1
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Wickramaratne AC, Wickner S, Kravats AN. Hsp90, a team player in protein quality control and the stress response in bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0017622. [PMID: 38534118 PMCID: PMC11332350 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00176-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHeat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) participates in proteostasis by facilitating protein folding, activation, disaggregation, prevention of aggregation, degradation, and protection against degradation of various cellular proteins. It is highly conserved from bacteria to humans. In bacteria, protein remodeling by Hsp90 involves collaboration with the Hsp70 molecular chaperone and Hsp70 cochaperones. In eukaryotes, protein folding by Hsp90 is more complex and involves collaboration with many Hsp90 cochaperones as well as Hsp70 and Hsp70 cochaperones. This review focuses primarily on bacterial Hsp90 and highlights similarities and differences between bacterial and eukaryotic Hsp90. Seminal research findings that elucidate the structure and the mechanisms of protein folding, disaggregation, and reactivation promoted by Hsp90 are discussed. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial Hsp90 will provide fundamental insight into the more complex eukaryotic chaperone systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka C. Wickramaratne
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sue Wickner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea N. Kravats
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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2
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Qu X, Zhao S, Wan C, Zhu L, Ji T, Rossi P, Wang J, Kalodimos CG, Wang C, Xu W, Huang C. Structural basis for the dynamic chaperoning of disordered clients by Hsp90. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024:10.1038/s41594-024-01337-z. [PMID: 38890550 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-024-01337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous regulator that fine-tunes and remodels diverse client proteins, exerting profound effects on normal biology and diseases. Unraveling the mechanistic details of Hsp90's function requires atomic-level insights into its client interactions throughout the adenosine triphosphate-coupled functional cycle. However, the structural details of the initial encounter complex in the chaperone cycle, wherein Hsp90 adopts an open conformation while engaging with the client, remain elusive. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined the solution structure of Hsp90 in its open state, bound to a disordered client. Our findings reveal that Hsp90 uses two distinct binding sites, collaborating synergistically to capture discrete hydrophobic segments within client proteins. This bipartite interaction generates a versatile complex that facilitates rapid conformational sampling. Moreover, our investigations spanning various clients and Hsp90 orthologs demonstrate a pervasive mechanism used by Hsp90 orthologs to accommodate the vast array of client proteins. Collectively, our work contributes to establish a unified conceptual and mechanistic framework, elucidating the intricate interplay between Hsp90 and its clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhan Qu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chanjuan Wan
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Tuo Ji
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | | | - Chao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weiya Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Chengdong Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Hefei, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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3
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Xiang Y, Liu X, Sun Q, Liao K, Liu X, Zhao Z, Feng L, Liu Y, Wang B. The development of cancers research based on mitochondrial heat shock protein 90. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1296456. [PMID: 38098505 PMCID: PMC10720920 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1296456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial heat shock protein 90 (mtHsp90), including Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) and Hsp90 translocated from cytoplasm, modulating cellular metabolism and signaling pathways by altering the conformation, activity, and stability of numerous client proteins, and is highly expressed in tumors. mtHsp90 inhibition results in the destabilization and eventual degradation of its client proteins, leading to interference with various tumor-related pathways and efficient control of cancer cell development. Among these compounds, gamitrinib, a specific mtHsp90 inhibitor, has demonstrated its safety and efficacy in several preclinical investigations and is currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the present knowledge pertaining to mtHsp90, encompassing its structure and function. Moreover, our main emphasis is on the development of mtHsp90 inhibitors for various cancer therapies, to present a thorough overview of the recent pre-clinical and clinical advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchu Xiang
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xudong Liu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kuo Liao
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihui Zhao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lishuang Feng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Urology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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4
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Wickramaratne AC, Liao JY, Doyle SM, Hoskins JR, Puller G, Scott ML, Alao JP, Obaseki I, Dinan JC, Maity TK, Jenkins LM, Kravats AN, Wickner S. J-domain Proteins form Binary Complexes with Hsp90 and Ternary Complexes with Hsp90 and Hsp70. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168184. [PMID: 37348754 PMCID: PMC10527347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 and Hsp70 are highly conserved molecular chaperones that help maintain proteostasis by participating in protein folding, unfolding, remodeling and activation of proteins. Both chaperones are also important for cellular recovery following environmental stresses. Hsp90 and Hsp70 function collaboratively for the remodeling and activation of some client proteins. Previous studies using E. coli and S. cerevisiae showed that residues in the Hsp90 middle domain directly interact with a region in the Hsp70 nucleotide binding domain, in the same region known to bind J-domain proteins. Importantly, J-domain proteins facilitate and stabilize the interaction between Hsp90 and Hsp70 both in E. coli and S. cerevisiae. To further explore the role of J-domain proteins in protein reactivation, we tested the hypothesis that J-domain proteins participate in the collaboration between Hsp90 and Hsp70 by simultaneously interacting with Hsp90 and Hsp70. Using E. coli Hsp90, Hsp70 (DnaK), and a J-domain protein (CbpA), we detected a ternary complex containing all three proteins. The interaction involved the J-domain of CbpA, the DnaK binding region of E. coli Hsp90, and the J-domain protein binding region of DnaK where Hsp90 also binds. Additionally, results show that E. coli Hsp90 interacts with E. coli J-domain proteins, DnaJ and CbpA, and that yeast Hsp90, Hsp82, interacts with a yeast J-domain protein, Ydj1. Together these results suggest that the complexes may be transient intermediates in the pathway of collaborative protein remodeling by Hsp90 and Hsp70.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka C Wickramaratne
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jui-Yun Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shannon M Doyle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel R Hoskins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gabrielle Puller
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madison L Scott
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Paul Alao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Ikponwmosa Obaseki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Jerry C Dinan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tapan K Maity
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisa M Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea N Kravats
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | - Sue Wickner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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5
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Mangla N, Singh R, Agarwal N. HtpG Is a Metal-Dependent Chaperone Which Assists the DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE Chaperone System of Mycobacterium tuberculosis via Direct Association with DnaJ2. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0031223. [PMID: 37022172 PMCID: PMC10269695 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00312-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein folding is a crucial process in maintaining protein homeostasis, also known as proteostasis, in the cell. The requirement for the assistance of molecular chaperones in the appropriate folding of several proteins has already called into question the previously held view of spontaneous protein folding. These chaperones are highly ubiquitous cellular proteins, which not only help in mediating the proper folding of other nascent polypeptides but are also involved in refolding of the misfolded or the aggregated proteins. Hsp90 family proteins such as high-temperature protein G (HtpG) are abundant and ubiquitously expressed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Although HtpG is known as an ATP-dependent chaperone protein in most organisms, function of this protein remains obscured in mycobacterial pathogens. Here, we aim to investigate significance of HtpG as a chaperone in the physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We report that M. tuberculosis HtpG (mHtpG) is a metal-dependent ATPase which exhibits chaperonin activity towards denatured proteins in coordination with the DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE chaperone system via direct association with DnaJ2. Increased expression of DnaJ1, DnaJ2, ClpX, and ClpC1 in a ΔhtpG mutant strain further suggests cooperativity of mHtpG with various chaperones and proteostasis machinery in M. tuberculosis. IMPORTANCE M. tuberculosis is exposed to variety of extracellular stressful conditions and has evolved mechanisms to endure and adapt to the adverse conditions for survival. mHtpG, despite being dispensable for M. tuberculosis growth under in vitro conditions, exhibits a strong and direct association with DnaJ2 cochaperone and assists the mycobacterial DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE (KJE) chaperone system. These findings suggest the potential role of mHtpG in stress management of the pathogen. Mycobacterial chaperones are responsible for folding of nascent protein as well as reactivation of protein aggregates. M. tuberculosis shows differential adaptive response subject to the availability of mHtpG. While its presence facilitates improved protein refolding via stimulation of the KJE chaperone activity, in the absence of mHtpG, M. tuberculosis enhances expression of DnaJ1/J2 cochaperones as well as Clp protease machinery for maintenance of proteostasis. Overall, this study provides a framework for future investigation to better decipher the mycobacterial proteostasis network in the light of stress adaptability and/or survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Mangla
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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6
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Kang S, Kang BH. Structure, Function, and Inhibitors of the Mitochondrial Chaperone TRAP1. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16155-16172. [PMID: 36507721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) is a mitochondrial molecular chaperone modulating cellular metabolism and signaling pathways by altering the conformation, activity, and stability of numerous substrate proteins called clients. It exerts its chaperone function as an adaptive response to counter cellular stresses instead of maintaining housekeeping protein homeostasis. However, the stress-adaptive machinery becomes dysregulated to support the progression and maintenance of human diseases, such as cancers; therefore, TRAP1 has been proposed as a promising target protein for anticancer drug development. In this review, by collating recent reports on high-resolution TRAP1 structures and structure-activity relationships of inhibitors, we aimed to provide better insights into the chaperoning mechanism of the emerging drug target and to suggest an efficient strategy for the development of potent TRAP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soosung Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Heon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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7
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Direct observation of Hsp90-induced compaction in a protein chain. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111734. [PMID: 36450251 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is well known to undergo important conformational changes, which depend on nucleotide and substrate interactions. Conversely, how the conformations of its unstable and disordered substrates are affected by Hsp90 is difficult to address experimentally yet is central to its function. Here, using optical tweezers, we find that Hsp90 promotes local contractions in unfolded chains that drive their global compaction down to dimensions of folded states. This compaction has a gradual nature while showing small steps, is stimulated by ATP, and performs mechanical work against counteracting forces that expand the chain dimensions. The Hsp90 interactions suppress the formation of larger-scale folded, misfolded, and aggregated structures. The observations support a model in which Hsp90 alters client conformations directly by promoting local intra-chain interactions while suppressing distant ones. We conjecture that chain compaction may be central to how Hsp90 protects unstable clients and cooperates with Hsp70.
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8
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Uncoupling the Hsp90 and DnaK chaperone activities revealed the in vivo relevance of their collaboration in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201779119. [PMID: 36070342 PMCID: PMC9478669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201779119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone proteins are essential in all living cells to ensure protein homeostasis. Hsp90 is a major adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chaperone highly conserved from bacteria to eukaryotes. Recent studies have shown that bacterial Hsp90 is essential in some bacteria in stress conditions and that it participates in the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. In vitro, bacterial Hsp90 directly interacts and collaborates with the Hsp70 chaperone DnaK to reactivate model substrate proteins; however, it is still unknown whether this collaboration is relevant in vivo with physiological substrates. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis on Hsp90 to impair DnaK binding, thereby uncoupling the chaperone activities. We tested the mutants in vivo in two bacterial models in which Hsp90 has known physiological functions. We found that the Hsp90 point mutants were defective to support (1) growth under heat stress and activation of an essential Hsp90 client in the aquatic bacterium Shewanella oneidensis and (2) biosynthesis of the colibactin toxin involved in the virulence of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Our study therefore demonstrates the essentiality of the direct collaboration between Hsp90 and DnaK in vivo in bacteria to support client folding. It also suggests that this collaboration already functional in bacteria has served as an evolutionary basis for a more complex Hsp70-Hsp90 collaboration found in eukaryotes.
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9
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Amankwah YS, Collins P, Fleifil Y, Unruh E, Ruiz Márquez KJ, Vitou K, Kravats AN. Grp94 works upstream of BiP in protein remodeling under heat stress. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167762. [PMID: 35905823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 and Hsp70 are highly conserved molecular chaperones that promote the proper folding and activation of substrate proteins that are often referred to as clients. The two chaperones functionally collaborate to fold specific clients in an ATP-dependent manner. In eukaryotic cytosol, initial client folding is done by Hsp70 and its co-chaperones, followed by a direct transfer of client refolding intermediates to Hsp90 for final client processing. However, the mechanistic details of collaboration of organelle specific Hsp70 and Hsp90 are lacking. This work investigates the collaboration of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Hsp70 and Hsp90, BiP and Grp94 respectively, in protein remodeling using in vitro refolding assays. We show that under milder denaturation conditions, BiP collaborates with its co-chaperones to refold misfolded proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. Grp94 does not play a major role in this refolding reaction. However, under stronger denaturation conditions that favor aggregation, Grp94 works in an ATP-independent manner to bind and hold misfolded clients in a folding competent state for subsequent remodeling by the BiP system. We also show that the collaboration of Grp94 and BiP is not simply a reversal of the eukaryotic refolding mechanism since a direct interaction of Grp94 and BiP is not required for client transfer. Instead, ATP binding but not hydrolysis by Grp94 facilitates the release of the bound client, which is then picked up by the BiP system for subsequent refolding in a Grp94-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaa S Amankwah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Preston Collins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Yasmeen Fleifil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Erin Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | | | - Katherine Vitou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056
| | - Andrea N Kravats
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056.
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10
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Dong T, Wang W, Xia M, Liang S, Hu G, Ye H, Cao Q, Dong Z, Zhang C, Feng D, Zuo J. Involvement of the Heat Shock Protein HtpG of Salmonella Typhimurium in Infection and Proliferation in Hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:758898. [PMID: 34869065 PMCID: PMC8635147 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.758898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is a common pathogen infecting the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, causing host gastroenteritis and typhoid fever. Heat shock protein (HtpG) as a molecular chaperone is involved in the various cellular processes of bacteria, especially under environmental stress. However, the potential association of HtpG with S. Typhimurium infection remains unknown. In this study, we clarified that HtpG could also play a role as an effector in S. Typhimurium infection. RNA-seq indicated that the flagellar assembly pathway, infection pathway, and chemotaxis pathway genes of S. Typhimurium were downregulated after the mutation of HtpG, which resulted in compromises of S. Typhimurium motility, biofilm formation, adhesion, invasion, and inflammation-inducing ability. In addition, HtpG recombinant protein was capable of promoting the proliferation of S. Typhimurium in host cells and the resultant inflammation. Collectively, our results illustrated an important role of HtpG in S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhao Xia
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujie Liang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangzhong Hu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Ye
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Cao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zemin Dong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingyuan Feng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Zuo
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Yoon NG, Lee H, Kim SY, Hu S, Kim D, Yang S, Hong KB, Lee JH, Kang S, Kim BG, Myung K, Lee C, Kang BH. Mitoquinone Inactivates Mitochondrial Chaperone TRAP1 by Blocking the Client Binding Site. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19684-19696. [PMID: 34758612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family proteins are molecular chaperones that modulate the functions of various substrate proteins (clients) implicated in pro-tumorigenic pathways. In this study, the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone (MitoQ) was identified as a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial Hsp90, known as a tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1). Structural analyses revealed an asymmetric bipartite interaction between MitoQ and the previously unrecognized drug binding sites located in the middle domain of TRAP1, believed to be a client binding region. MitoQ effectively competed with TRAP1 clients, and MitoQ treatment facilitated the identification of 103 TRAP1-interacting mitochondrial proteins in cancer cells. MitoQ and its redox-crippled SB-U014/SB-U015 exhibited more potent anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo than previously reported mitochondria-targeted TRAP1 inhibitors. The findings indicate that targeting the client binding site of Hsp90 family proteins offers a novel strategy for the development of potent anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Gu Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institutes of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Hakbong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institutes of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - So-Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institutes of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Sung Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institutes of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Darong Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Sujae Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Ki Bum Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, South Korea
| | - Soosung Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institutes of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Changwook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institutes of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Byoung Heon Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institutes of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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12
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Wickner S, Nguyen TLL, Genest O. The Bacterial Hsp90 Chaperone: Cellular Functions and Mechanism of Action. Annu Rev Microbiol 2021; 75:719-739. [PMID: 34375543 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-032421-035644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that folds and remodels proteins, thereby regulating the activity of numerous substrate proteins. Hsp90 is widely conserved across species and is essential in all eukaryotes and in some bacteria under stress conditions. To facilitate protein remodeling, bacterial Hsp90 collaborates with the Hsp70 molecular chaperone and its cochaperones. In contrast, the mechanism of protein remodeling performed by eukaryotic Hsp90 is more complex, involving more than 20 Hsp90 cochaperones in addition to Hsp70 and its cochaperones. In this review, we focus on recent progress toward understanding the basic mechanisms of bacterial Hsp90-mediated protein remodeling and the collaboration between Hsp90 and Hsp70. We describe the universally conserved structure and conformational dynamics of these chaperones and their interactions with one another and with client proteins. The physiological roles of Hsp90 in Escherichia coli and other bacteria are also discussed. We anticipate that the information gained from exploring the mechanism of the bacterial chaperone system will provide a framework for understanding the more complex eukaryotic Hsp90 system. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Wickner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Thu-Lan Lily Nguyen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Olivier Genest
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, 13009 Marseille, France;
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Fauvet B, Finka A, Castanié-Cornet MP, Cirinesi AM, Genevaux P, Quadroni M, Goloubinoff P. Bacterial Hsp90 Facilitates the Degradation of Aggregation-Prone Hsp70-Hsp40 Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:653073. [PMID: 33937334 PMCID: PMC8082187 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.653073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the 90-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90s) are profusely studied chaperones that, together with 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s), control protein homeostasis. In bacteria, however, the function of Hsp90 (HtpG) and its collaboration with Hsp70 (DnaK) remains poorly characterized. To uncover physiological processes that depend on HtpG and DnaK, we performed comparative quantitative proteomic analyses of insoluble and total protein fractions from unstressed wild-type (WT) Escherichia coli and from knockout mutants ΔdnaKdnaJ (ΔKJ), ΔhtpG (ΔG), and ΔdnaKdnaJΔhtpG (ΔKJG). Whereas the ΔG mutant showed no detectable proteomic differences with wild-type, ΔKJ expressed more chaperones, proteases and ribosomes and expressed dramatically less metabolic and respiratory enzymes. Unexpectedly, we found that the triple mutant ΔKJG showed higher levels of metabolic and respiratory enzymes than ΔKJ, suggesting that bacterial Hsp90 mediates the degradation of aggregation-prone Hsp70-Hsp40 substrates. Further in vivo experiments suggest that such Hsp90-mediated degradation possibly occurs through the HslUV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fauvet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrija Finka
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Marie-Pierre Castanié-Cornet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cirinesi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Genevaux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Goloubinoff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Protein Interactomes of Streptococcus mutans YidC1 and YidC2 Membrane Protein Insertases Suggest SRP Pathway-Independent- and -Dependent Functions, Respectively. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e01308-20. [PMID: 33658280 PMCID: PMC8546722 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01308-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Virulence properties of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans depend on integral membrane proteins. Bacterial cotranslational protein trafficking involves the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway components Ffh and FtsY, the SecYEG translocon, and YidC chaperone/insertases. Unlike Escherichia coli, S. mutans survives loss of the SRP pathway and has two yidC paralogs. This study characterized YidC1 and YidC2 interactomes to clarify respective functions alone and in concert with the SRP and/or Sec translocon. Western blots of formaldehyde cross-linked or untreated S. mutans lysates were reacted with anti-Ffh, anti-FtsY, anti-YidC1, or anti-YidC2 antibodies followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of gel-shifted bands. Cross-linked lysates of wild-type and ΔyidC2 strains were reacted with anti-YidC2-coupled Dynabeads, and cocaptured proteins were identified by MS. Last, YidC1 and YidC2 C-terminal tail-captured proteins were subjected to two-dimensional (2D) difference gel electrophoresis and MS analysis. Direct interactions of putative YidC1 and YidC2 binding partners were confirmed by bacterial two-hybrid assay. Our results suggest YidC2 works preferentially with the SRP pathway, while YidC1 is preferred for SRP-independent Sec translocon-mediated translocation. YidC1 and YidC2 autonomous pathways were also apparent. Two-hybrid assay identified interactions between holotranslocon components SecYEG/YajC and YidC1. Both YidC1 and YidC2 interacted with Ffh, FtsY, and chaperones DnaK and RopA. Putative membrane-localized substrates HlyX, LemA, and SMU_591c interacted with both YidC1 and YidC2. Identification of several Rgp proteins in the YidC1 interactome suggested its involvement in bacitracin resistance, which was decreased in ΔyidC1 and SRP-deficient mutants. Collectively, YidC1 and YidC2 interactome analyses has further distinguished these paralogs in the Gram-positive bacterium S. mutans. IMPORTANCEStreptococcus mutans is a prevalent oral pathogen and major causative agent of tooth decay. Many proteins that enable this bacterium to thrive in its environmental niche and cause disease are embedded in its cytoplasmic membrane. The machinery that transports proteins into bacterial membranes differs between Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, an important difference being the presence of multiple YidC paralogs in Gram-positive bacteria. Characterization of a protein’s interactome can help define its physiological role. Herein, we characterized the interactomes of S. mutans YidC1 and YidC2. Results demonstrated substantial overlap between their interactomes but also revealed several differences in their direct protein binding partners. Membrane transport machinery components were identified in the context of a large network of proteins involved in replication, transcription, translation, and cell division/cell shape. This information contributes to our understanding of protein transport in Gram-positive bacteria in general and informs our understanding of S. mutans pathogenesis.
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Fauvet B, Finka A, Castanié-Cornet MP, Cirinesi AM, Genevaux P, Quadroni M, Goloubinoff P. Bacterial Hsp90 Facilitates the Degradation of Aggregation-Prone Hsp70-Hsp40 Substrates. Front Mol Biosci 2021. [PMID: 33937334 DOI: 10.1101/451989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the 90-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp90s) are profusely studied chaperones that, together with 70-kDa heat shock proteins (Hsp70s), control protein homeostasis. In bacteria, however, the function of Hsp90 (HtpG) and its collaboration with Hsp70 (DnaK) remains poorly characterized. To uncover physiological processes that depend on HtpG and DnaK, we performed comparative quantitative proteomic analyses of insoluble and total protein fractions from unstressed wild-type (WT) Escherichia coli and from knockout mutants ΔdnaKdnaJ (ΔKJ), ΔhtpG (ΔG), and ΔdnaKdnaJΔhtpG (ΔKJG). Whereas the ΔG mutant showed no detectable proteomic differences with wild-type, ΔKJ expressed more chaperones, proteases and ribosomes and expressed dramatically less metabolic and respiratory enzymes. Unexpectedly, we found that the triple mutant ΔKJG showed higher levels of metabolic and respiratory enzymes than ΔKJ, suggesting that bacterial Hsp90 mediates the degradation of aggregation-prone Hsp70-Hsp40 substrates. Further in vivo experiments suggest that such Hsp90-mediated degradation possibly occurs through the HslUV protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fauvet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrija Finka
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Marie-Pierre Castanié-Cornet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne-Marie Cirinesi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Genevaux
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, Center de Biologie Intégrative, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Goloubinoff
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology (DBMV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sorroche F, Morales V, Mouffok S, Pichereaux C, Garnerone AM, Zou L, Soni B, Carpéné MA, Gargaros A, Maillet F, Burlet-Schiltz O, Poinsot V, Polard P, Gough C, Batut J. The ex planta signal activity of a Medicago ribosomal uL2 protein suggests a moonlighting role in controlling secondary rhizobial infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235446. [PMID: 33002000 PMCID: PMC7529298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a regulatory loop, which we termed autoregulation of infection (AOI), by which Sinorhizobium meliloti, a Medicago endosymbiont, downregulates the root susceptibility to secondary infection events via ethylene. AOI is initially triggered by so-far unidentified Medicago nodule signals named signal 1 and signal 1' whose transduction in bacteroids requires the S. meliloti outer-membrane-associated NsrA receptor protein and the cognate inner-membrane-associated adenylate cyclases, CyaK and CyaD1/D2, respectively. Here, we report on advances in signal 1 identification. Signal 1 activity is widespread as we robustly detected it in Medicago nodule extracts as well as in yeast and bacteria cell extracts. Biochemical analyses indicated a peptidic nature for signal 1 and, together with proteomic analyses, a universally conserved Medicago ribosomal protein of the uL2 family was identified as a candidate signal 1. Specifically, MtRPuL2A (MtrunA17Chr7g0247311) displays a strong signal activity that requires S. meliloti NsrA and CyaK, as endogenous signal 1. We have shown that MtRPuL2A is active in signaling only in a non-ribosomal form. A Medicago truncatula mutant in the major symbiotic transcriptional regulator MtNF-YA1 lacked most signal 1 activity, suggesting that signal 1 is under developmental control. Altogether, our results point to the MtRPuL2A ribosomal protein as the candidate for signal 1. Based on the Mtnf-ya1 mutant, we suggest a link between root infectiveness and nodule development. We discuss our findings in the context of ribosomal protein moonlighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sorroche
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Violette Morales
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Saïda Mouffok
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche (FR3450), Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (AIB), CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - A. Marie Garnerone
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lan Zou
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Badrish Soni
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Audrey Gargaros
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Maillet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Polard
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clare Gough
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jacques Batut
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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17
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Intermolecular Interactions between Hsp90 and Hsp70. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2729-2746. [PMID: 31125567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Hsp90 and Hsp70 families of molecular chaperones are imp\ortant for the maintenance of protein homeostasis and cellular recovery following environmental stresses, such as heat and oxidative stress. Moreover, the two chaperones can collaborate in protein remodeling and activation. In higher eukaryotes, Hsp90 and Hsp70 form a functionally active complex with Hop (Hsp90-Hsp70 organizing protein) acting as a bridge between the two chaperones. In bacteria, which do not contain a Hop homolog, Hsp90 and Hsp70, DnaK, directly interact during protein remodeling. Although yeast possesses a Hop-like protein, Sti1, Hsp90, and Hsp70 can directly interact in yeast in the absence of Sti1. Previous studies showed that residues in the middle domain of Escherichia coli Hsp90 are important for interaction with the J-protein binding region of DnaK. The results did not distinguish between the possibility that (i) these sites were involved in direct interaction and (ii) the residues in these sites participate in conformational changes which are transduced to other sites on Hsp90 and DnaK that are involved in the direct interaction. Here we show by crosslinking experiments that the direct interaction is between a site in the middle domain of Hsp90 and the J-protein binding site of Hsp70 in both E. coli and yeast. Moreover, J-protein promotes the Hsp70-Hsp90 interaction in the presence of ATP, likely by converting Hsp70 into the ADP-bound conformation. The identification of the protein-protein interaction site is anticipated to lead to a better understanding of the collaboration between the two chaperones in protein remodeling.
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18
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Interplay between the Hsp90 Chaperone and the HslVU Protease To Regulate the Level of an Essential Protein in Shewanella oneidensis. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00269-19. [PMID: 31088919 PMCID: PMC6520445 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00269-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis, folding, and degradation are an accurately regulated process occurring in every organism and called proteostasis. This process is essential to maintain a healthy proteome since proteostasis dysregulation is responsible for devastating cellular issues. Proteostasis is controlled by a complex network of molecular chaperones and proteases. Among them, eukaryotic Hsp90, assisted by many cochaperones and the Hsp70 chaperone system, plays a major role in activating hundreds of client proteins, and Hsp90 inhibition usually leads to proteasomal degradation of these clients. In bacteria, however, the precise function of Hsp90 remains quite unclear, and only a few clients are known. Recently, we have shown that Hsp90 is essential at elevated temperature in the aquatic model bacterium Shewanella oneidensis, and we have identified a client of Hsp90, TilS, involved in tRNA modification. Here we found that two members of the proteostasis network with antagonist activities, the Hsp90 chaperone and the HslVU protease, which is considered the proteasome ancestor, together regulate the level of TilS. In particular, we show that deletion of the genes coding for the HslVU protease suppresses the growth defect of an S. oneidensis strain with hsp90 deleted, by increasing the cellular level of the essential TilS protein. These results open up new avenues for understanding how proteostasis is controlled in bacteria, and new Hsp90 clients are much needed now to confirm the interplay between Hsp90 and proteases.IMPORTANCE Maintaining a healthy proteome is essential in every living cell from bacteria to humans. For example, proteostasis (protein homeostasis) imbalance in humans leads to devastating diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. Therefore, proteins need to be assisted from their synthesis to their native folding and ultimately to their degradation. To ensure efficient protein turnover, cells possess an intricate network of molecular chaperones and proteases for protein folding and degradation. However, these networks need to be better defined and understood. Here, using the aquatic bacterium Shewanella oneidensis as a model organism, we demonstrate interplay between two proteins with antagonist activities, the Hsp90 chaperone and the HslVU protease, to finely regulate the level of an essential client of Hsp90. Therefore, this work provides a new bacterial model to better study protein regulation and turnover, and it sheds light on how proteostasis by Hsp90 and proteases could be controlled in bacteria.
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19
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Genest O, Wickner S, Doyle SM. Hsp90 and Hsp70 chaperones: Collaborators in protein remodeling. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2109-2120. [PMID: 30401745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev118.002806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) and 70 (Hsp70) are two families of highly conserved ATP-dependent molecular chaperones that fold and remodel proteins. Both are important components of the cellular machinery involved in protein homeostasis and participate in nearly every cellular process. Although Hsp90 and Hsp70 each carry out some chaperone activities independently, they collaborate in other cellular remodeling reactions. In eukaryotes, both Hsp90 and Hsp70 function with numerous Hsp90 and Hsp70 co-chaperones. In contrast, bacterial Hsp90 and Hsp70 are less complex; Hsp90 acts independently of co-chaperones, and Hsp70 uses two co-chaperones. In this review, we focus on recent progress toward understanding the basic mechanisms of Hsp90-mediated protein remodeling and the collaboration between Hsp90 and Hsp70, with an emphasis on bacterial chaperones. We describe the structure and conformational dynamics of these chaperones and their interactions with each other and with client proteins. The physiological roles of Hsp90 in Escherichia coli and other bacteria are also discussed. We anticipate that the information gained from exploring the mechanism of the bacterial chaperone system will provide the groundwork for understanding the more complex eukaryotic Hsp90 system and its modulation by Hsp90 co-chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Genest
- From the Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 13402 Marseille, France and
| | - Sue Wickner
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Shannon M Doyle
- the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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20
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Hsp90 Is Essential under Heat Stress in the Bacterium Shewanella oneidensis. Cell Rep 2018; 19:680-687. [PMID: 28445720 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hsp90 chaperone is essential in eukaryotes and activates a large array of client proteins. In contrast, its role is still elusive in bacteria, and only a few Hsp90 bacterial clients are known. Here, we found that Hsp90 is essential in the model bacterium Shewanella oneidensis under heat stress. A genetic screen for Hsp90 client proteins identified TilS, an essential protein involved in tRNA maturation. Overexpression of TilS rescued the growth defect of the hsp90 deletion strain under heat stress. In vivo, the activity and the amount of TilS were significantly reduced in the absence of Hsp90 at high temperature. Furthermore, we showed that Hsp90 interacts with TilS, and Hsp90 prevents TilS aggregation in vitro at high temperature. Together, our results indicate that TilS is a client of Hsp90 in S. oneidensis. Therefore, our study links the essentiality of bacterial Hsp90 at high temperature with the identification of a client.
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21
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Cox MB, Johnson JL. Evidence for Hsp90 Co-chaperones in Regulating Hsp90 Function and Promoting Client Protein Folding. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1709:397-422. [PMID: 29177674 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7477-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are a diverse group of highly conserved proteins that transiently interact with partially folded polypeptide chains during normal cellular processes such as protein translation, translocation, and disassembly of protein complexes. Prior to folding or after denaturation, hydrophobic residues that are normally sequestered within a folded protein are exposed to the aqueous environment and are prone to aggregation or misfolding. Multiple classes of molecular chaperones, such as Hsp70s and Hsp40s, recognize and transiently bind polypeptides with exposed hydrophobic stretches in order to prevent misfolding. Other types of chaperones, such as Hsp90, have more specialized functions in that they appear to interact with only a subset of cellular proteins. This chapter focuses on the role of Hsp90 and partner co-chaperones in promoting the folding and activation of a diverse group of proteins with critical roles in cellular signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso and the Border Biomedical Research Center, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jill L Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Center for Reproductive Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844-3051, USA.
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22
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Halpin JC, Street TO. Hsp90 Sensitivity to ADP Reveals Hidden Regulation Mechanisms. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2918-2930. [PMID: 28822683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The ATPase cycle of the Hsp90 molecular chaperone is essential for maintaining the stability of numerous client proteins. Extensive analysis has focused on ATP-driven conformational changes of Hsp90; however, little is known about how Hsp90 operates under physiological nucleotide conditions in which both ATP and ADP are present. By quantifying Hsp90 activity under mixed nucleotide conditions, we find dramatic differences in ADP sensitivity among Hsp90 homologs. ADP acts as a strong ATPase inhibitor of cytosol-specific Hsp90 homologs, whereas organellular Hsp90 homologs (Grp94 and TRAP1) are relatively insensitive to the presence of ADP. These results imply that an ATP/ADP heterodimer of cytosolic Hsp90 is the predominant active state under physiological nucleotide conditions. ADP inhibition of human and yeast cytosolic Hsp90 can be relieved by the cochaperone aha1. ADP inhibition of bacterial Hsp90 can be relieved by bacterial Hsp70 and an activating client protein. These results suggest that altering ADP inhibition may be a mechanism of Hsp90 regulation. To determine the molecular origin of ADP inhibition, we identify residues that preferentially stabilize either ATP or ADP. Mutations at these sites can both increase and decrease ADP inhibition. An accounting of ADP is critically important for designing and interpreting experiments with Hsp90. For example, contaminating ADP is a confounding factor in fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments measuring arm closure rates of Hsp90. Our observations suggest that ADP at physiological levels is important to Hsp90 structure, activity, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson C Halpin
- Department of Biochemistry Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Timothy O Street
- Department of Biochemistry Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA.
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23
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Interaction of E. coli Hsp90 with DnaK Involves the DnaJ Binding Region of DnaK. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:858-872. [PMID: 28013030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90) is a widely conserved and ubiquitous molecular chaperone that participates in ATP-dependent protein remodeling in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It functions in conjunction with Hsp70 and the Hsp70 cochaperones, an Hsp40 (J-protein) and a nucleotide exchange factor. In Escherichia coli, the functional collaboration between Hsp90Ec and Hsp70, DnaK, requires that the two chaperones directly interact. We used molecular docking to model the interaction of Hsp90Ec and DnaK. The top-ranked docked model predicted that a region in the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) of DnaK interacted with a region in the middle domain of Hsp90Ec. We then made substitution mutants in DnaK residues suggested by the model to interact with Hsp90Ec. Of the 12 mutants tested, 11 were defective or partially defective in their ability to interact with Hsp90Ecin vivo in a bacterial two-hybrid assay and in vitro in a bio-layer interferometry assay. These DnaK mutants were also defective in their ability to function collaboratively in protein remodeling with Hsp90Ec but retained the ability to act with DnaK cochaperones. Taken together, these results suggest that a specific region in the NBD of DnaK is involved in the interaction with Hsp90Ec, and this interaction is functionally important. Moreover, the region of DnaK that we found to be necessary for Hsp90Ec binding includes residues that are also involved in J-protein binding, suggesting a functional interplay among DnaK, DnaK cochaperones, and Hsp90Ec.
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24
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Garcie C, Tronnet S, Garénaux A, McCarthy AJ, Brachmann AO, Pénary M, Houle S, Nougayrède JP, Piel J, Taylor PW, Dozois CM, Genevaux P, Oswald E, Martin P. The Bacterial Stress-Responsive Hsp90 Chaperone (HtpG) Is Required for the Production of the Genotoxin Colibactin and the Siderophore Yersiniabactin inEscherichia coli. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:916-24. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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25
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Grudniak AM, Markowska K, Wolska KI. Interactions of Escherichia coli molecular chaperone HtpG with DnaA replication initiator DNA. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:951-7. [PMID: 26246199 PMCID: PMC4595432 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial chaperone high-temperature protein G (HtpG), a member of the Hsp90 protein family, is involved in the protection of cells against a variety of environmental stresses. The ability of HtpG to form complexes with other bacterial proteins, especially those involved in fundamental functions, is indicative of its cellular role. An interaction between HtpG and DnaA, the main initiator of DNA replication, was studied both in vivo, using a bacterial two-hybrid system, and in vitro with a modified pull-down assay and by chemical cross-linking. In vivo, this interaction was demonstrated only when htpG was expressed from a high copy number plasmid. Both in vitro assays confirmed HtpG-DnaA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Grudniak
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Markowska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna I Wolska
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Genest O, Hoskins JR, Kravats AN, Doyle SM, Wickner S. Hsp70 and Hsp90 of E. coli Directly Interact for Collaboration in Protein Remodeling. J Mol Biol 2015; 427:3877-89. [PMID: 26482100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that remodels hundreds of client proteins, many involved in the progression of cancer and other diseases. It functions with the Hsp70 chaperone and numerous cochaperones. The bacterial Hsp90 functions with an Hsp70 chaperone, DnaK, but is independent of Hsp90 cochaperones. We explored the collaboration between Escherichia coli Hsp90 and DnaK and found that the two chaperones form a complex that is stabilized by client protein binding. A J-domain protein, CbpA, facilitates assembly of the Hsp90Ec-DnaK-client complex. We identified E. coli Hsp90 mutants defective in DnaK interaction in vivo and show that the purified mutant proteins are defective in physical and functional interaction with DnaK. Understanding how Hsp90 and Hsp70 collaborate in protein remodeling will provide the groundwork for the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting multiple chaperones and cochaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Genest
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel R Hoskins
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea N Kravats
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shannon M Doyle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Sue Wickner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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27
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Lavery LA, Partridge JR, Ramelot TA, Elnatan D, Kennedy MA, Agard DA. Structural asymmetry in the closed state of mitochondrial Hsp90 (TRAP1) supports a two-step ATP hydrolysis mechanism. Mol Cell 2014; 53:330-43. [PMID: 24462206 PMCID: PMC3947485 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While structural symmetry is a prevailing feature of homo-oligomeric proteins, asymmetry provides unique mechanistic opportunities. We present the crystal structure of full-length TRAP1, the mitochondrial Hsp90 molecular chaperone, in a catalytically active closed state. The TRAP1 homodimer adopts a distinct, asymmetric conformation, where one protomer is reconfigured via a helix swap at the middle:C-terminal domain (MD:CTD) interface. This interface plays a critical role in client binding. Solution methods validate the asymmetry and show extension to Hsp90 homologs. Point mutations that disrupt unique contacts at each MD:CTD interface reduce catalytic activity and substrate binding and demonstrate that each protomer needs access to both conformations. Crystallographic data on a dimeric NTD:MD fragment suggests that asymmetry arises from strain induced by simultaneous NTD and CTD dimerization. The observed asymmetry provides the potential for an additional step in the ATPase cycle, allowing sequential ATP hydrolysis steps to drive both client remodeling and client release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Lavery
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James R Partridge
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Theresa A Ramelot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Daniel Elnatan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael A Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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28
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Nakamoto H, Fujita K, Ohtaki A, Watanabe S, Narumi S, Maruyama T, Suenaga E, Misono TS, Kumar PKR, Goloubinoff P, Yoshikawa H. Physical interaction between bacterial heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 and Hsp70 chaperones mediates their cooperative action to refold denatured proteins. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:6110-9. [PMID: 24415765 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.524801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is an essential ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that associates with numerous client proteins. HtpG, a prokaryotic homolog of Hsp90, is essential for thermotolerance in cyanobacteria, and in vitro it suppresses the aggregation of denatured proteins efficiently. Understanding how the non-native client proteins bound to HtpG refold is of central importance to comprehend the essential role of HtpG under stress. Here, we demonstrate by yeast two-hybrid method, immunoprecipitation assays, and surface plasmon resonance techniques that HtpG physically interacts with DnaJ2 and DnaK2. DnaJ2, which belongs to the type II J-protein family, bound DnaK2 or HtpG with submicromolar affinity, and HtpG bound DnaK2 with micromolar affinity. Not only DnaJ2 but also HtpG enhanced the ATP hydrolysis by DnaK2. Although assisted by the DnaK2 chaperone system, HtpG enhanced native refolding of urea-denatured lactate dehydrogenase and heat-denatured glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. HtpG did not substitute for DnaJ2 or GrpE in the DnaK2-assisted refolding of the denatured substrates. The heat-denatured malate dehydrogenase that did not refold by the assistance of the DnaK2 chaperone system alone was trapped by HtpG first and then transferred to DnaK2 where it refolded. Dissociation of substrates from HtpG was either ATP-dependent or -independent depending on the substrate, indicating the presence of two mechanisms of cooperative action between the HtpG and the DnaK2 chaperone system.
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29
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High-temperature protein G is an essential virulence factor of Leptospira interrogans. Infect Immun 2013; 82:1123-31. [PMID: 24366253 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01546-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospira interrogans is a global zoonotic pathogen and is the causative agent of leptospirosis, an endemic disease of humans and animals worldwide. There is limited understanding of leptospiral pathogenesis; therefore, further elucidation of the mechanisms involved would aid in vaccine development and the prevention of infection. HtpG (high-temperature protein G) is the bacterial homolog to the highly conserved molecular chaperone Hsp90 and is important in the stress responses of many bacteria. The specific role of HtpG, especially in bacterial pathogenesis, remains largely unknown. Through the use of an L. interrogans htpG transposon insertion mutant, this study demonstrates that L. interrogans HtpG is essential for virulence in the hamster model of acute leptospirosis. Complementation of the htpG mutant completely restored virulence. Surprisingly, the htpG mutant did not appear to show sensitivity to heat or oxidative stress, phenotypes common in htpG mutants in other bacterial species. Furthermore, the mutant did not show increased sensitivity to serum complement, reduced survival within macrophages, or altered protein or lipopolysaccharide expression. The underlying cause for attenuation thus remains unknown, but HtpG is a novel leptospiral virulence factor and one of only a very small number identified to date.
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Blacklock K, Verkhivker GM. Experimentally Guided Structural Modeling and Dynamics Analysis of Hsp90–p53 Interactions: Allosteric Regulation of the Hsp90 Chaperone by a Client Protein. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:2962-78. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400434g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Blacklock
- School
of Computational Sciences and Crean School of Health and Life Sciences,
Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
| | - Gennady M. Verkhivker
- School
of Computational Sciences and Crean School of Health and Life Sciences,
Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, One University Drive, Orange, California 92866, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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31
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Alix JH. Targeting HSP70 to Fight Cancer and Bad Bugs: One and the Same Battle? Antibiotics (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527659685.ch23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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32
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Press MO, Li H, Creanza N, Kramer G, Queitsch C, Sourjik V, Borenstein E. Genome-scale co-evolutionary inference identifies functions and clients of bacterial Hsp90. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003631. [PMID: 23874229 PMCID: PMC3708813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is essential in eukaryotes, in which it facilitates the folding of developmental regulators and signal transduction proteins known as Hsp90 clients. In contrast, Hsp90 is not essential in bacteria, and a broad characterization of its molecular and organismal function is lacking. To enable such characterization, we used a genome-scale phylogenetic analysis to identify genes that co-evolve with bacterial Hsp90. We find that genes whose gain and loss were coordinated with Hsp90 throughout bacterial evolution tended to function in flagellar assembly, chemotaxis, and bacterial secretion, suggesting that Hsp90 may aid assembly of protein complexes. To add to the limited set of known bacterial Hsp90 clients, we further developed a statistical method to predict putative clients. We validated our predictions by demonstrating that the flagellar protein FliN and the chemotaxis kinase CheA behaved as Hsp90 clients in Escherichia coli, confirming the predicted role of Hsp90 in chemotaxis and flagellar assembly. Furthermore, normal Hsp90 function is important for wild-type motility and/or chemotaxis in E. coli. This novel function of bacterial Hsp90 agreed with our subsequent finding that Hsp90 is associated with a preference for multiple habitats and may therefore face a complex selection regime. Taken together, our results reveal previously unknown functions of bacterial Hsp90 and open avenues for future experimental exploration by implicating Hsp90 in the assembly of membrane protein complexes and adaptation to novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian O. Press
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hui Li
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Creanza
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Günter Kramer
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Queitsch
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CQ); (VS); (EB)
| | - Victor Sourjik
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (CQ); (VS); (EB)
| | - Elhanan Borenstein
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CQ); (VS); (EB)
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33
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Grudniak AM, Pawlak K, Bartosik K, Wolska KI. Physiological consequences of mutations in the htpG heat shock gene of Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 2013; 745-746:1-5. [PMID: 23618614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of the heat shock gene, htpG, causes severe defects of several cellular functions in Escherichia coli. A null htpG mutant constructed by gene replacement was impaired in the biosynthesis and secretion of several enzymes, and in biofilm formation and proteolysis. A significant decrease in the activity of β-lactamase in the ΔhtpG mutant was observed at 42°C. The alkaline phosphatase activity in sonicates of cells propagated at this raised temperature was lower in the ΔhtpG mutant than in the wild-type strain. The ability of the ΔhtpG mutant to degrade abnormal proteins was also impaired compared with the wild-type, but was increased at 42°C. Assays based on bioluminescence and crystal violet staining demonstrated that biofilm formation was diminished in the ΔhtpG mutant at the elevated temperature. All these defects can be complemented upon introducing htpG wild allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Grudniak
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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34
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The chaperone Hsp90: changing partners for demanding clients. Trends Biochem Sci 2013; 38:253-62. [PMID: 23507089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock protein (Hsp)90 chaperone machinery regulates the activity of hundreds of client proteins in the eukaryotic cytosol. It undergoes large conformational changes between states that are similar in energy. These transitions are rate-limiting for the ATPase cycle. It has become evident that several of the many Hsp90 co-chaperones affect the conformational equilibrium by stabilizing specific intermediate states. Consequently, there is an ordered progression of different co-chaperones during the conformational cycle. Asymmetric complexes containing two different co-chaperones may be important for the processing of the client protein, although our understanding of this aspect, as well as the details of the interaction of Hsp90 with client proteins, is still in its infancy.
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35
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Genest O, Reidy M, Street TO, Hoskins JR, Camberg JL, Agard DA, Masison DC, Wickner S. Uncovering a region of heat shock protein 90 important for client binding in E. coli and chaperone function in yeast. Mol Cell 2012; 49:464-73. [PMID: 23260660 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family of heat shock proteins is an abundantly expressed and highly conserved family of ATP-dependent molecular chaperones. Hsp90 facilitates remodeling and activation of hundreds of proteins. In this study, we developed a screen to identify Hsp90-defective mutants in E. coli. The mutations obtained define a region incorporating residues from the middle and C-terminal domains of E. coli Hsp90. The mutant proteins are defective in chaperone activity and client binding in vitro. We constructed homologous mutations in S. cerevisiae Hsp82 and identified several that caused defects in chaperone activity in vivo and in vitro. However, the Hsp82 mutant proteins were less severely defective in client binding to a model substrate than the corresponding E. coli mutant proteins. Our results identify a region in Hsp90 important for client binding in E. coli Hsp90 and suggest an evolutionary divergence in the mechanism of client interaction by bacterial and yeast Hsp90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Genest
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Cunningham CN, Southworth DR, Krukenberg KA, Agard DA. The conserved arginine 380 of Hsp90 is not a catalytic residue, but stabilizes the closed conformation required for ATP hydrolysis. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1162-71. [PMID: 22653663 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90, a dimeric ATP-dependent molecular chaperone, is required for the folding and activation of numerous essential substrate "client" proteins including nuclear receptors, cell cycle kinases, and telomerase. Fundamental to its mechanism is an ensemble of dramatically different conformational states that result from nucleotide binding and hydrolysis and distinct sets of interdomain interactions. Previous structural and biochemical work identified a conserved arginine residue (R380 in yeast) in the Hsp90 middle domain (MD) that is required for wild type hydrolysis activity in yeast, and hence proposed to be a catalytic residue. As part of our investigations on the origins of species-specific differences in Hsp90 conformational dynamics we probed the role of this MD arginine in bacterial, yeast, and human Hsp90s using a combination of structural and functional approaches. While the R380A mutation compromised ATPase activity in all three homologs, the impact on ATPase activity was both variable and much more modest (2-7 fold) than the mutation of an active site glutamate (40 fold) known to be required for hydrolysis. Single particle electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that, for all Hsp90s, mutation of this arginine abrogated the ability to form the closed "ATP" conformational state in response to AMPPNP binding. Taken together with previous mutagenesis data exploring intra- and intermonomer interactions, these new data suggest that R380 does not directly participate in the hydrolysis reaction as a catalytic residue, but instead acts as an ATP-sensor to stabilize an NTD-MD conformation required for efficient ATP hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian N Cunningham
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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37
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Norris V, Amar P. Chromosome Replication in Escherichia coli: Life on the Scales. Life (Basel) 2012; 2:286-312. [PMID: 25371267 PMCID: PMC4187155 DOI: 10.3390/life2040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
At all levels of Life, systems evolve on the 'scales of equilibria'. At the level of bacteria, the individual cell must favor one of two opposing strategies and either take risks to grow or avoid risks to survive. It has been proposed in the Dualism hypothesis that the growth and survival strategies depend on non-equilibrium and equilibrium hyperstructures, respectively. It has been further proposed that the cell cycle itself is the way cells manage to balance the ratios of these types of hyperstructure so as to achieve the compromise solution of living on the two scales. Here, we attempt to re-interpret a major event, the initiation of chromosome replication in Escherichia coli, in the light of scales of equilibria. This entails thinking in terms of hyperstructures as responsible for intensity sensing and quantity sensing and how this sensing might help explain the role of the DnaA protein in initiation of replication. We outline experiments and an automaton approach to the cell cycle that should test and refine the scales concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vic Norris
- Theoretical Biology Unit, EA 3829, Department of Biology, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan, France.
| | - Patrick Amar
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique, Université Paris-Sud, and INRIA Saclay - Ile de France, AMIB Project, Orsay, France.
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38
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Choi S, Jang K, Choi S, Yun HJ, Kang DH. Identification of the Vibrio vulnificus htpG gene and its influence on cold shock recovery. J Microbiol 2012; 50:707-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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High-temperature protein G is essential for activity of the Escherichia coli clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20136-41. [PMID: 22114197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113519108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic DNA arrays arranged as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), along with their associated proteins, provide prokaryotes with adaptive immunity by RNA-mediated targeting of alien DNA or RNA matching the sequences between the repeats. Here, we present a thorough screening system for the identification of bacterial proteins participating in immunity conferred by the Escherichia coli CRISPR system. We describe the identification of one such protein, high-temperature protein G (HtpG), a homolog of the eukaryotic chaperone heat-shock protein 90. We demonstrate that in the absence of htpG, the E. coli CRISPR system loses its suicidal activity against λ prophage and its ability to provide immunity from lysogenization. Transcomplementation of htpG restores CRISPR activity. We further show that inactivity of the CRISPR system attributable to htpG deficiency can be suppressed by expression of Cas3, a protein that is essential for its activity. Accordingly, we also find that the steady-state level of overexpressed Cas3 is significantly enhanced following HtpG expression. We conclude that HtpG is a newly identified positive modulator of the CRISPR system that is essential for maintaining functional levels of Cas3.
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40
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Cross-monomer substrate contacts reposition the Hsp90 N-terminal domain and prime the chaperone activity. J Mol Biol 2011; 415:3-15. [PMID: 22063096 PMCID: PMC3282117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous molecular chaperone Hsp90 plays a critical role in substrate protein folding and maintenance, but the functional mechanism has been difficult to elucidate. In previous work, a model Hsp90 substrate revealed an activation process in which substrate binding accelerates a large open/closed conformational change required for ATP hydrolysis by Hsp90. While this could serve as an elegant mechanism for conserving ATP usage for productive interactions on the substrate, the structural origin of substrate-catalyzed Hsp90 conformational changes is unknown. Here, we find that substrate binding affects an intrinsically unfavorable rotation of the Hsp90 N-terminal domain (NTD) relative to the middle domain (MD) that is required for closure. We identify an MD substrate binding region on the interior cleft of the Hsp90 dimer and show that a secondary set of substrate contacts drives an NTD orientation change on the opposite monomer. These results suggest an Hsp90 activation mechanism in which cross-monomer contacts mediated by a partially structured substrate prime the chaperone for its functional activity.
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41
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42
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Jain S, Graham C, Graham RLJ, McMullan G, Ternan NG. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the heat stress response in Clostridium difficile strain 630. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3880-90. [PMID: 21786815 DOI: 10.1021/pr200327t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a serious nosocomial pathogen whose prevalence worldwide is increasing. Postgenomic technologies can now be deployed to develop understanding of the evolution and diversity of this important human pathogen, yet little is known about the adaptive ability of C. difficile. We used iTRAQ labeling and 2D-LC-MS/MS driven proteomics to investigate the response of C. difficile 630 to a mild, but clinically relevant, heat stress. A statistically validated list of 447 proteins to which functional roles were assigned was generated, allowing reconstruction of central metabolic pathways including glycolysis, γ-aminobutyrate metabolism, and peptidoglycan biosynthesis. Some 49 proteins were significantly modulated under heat stress: classical heat shock proteins including GroEL, GroES, DnaK, Clp proteases, and HtpG were up-regulated in addition to several stress inducible rubrerythrins and proteins associated with protein modification, such as prolyl isomerases and proline racemase. The flagellar filament protein, FliC, was down-regulated, possibly as an energy conservation measure, as was the SecA1 preprotein translocase. The up-regulation of hydrogenases and various oxidoreductases suggests that electron flux across these pools of enzymes changes under heat stress. This work represents the first comparative proteomic analysis of the heat stress response in C. difficile strain 630, complementing the existing proteomics data sets and the single microarray comparative analysis of stress response. Thus we have a benchmark proteome for this pathogen, leading to a deeper understanding of its physiology and metabolism informed by the unique functional and adaptive processes used during a temperature upshift mimicking host pyrexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailesh Jain
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, Co Londonderry, North Ireland, United Kingdom
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43
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Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 regulates the activity and stability of a set of client proteins. Despite progress in understanding its mechanism, the interaction of Hsp90 with clients has remained enigmatic. Now, in a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Street and coworkers present results that integrate the client in the Hsp90 chaperone cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Richter
- Center for Integrated Protein Science CIPSM and Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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44
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Street TO, Lavery LA, Agard DA. Substrate binding drives large-scale conformational changes in the Hsp90 molecular chaperone. Mol Cell 2011; 42:96-105. [PMID: 21474071 PMCID: PMC3105473 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a ubiquitous molecular chaperone. Previous structural analysis demonstrated that Hsp90 can adopt a large number of structurally distinct conformations; however, the functional role of this flexibility is not understood. Here we investigate the structural consequences of substrate binding with a model system in which Hsp90 interacts with a partially folded protein (Δ131Δ), a well-studied fragment of staphylococcal nuclease. SAXS measurements reveal that under apo conditions, Hsp90 partially closes around Δ131Δ, and in the presence of AMPPNP, Δ131Δ binds with increased affinity to Hsp90's fully closed state. FRET measurements show that Δ131Δ accelerates the nucleotide-driven open/closed transition and stimulates ATP hydrolysis by Hsp90. NMR measurements reveal that Hsp90 binds to a specific, highly structured region of Δ131Δ. These results suggest that Hsp90 preferentially binds a locally structured region in a globally unfolded protein, and this binding drives functional changes in the chaperone by lowering a rate-limiting conformational barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy O. Street
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Laura A. Lavery
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - David A. Agard
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
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HtpG is involved in the pathogenesis of Edwardsiella tarda. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:394-400. [PMID: 21664076 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that is involved in diverse cellular processes including protein folding/repairing and signal transduction. Edwardsiella tarda is a serious fish pathogen that affects fish aquaculture worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential importance of HtpG, the prokaryotic homologue of Hsp90, in the pathogenesis of E. tarda. E. tarda HtpG is 627-residue in length and contains domain structures that are conserved among Hsp90 family members. Quantitative real time RT-PCR analysis indicated that expression of htpG is induced by heat shock and oxidative stress. Recombinant HtpG (rHtpG) purified from Escherichia coli exhibits apparent ATPase activity, which is optimal at 40°C. Mutation of htpG (i) affects bacterial growth at elevated temperature and renders the cells more sensitive to stress induced by reactive oxygen species, (ii) causes dramatic reduction in blood dissemination and general bacterial virulence, (iii) weakens the ability of E. tarda to block head kidney macrophage activation and to resist against the bactericidal effect of macrophages, and (iv) upregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Taken together, these results indicate that HtpG is a biologically active protein that is required for E. tarda to cope with various stress conditions especially that encountered in vivo the host system during infection.
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Heat shock protein 90 from Escherichia coli collaborates with the DnaK chaperone system in client protein remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:8206-11. [PMID: 21525416 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1104703108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the folding, unfolding, and remodeling of other proteins. In eukaryotes, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) proteins are essential ATP-dependent molecular chaperones that remodel and activate hundreds of client proteins with the assistance of cochaperones. In Escherichia coli, the activity of the Hsp90 homolog, HtpG, has remained elusive. To explore the mechanism of action of E. coli Hsp90, we used in vitro protein reactivation assays. We found that E. coli Hsp90 promotes reactivation of heat-inactivated luciferase in a reaction that requires the prokaryotic Hsp70 chaperone system, known as the DnaK system. An Hsp90 ATPase inhibitor, geldanamycin, inhibits luciferase reactivation demonstrating the importance of the ATP-dependent chaperone activity of E. coli Hsp90 during client protein remodeling. Reactivation also depends upon the ATP-dependent chaperone activity of the DnaK system. Our results suggest that the DnaK system acts first on the client protein, and then E. coli Hsp90 and the DnaK system collaborate synergistically to complete remodeling of the client protein. Results indicate that E. coli Hsp90 and DnaK interact in vivo and in vitro, providing additional evidence to suggest that E. coli Hsp90 and the DnaK system function together.
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René O, Alix JH. Late steps of ribosome assembly in E. coli are sensitive to a severe heat stress but are assisted by the HSP70 chaperone machine. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:1855-67. [PMID: 21059683 PMCID: PMC3061059 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The late stages of 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits biogenesis have been studied in a wild-type (wt) strain of Escherichia coli (MC4100) subjected to a severe heat stress (45–46°C). The 32S and 45S ribosomal particles (precursors to 50S subunits) and 21S ribosomal particles (precursors to 30S subunits) accumulate under these conditions. They are authentic precursors, not degraded or dead-end particles. The 21S particles are shown, by way of a modified 3′5′ RACE procedure, to contain 16S rRNA unprocessed, or processed at its 5′ end, and not at the 3′ end. This implies that maturation of 16S rRNA is ordered and starts at its 5′-terminus, and that the 3′-terminus is trimmed at a later step. This observation is not limited to heat stress conditions, but it also can be verified in bacteria growing at a normal temperature (30°C), supporting the idea that this is the general pathway. Assembly defects at very high temperature are partially compensated by plasmid-driven overexpression of the DnaK/DnaJ chaperones. The ribosome assembly pattern in wt bacteria under a severe heat stress is therefore reminiscent of that observed at lower temperatures in E. coli mutants lacking the chaperones DnaK or DnaJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier René
- CNRS UPR9073 (affiliated with University Paris 7-Denis Diderot), Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris
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