expression and lead to kidney cancer. Future investigation on nicotine induced UTX expression and its epigenetic effect would deepen our understanding on nicotine toxicity and carcinogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry, Bethune Military Medical College, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - X Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Y Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - X Duan
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Z Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Losman JA, Kaelin WG. What a difference a hydroxyl makes: mutant IDH, (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate, and cancer. Genes Dev 2013; 27:836-52. [PMID: 23630074 DOI: 10.1101/gad.217406.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in metabolic enzymes, including isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2, in cancer strongly implicate altered metabolism in tumorigenesis. IDH1 and IDH2 catalyze the interconversion of isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate (2OG). 2OG is a TCA cycle intermediate and an essential cofactor for many enzymes, including JmjC domain-containing histone demethylases, TET 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases, and EglN prolyl-4-hydroxylases. Cancer-associated IDH mutations alter the enzymes such that they reduce 2OG to the structurally similar metabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate [(R)-2HG]. Here we review what is known about the molecular mechanisms of transformation by mutant IDH and discuss their implications for the development of targeted therapies to treat IDH mutant malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Aurore Losman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Enkhbaatar Z, Terashima M, Oktyabri D, Tange S, Ishimura A, Yano S, Suzuki T. KDM5B histone demethylase controls epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cancer cells by regulating the expression of the microRNA-200 family. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:2100-12. [PMID: 23759590 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone methylation is implicated in various biological and pathological processes including cancer development. In this study, we discovered that ectopic expression of KDM5B, a histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylase, promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells. KDM5B increased the expression of transcription factors, ZEB1 and ZEB2, followed by downregulation of E-cadherin and upregulation of mesenchymal marker genes. The expression of the microRNA-200 (miR-200) family, which specifically targets ZEB1 and ZEB2, was reduced in the cells with KDM5B overexpression. We found that KDM5B repressed the expression of the miR-200 family by changing histone H3 methylation status of their regulatory regions. The introduction of miR-200 precursor in the cells inhibited EMT induction by KDM5B, suggesting that miR-200 family was a critical downstream mediator of KDM5B-promoted EMT. Furthermore, knockdown of KDM5B was shown to affect the expression of EMT-related genes, indicating the involvement of endogenous KDM5B. Our study demonstrated a novel role of KDM5B histone lysine demethylase in EMT, which may contribute to malignant progression of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zanabazar Enkhbaatar
- Division of Functional Genomics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Suzuki T, Terashima M, Tange S, Ishimura A. Roles of histone methyl-modifying enzymes in development and progression of cancer. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:795-800. [PMID: 23560485 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral insertional mutagenesis in mice is considered a powerful forward genetic strategy to identify disease genes involved in cancer. Our high-throughput screens led to frequent identification of the genes encoding the enzymes engaged in histone lysine methylation. Histone methylation can positively or negatively impact on gene transcription, and then fulfill important roles in developmental control and cell-fate decisions. A tremendous amount of progress has accelerated the characterization of histone methylations and the enzymes that regulate them. Deregulation of these histone methyl-modifying enzymes has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer in the last few years. However, in most cases, we have only limited understanding for the molecular mechanisms by which these enzymes contribute to cancer development and progression. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding some of the best-validated examples of histone lysine methyltransferases and demethylases associated with oncogenesis and discuss their potential mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Division of Functional Genomics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Berletch JB, Deng X, Nguyen DK, Disteche CM. Female bias in Rhox6 and 9 regulation by the histone demethylase KDM6A. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003489. [PMID: 23658530 PMCID: PMC3642083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rhox cluster on the mouse X chromosome contains reproduction-related homeobox genes expressed in a sexually dimorphic manner. We report that two members of the Rhox cluster, Rhox6 and 9, are regulated by de-methylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 by KDM6A, a histone demethylase with female-biased expression. Consistent with other homeobox genes, Rhox6 and 9 are in bivalent domains prior to embryonic stem cell differentiation and thus poised for activation. In female mouse ES cells, KDM6A is specifically recruited to Rhox6 and 9 for gene activation, a process inhibited by Kdm6a knockdown in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, KDM6A occupancy at Rhox6 and 9 is low in male ES cells and knockdown has no effect on expression. In mouse ovary where Rhox6 and 9 remain highly expressed, KDM6A occupancy strongly correlates with expression. Our study implicates Kdm6a, a gene that escapes X inactivation, in the regulation of genes important in reproduction, suggesting that KDM6A may play a role in the etiology of developmental and reproduction-related effects of X chromosome anomalies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel B. Berletch
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xinxian Deng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Di Kim Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Disteche
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shen Y, Guo X, Wang Y, Qiu W, Chang Y, Zhang A, Duan X. Expression and significance of histone H3K27 demethylases in renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:470. [PMID: 23057811 PMCID: PMC3520868 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The histone H3K27 demethylases UTX and JMJD3 are important regulatory factors that modulate gene expression by altering the physical state of chromatin. Previous studies have indicated an abnormal H3K27 methylation status in carcinogenesis. We therefore investigated the expression patterns of UTX and JMJD3 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and their roles in cancer development. Methods The mRNA expression levels of the UTX and JMJD3 genes were determined in cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues in 36 patients with primary RCC, using quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction. The UTX and JMJD3 protein contents were measured by western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis. Results UTX and JMJD3 transcripts were significantly increased in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues (P < 0.05). mRNA levels of the inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 p16INK4a were also increased in cancer tissues (P < 0.001). Western blotting indicated that levels of both demethylases were increased in cancer tissues. The level of tri-methylated H3K27 (H3K27me3) was lower in cancer tissues compared to normal tissues, but expression of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2 was increased (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the two H3K27 demethylases may play critical roles in the regulation of H3K27 methylation status in RCC. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that UTX and JMJD3 expression were upregulated in cancer tissues compared to adjacent tissues. Conclusions This study demonstrated that UTX and JMJD3 were upregulated in cancer tissues, suggesting that they may be involved in the development of primary RCC. The potential roles of H3K27 demethylases as biomarkers in the early diagnosis of RCC need to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Shen
- Laboratory of Iron Metabolism and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Epigenetic control and cancer: the potential of histone demethylases as therapeutic targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:963-90. [PMID: 24280700 PMCID: PMC3816642 DOI: 10.3390/ph5090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer involves an immense number of factors at the molecular level. These factors are associated principally with alterations in the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression profiles. Studying the effects of chromatin structure alterations, which are caused by the addition/removal of functional groups to specific histone residues, are of great interest as a promising way to identify markers for cancer diagnosis, classify the disease and determine its prognosis, and these markers could be potential targets for the treatment of this disease in its different forms. This manuscript presents the current point of view regarding members of the recently described family of proteins that exhibit histone demethylase activity; histone demethylases are genetic regulators that play a fundamental role in both the activation and repression of genes and whose expression has been observed to increase in many types of cancer. Some fundamental aspects of their association with the development of cancer and their relevance as potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies at the epigenetic level are discussed in the following manuscript.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tetrahymena thermophila JMJD3 homolog regulates H3K27 methylation and nuclear differentiation. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:601-14. [PMID: 22427430 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05290-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone H3K27me3 modification is an important regulator for development and gene expression. In Tetrahymena thermophila, the complex chromatin dynamics of H3K27me3 marks during nuclear development suggested that an H3K27me3 demethylase might exist. Here, we report an H3K27me3 demethylase homolog, JMJ1, in Tetrahymena. During conjugation, JMJ1 expression is upregulated and the protein is localized first in the parental macronucleus and then in the new macronucleus. In conjugating cells, knockdown of JMJ1 expression resulted in a severe reduction in the production of progeny, suggesting that JMJ1 is essential for Tetrahymena conjugation. Furthermore, knockdown of JMJ1 resulted in increased H3K27 trimethylation in the new macronucleus and reduced transcription of genes related to DNA elimination, while the DNA elimination process was also partially blocked. Knockdown of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZL2 but not that of EZL1 partially restored progeny production in JMJ1-knockdown cells and reduced abnormal H3K27me3 accumulation in the new macronucleus. Taken together, these results demonstrate a critical role for JMJ1 in regulating H3K27me3 during conjugation and the importance of JMJ1 in regulating gene expression in the new macronucleus but not in regulating the formation of heterochromatin associated with programmed DNA deletion.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ishimura A, Minehata KI, Terashima M, Kondoh G, Hara T, Suzuki T. Jmjd5, an H3K36me2 histone demethylase, modulates embryonic cell proliferation through the regulation of Cdkn1a expression. Development 2012; 139:749-59. [PMID: 22241836 DOI: 10.1242/dev.074138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modifications of histones play an important role in chromatin architecture and dynamics. In particular, histone lysine methylation is important for transcriptional control during diverse biological processes. The nuclear protein Jmjd5 (also called Kdm8) is a histone lysine demethylase that contains a JmjC domain in the C-terminal region. In this study, we have generated Jmjd5-deficient mice (Jmjd5(Δ)(/)(Δ)) to investigate the in vivo function of Jmjd5. Jmjd5(Δ)(/)(Δ) embryos showed severe growth retardation, resulting in embryonic lethality at the mid-gestation stage. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Jmjd5 hypomorphic embryos (Jmjd5(neo/neo)) also showed the growth defect. Quantitative PCR analysis of various cell cycle regulators indicated that only Cdkn1a expression was upregulated in Jmjd5(neo/neo) MEFs and Jmjd5(Δ)(/)(Δ) embryos. A knockdown assay with Cdkn1a-specific small interfering RNAs revealed that the growth defect of Jmjd5(neo/neo) MEFs was significantly rescued. In addition, a genetic study using Jmjd5(Δ)(/)(Δ); Cdkn1a(Δ)(/)(Δ) double-knockout mice showed that the growth retardation of Jmjd5(Δ)(/)(Δ) embryos was partially rescued by Cdkn1a deficiency. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that increased di-methylated lysine 36 of histone H3 (H3K36me2) and reduced recruitment of endogenous Jmjd5 were detected in the transcribed regions of Cdkn1a in Jmjd5(neo/neo) MEFs. Taken together, these results suggest that Jmjd5 physiologically moderates embryonic cell proliferation through the epigenetic control of Cdkn1a expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Ishimura
- Division of Functional Genomics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
PLU1 histone demethylase decreases the expression of KAT5 and enhances the invasive activity of the cells. Biochem J 2011; 437:555-64. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PLU1 is a candidate oncogene that encodes H3K4 (Lys4 of histone H3) demethylase. In the present study, we found that ectopic expression of PLU1 enhanced the invasive potential of the weakly invasive cells dependent on its demethylase activity. PLU1 was shown to repress the expression of the KAT5 gene through its H3K4 demethylation on the promoter. The regulation of KAT5 by PLU1 was suggested to be responsible for PLU1-induced cell invasion. First, knockdown of KAT5 similarly increased the invasive potential of the cells. Secondly, knockdown of PLU1 in the highly invasive cancer cells increased KAT5 expression and reduced the invasive activity. Thirdly, simultaneous knockdown of KAT5 partially relieved the suppression of cell invasion imposed by PLU1 knockdown. Finally, we found that CD82, which was transcriptionally regulated by KAT5, might be a candidate effector of cell invasion promoted by PLU1. The present study demonstrated a functional contribution of PLU1 overexpression with concomitant epigenetic dysregulation in cancer progression.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kristensen JB, Nielsen AL, Jørgensen L, Kristensen LH, Helgstrand C, Juknaite L, Kristensen JL, Kastrup JS, Clausen RP, Olsen L, Gajhede M. Enzyme kinetic studies of histone demethylases KDM4C and KDM6A: Towards understanding selectivity of inhibitors targeting oncogenic histone demethylases. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1951-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Wartman LD, Larson DE, Xiang Z, Ding L, Chen K, Lin L, Cahan P, Klco JM, Welch JS, Li C, Payton JE, Uy GL, Varghese N, Ries RE, Hoock M, Koboldt DC, McLellan MD, Schmidt H, Fulton RS, Abbott RM, Cook L, McGrath SD, Fan X, Dukes AF, Vickery T, Kalicki J, Lamprecht TL, Graubert TA, Tomasson MH, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Ley TJ. Sequencing a mouse acute promyelocytic leukemia genome reveals genetic events relevant for disease progression. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1445-55. [PMID: 21436584 DOI: 10.1172/jci45284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It is characterized by the t(15;17)(q22;q11.2) chromosomal translocation that creates the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARA) fusion oncogene. Although this fusion oncogene is known to initiate APL in mice, other cooperating mutations, as yet ill defined, are important for disease pathogenesis. To identify these, we used a mouse model of APL, whereby PML-RARA expressed in myeloid cells leads to a myeloproliferative disease that ultimately evolves into APL. Sequencing of a mouse APL genome revealed 3 somatic, nonsynonymous mutations relevant to APL pathogenesis, of which 1 (Jak1 V657F) was found to be recurrent in other affected mice. This mutation was identical to the JAK1 V658F mutation previously found in human APL and acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples. Further analysis showed that JAK1 V658F cooperated in vivo with PML-RARA, causing a rapidly fatal leukemia in mice. We also discovered a somatic 150-kb deletion involving the lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6A (Kdm6a, also known as Utx) gene, in the mouse APL genome. Similar deletions were observed in 3 out of 14 additional mouse APL samples and 1 out of 150 human AML samples. In conclusion, whole genome sequencing of mouse cancer genomes can provide an unbiased and comprehensive approach for discovering functionally relevant mutations that are also present in human leukemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas D Wartman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stem Cell Biology Section, Washington University School of Medicine, Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|