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Zhang L, Wang Z, Wu H, Gao Y, Zheng J, Zhang J. Maternal High-Fat Diet Impairs Placental Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Metabolic Homeostasis in the Offspring. Front Nutr 2022; 9:849684. [PMID: 35495939 PMCID: PMC9050107 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.849684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition can affect fetal growth and development, thus increasing susceptibility to obesity and diabetes in later life of the offspring. Placenta is the central organ connecting the developing fetus with the maternal environment. It is indicated placental fatty acid metabolism plays an essential role in affecting the outcome of the pregnancy and fetus. However, the role of placental fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) in maternal overnutrition affecting glucose metabolism in the offspring remains unclear. In this study, C57BL/6J female mice were fed with normal chow or high-fat diet before and during pregnancy and lactation. The placenta and fetal liver were collected at gestation day 18.5, and the offspring's liver was collected at weaning. FAO-related genes and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway were examined both in the placenta and in the human JEG-3 trophoblast cells. FAO-related genes were further examined in the liver of the fetuses and in the offspring at weaning. We found that dams fed with high-fat diet showed higher fasting blood glucose, impaired glucose tolerance at gestation day 14.5 and higher serum total cholesterol (T-CHO) at gestation day 18.5. The placental weight and lipid deposition were significantly increased in maternal high-fat diet group. At weaning, the offspring mice of high-fat diet group exhibited higher body weight, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and increased serum T-CHO, compared with control group. We further found that maternal high-fat diet downregulated mRNA and protein expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2), a key enzyme in FAO, by suppressing the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC1α signaling pathway in the placenta. In JEG-3 cells, protein expressions of CPT2 and CPT1b were both downregulated by suppressing the AMPK/Sirt1/PGC1α signaling pathway under glucolipotoxic condition, but were later restored by the AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside (AICAR). However, there was no difference in CPT2 and CPT1 gene expression in the liver of fetuses and offspring at weaning age. In conclusion, maternal high-fat diet can impair gene expression involved in FAO in the placenta by downregulating the AMPK signaling pathway, and can cause glucose and lipid dysfunction of offspring at weaning, indicating that placental FAO may play a crucial role in regulating maternal overnutrition and metabolic health in the offspring.
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Qian F, Jiang X, Chai R, Liu D. The Roles of Solute Carriers in Auditory Function. Front Genet 2022; 13:823049. [PMID: 35154281 PMCID: PMC8827148 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.823049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carriers (SLCs) are important transmembrane transporters with members organized into 65 families. They play crucial roles in transporting many important molecules, such as ions and some metabolites, across the membrane, maintaining cellular homeostasis. SLCs also play important roles in hearing. It has been found that mutations in some SLC members are associated with hearing loss. In this review, we summarize SLC family genes related with hearing dysfunction to reveal the vital roles of these transporters in auditory function. This summary could help us understand the auditory physiology and the mechanisms of hearing loss and further guide future studies of deafness gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Qian
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoge Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Nantong, Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Ventrella D, Forni M, Bacci ML, Annaert P. Non-clinical Models to Determine Drug Passage into Human Breast Milk. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:534-548. [PMID: 30894104 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190320165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful practice of clinical perinatal pharmacology requires a thorough understanding of the pronounced physiological changes during lactation and how these changes affect various drug disposition processes. In addition, pharmacokinetic processes unique to lactation have remained understudied. Hence, determination of drug disposition mechanisms in lactating women and their babies remains a domain with important knowledge gaps. Indeed, lack of data regarding infant risk during breastfeeding far too often results in discontinuation of breastfeeding and subsequent loss of all the associated benefits to the breastfed infant. In the absence of age-specific toxicity data, human lactation data alone are considered insufficient to rapidly generate the required evidence regarding risks associated with medication use during lactation. METHODS Systematic review of literature to summarize state-of-the art non-clinical approaches that have been developed to explore the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. RESULTS Several studies have reported methods to predict (to some extent) milk drug excretion rates based on physicochemical properties of the compounds. In vitro studies with primary mammary epithelial cells appear excellent approaches to determine transepithelial drug transport rates across the mammary epithelium. Several of these in vitro tools have been characterized in terms of transporter expression and activity as compared to the mammary gland tissue. In addition, with the advent of physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, these in vitro transport data may prove instrumental in predicting drug milk concentration time profiles prior to the availability of data from clinical lactation studies. In vivo studies in lactating animals have proven their utility in elucidating the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. CONCLUSION By combining various non-clinical tools (physicochemistry-based, in vitro and PBPK, in vivo animal) for drug milk excretion, valuable and unique information regarding drug milk concentrations during lactation can be obtained. The recently approved IMI project ConcePTION will address several of the challenges outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ventrella
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Transporters in the Mammary Gland-Contribution to Presence of Nutrients and Drugs into Milk. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102372. [PMID: 31590349 PMCID: PMC6836069 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of nutrients and bioactive ingredients found in milk play an important role in the nourishment of breast-fed infants and dairy consumers. Some of these ingredients include physiologically relevant compounds such as vitamins, peptides, neuroactive compounds and hormones. Conversely, milk may contain substances-drugs, pesticides, carcinogens, environmental pollutants-which have undesirable effects on health. The transfer of these compounds into milk is unavoidably linked to the function of transport proteins. Expression of transporters belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC-) and Solute Carrier (SLC-) superfamilies varies with the lactation stages of the mammary gland. In particular, Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides 1A2 (OATP1A2) and 2B1 (OATP2B1), Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1), Novel Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCTN1), Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters 1, 2 and 3 (CNT1, CNT2 and CNT3), Peptide Transporter 2 (PEPT2), Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2), Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 5 (ABCC5) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (ABCG2) are highly induced during lactation. This review will focus on these transporters overexpressed during lactation and their role in the transfer of products into the milk, including both beneficial and harmful compounds. Furthermore, additional factors, such as regulation, polymorphisms or drug-drug interactions will be described.
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Indiveri C. OCTN: A Small Transporter Subfamily with Great Relevance to Human Pathophysiology, Drug Discovery, and Diagnostics. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:89-110. [PMID: 30523710 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCTN is a small subfamily of membrane transport proteins that belongs to the larger SLC22 family. Two of the three members of the subfamily, namely, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are present in humans. OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter. These findings suggest avoiding a strict vegetarian diet during pregnancy and in childhood. Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues. The role of OCTN1 is still unclear, despite the identification of some substrates such as ergothioneine, acetylcholine, and choline. Plausibly, the transporter acts on the control of inflammation and oxidative stress, even though knockout mice do not display phenotypes. A clear role of both transporters has been revealed in drug interaction and delivery. The polyspecificity of the OCTNs is at the base of the interactions with drugs. Interestingly, OCTN2 has been recently exploited in the prodrug approach and in diagnostics. A promising application derives from the localization of OCTN2 in exosomes that represent a noninvasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,2 CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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Prenatal metformin exposure or organic cation transporter 3 knock-out curbs social interaction preference in male mice. Pharmacol Res 2018; 140:21-32. [PMID: 30423430 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Poorly managed gestational diabetes can lead to severe complications for mother and child including fetal overgrowth, neonatal hypoglycemia and increased autism risk. Use of metformin to control it is relatively new and promising. Yet safety concerns regarding gestational metformin use remain, as its long-term effects in offspring are unclear. In light of beneficial findings with metformin for adult mouse social behavior, we hypothesized gestational metformin treatment might also promote offspring sociability. To test this, metformin was administered to non-diabetic, lean C57BL/6 J female mice at mating, with treatment discontinued at birth or wean. Male offspring exposed to metformin through birth lost social interaction preference relative to controls by time in chambers, but not by sniffing measures. Further, prenatal metformin exposure appeared to enhance social novelty preference only in females. However due to unbalanced litters and lack of statistical power, firm establishment of any sex-dependency of metformin's effects on sociability was not possible. Since organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) transports metformin and is dense in placenta, social preferences of OCT3 knock-out males were measured. Relative to wild-type, OCT3 knock-outs had reduced interaction preference. Our data indicate gestational metformin exposure under non-diabetic conditions, or lack of OCT3, can impair social behavior in male C57BL6/J mice. Since OCT3 transports serotonin and tryptophan, impaired placental OCT3 function is one common mechanism that could persistently impact central serotonin systems and social behavior. Yet no gross alterations in serotonergic function were evident by measure of serotonin transporter density in OCT3, or serotonin turnover in metformin-exposed offspring brains. Mechanisms underlying the behavioral outcomes, and if with gestational diabetes the same would occur, remain unclear. Metformin's impacts on placental transporters and serotonin metabolism or AMPK activity in fetal brain need further investigation to clarify benefits and risks to offspring sociability from use of metformin to treat gestational diabetes.
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Servillo L, D'Onofrio N, Neglia G, Casale R, Cautela D, Marrelli M, Limone A, Campanile G, Balestrieri ML. Carnitine Precursors and Short-Chain Acylcarnitines in Water Buffalo Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8142-8149. [PMID: 30011990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants' milk contains δ-valerobetaine originating from rumen through the transformation of dietary Nε-trimethyllysine. Among ruminant's milk, the occurrence of δ-valerobetaine, along with carnitine precursors and metabolites, has not been investigated in buffalo milk, the second most worldwide consumed milk, well-known for its nutritional value. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses of bulk milk revealed that the Italian Mediterranean buffalo milk contains δ-valerobetaine at levels higher than those in bovine milk. Importantly, we detected also γ-butyrobetaine, the l-carnitine precursor, never described so far in any milk. Of interest, buffalo milk shows higher levels of acetylcarnitine, propionylcarnitine, butyrylcarnitine, isobutyrylcarnitine, and 3-methylbutyrylcarnitine (isovalerylcarnitine) than cow milk. Moreover, buffalo milk shows isobutyrylcarnitine and butyrylcarnitine at a 1-to-1 molar ratio, while in cow's milk this ratio is 5 to 1. Results indicate a peculiar short-chain acylcarnitine profile characterizing buffalo milk, widening the current knowledge about its composition and nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Servillo
- Department of Precision Medicine , University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" , 80138 Naples , Italy
| | - Nunzia D'Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine , University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" , 80138 Naples , Italy
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production , Federico II University , 80137 Naples , Italy
| | - Rosario Casale
- Department of Precision Medicine , University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" , 80138 Naples , Italy
| | - Domenico Cautela
- Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei derivati dagli Agrumi , Azienda Speciale della Camera di Commercio di Reggio Calabria , 89125 Reggio Calabria , Italy
| | - Massimo Marrelli
- Maxillofacial Surgery Section , Marrelli Health , 88900 Crotone , Italy
| | - Antonio Limone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno , 80055 Naples , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production , Federico II University , 80137 Naples , Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Precision Medicine , University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" , 80138 Naples , Italy
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Kou L, Sun R, Ganapathy V, Yao Q, Chen R. Recent advances in drug delivery via the organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2/SLC22A5). Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:715-726. [PMID: 30016594 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1502273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transporters in the plasma membrane have been exploited successfully for the delivery of drugs in the form of prodrugs and nanoparticles. Organic cation/carnitine transporter 2 (OCTN2, SLC22A5) has emerged as a viable target for drug delivery. OCTN2 is a Na+-dependent high-affinity transporter for L-carnitine and a Na+-independent transporter for organic cations. OCTN2 is expressed in the blood-brain barrier, heart, liver, kidney, intestinal tract and placenta and plays an essential role in L-carnitine homeostasis in the body. Areas covered: In recent years, several studies have been reported in the literature describing the utility of OCTN2 to enhance the delivery of drugs, prodrugs and nanoparticles. Here we summarize the salient features of OCTN2 in terms of its role in the cellular uptake of its physiological substrate L-carnitine in physiological and pathological context; the structural requirements for recognition and the recent advances in OCTN2-targeted drug delivery systems, including prodrugs and nanoparticles, are discussed. Expert opinion: This transporter has great potential to be utilized as a target for drug delivery to improve oral absorption of drugs in the intestinal tract. It also has potential to facilitate the transfer of drugs across the biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier, blood-retinal barrier, and maternal-fetal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Rui Sun
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China.,b Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry , School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock , TX , USA
| | - Qing Yao
- c School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- a Department of Pharmacy , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
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Oskarsson A, Yagdiran Y, Nazemi S, Tallkvist J, Knight C. Short communication: Staphylococcus aureus infection modulates expression of drug transporters and inflammatory biomarkers in mouse mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:2375-2380. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Staphylococcus aureus and Lipopolysaccharide Modulate Gene Expressions of Drug Transporters in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells Correlation to Inflammatory Biomarkers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161346. [PMID: 27584666 PMCID: PMC5008833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in the mammary gland (mastitis) is the most common disease in dairy herds worldwide, often caused by the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Little is known about the effects of mastitis on drug transporters and the impact on transporter-mediated excretion of drugs into milk. We used murine mammary epithelial HC11 cells, after lactogenic differentiation into a secreting phenotype, and studied gene expressions of ABC- and SLC- transporters after treatment of cells with S. aureus and lipopolysaccharide, an endotoxin secreted by E. coli. The studied transporters were Bcrp, Mdr1, Mrp1, Oatp1a5, Octn1 and Oct1. In addition, Csn2, the gene encoding β-casein, was analyzed. As biomarkers of the inflammatory response, gene expressions of the cytokines Il6 and Tnfα and the chemokine Cxcl2 were determined. Our results show that S. aureus and LPS treatment of cells, at non-cytotoxic concentrations, induced an up-regulation of Mdr1 and of the inflammatory biomarkers, except that Tnfα was not affected by lipopolysaccharide. By simple regression analysis we could demonstrate statistically significant positive correlations between each of the transporters with each of the inflammatory biomarkers in cells treated with S. aureus. The coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.7–0.9 for all but one correlation. After treatment of cells with lipopolysaccharide, statistically significant correlations were only found between Mdr1 and the two parameters Cxcl2 and Il6. The expression of Csn2 was up-regulated in cells treated with S. aureus, indicating that the secretory function of the cells was not impaired. The strong correlation in gene expressions between transporters and inflammatory biomarkers may suggest a co-regulation and that the transporters have a role in the transport of cytokines and chemokines. Our results demonstrate that transporters in mammary cells can be affected by infection, which may have an impact on transport of essential compounds and contaminants into milk.
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Mihaljevic I, Popovic M, Zaja R, Smital T. Phylogenetic, syntenic, and tissue expression analysis of slc22 genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio). BMC Genomics 2016; 17:626. [PMID: 27519738 PMCID: PMC4982206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SLC22 protein family is a member of the SLC (Solute carriers) superfamily of polyspecific membrane transporters responsible for uptake of a wide range of organic anions and cations, including numerous endo- and xenobiotics. Due to the lack of knowledge on zebrafish Slc22 family, we performed initial characterization of these transporters using a detailed phylogenetic and conserved synteny analysis followed by the tissue specific expression profiling of slc22 transcripts. RESULTS We identified 20 zebrafish slc22 genes which are organized in the same functional subgroups as human SLC22 members. Orthologies and syntenic relations between zebrafish and other vertebrates revealed consequences of the teleost-specific whole genome duplication as shown through one-to-many orthologies for certain zebrafish slc22 genes. Tissue expression profiles of slc22 transcripts were analyzed using qRT-PCR determinations in nine zebrafish tissues: liver, kidney, intestine, gills, brain, skeletal muscle, eye, heart, and gonads. Our analysis revealed high expression of oct1 in kidney, especially in females, followed by oat3 and oat2c in females, oat2e in males and orctl4 in females. oct1 was also dominant in male liver. oat2d showed the highest expression in intestine with less noticeable gender differences. All slc22 genes showed low expression in gills, and moderate expression in heart and skeletal muscle. Dominant genes in brain were oat1 in females and oct1 in males, while the highest gender differences were determined in gonads, with dominant expression of almost all slc22 genes in testes and the highest expression of oat2a. CONCLUSIONS Our study offers the first insight into the orthology relationships, gene expression and potential role of Slc22 membrane transporters in zebrafish. Clear orthological relationships of zebrafish slc22 and other vertebrate slc22 genes were established. slc22 members are mostly highly conserved, suggesting their physiological and toxicological importance. One-to-many orthologies and differences in tissue expression patterns of zebrafish slc22 genes in comparison to human orthologs were observed. Our expression data point to partial similarity of zebrafish versus human Slc22 members, with possible compensatory roles of certain zebrafish transporters, whereas higher number of some orthologs implies potentially more diverse and specific roles of these proteins in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mihaljevic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Popovic
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Roko Zaja
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Lu J, Boeren S, van Hooijdonk T, Vervoort J, Hettinga K. Effect of the DGAT1 K232A genotype of dairy cows on the milk metabolome and proteome. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:3460-9. [PMID: 25771043 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diglyceride O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of triglycerides from diglycerides and acyl-coenzyme A. The DGAT1 K232A polymorphism was previously shown to have a significant influence on bovine milk production characteristics (milk yield, protein content, fat content, and fatty acid composition). The mechanism of this influence has, however, not been elucidated. In this study, metabolomics ((1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance) and proteomics (laser chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) were applied to determine the serum and lipid metabolite composition and milk fat globule membrane proteome of milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 KK and AA genotypes. The milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 KK genotype contained more stomatin, sphingomyelin, choline, and carnitine, and less citrate, creatine or phosphocreatine, glycerol-phosphocholine, mannose-like sugar, acetyl sugar phosphate, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-related sugar, and orotic acid compared with milk samples from cows with the DGAT1 AA genotype. Based on these results, we propose that the differences between the DGAT1 genotypes may be related to stomatin-sphingomyelin lipid rafts as well as structural (cell membrane) differences in epithelial cells of the mammary gland. In conclusion, our study shows that, in addition to previously described changes in triglyceride composition, cows differing in DGAT1 polymorphism differ in their milk proteome and metabolome, which may help in further understanding the effect of the DGAT1 K232A polymorphism on milk production characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Dairy Science and Technology, FQD group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China 100193
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Toon van Hooijdonk
- Dairy Science and Technology, FQD group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology, FQD group, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Nigam SK, Bush KT, Martovetsky G, Ahn SY, Liu HC, Richard E, Bhatnagar V, Wu W. The organic anion transporter (OAT) family: a systems biology perspective. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:83-123. [PMID: 25540139 PMCID: PMC4281586 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporter (OAT) subfamily, which constitutes roughly half of the SLC22 (solute carrier 22) transporter family, has received a great deal of attention because of its role in handling of common drugs (antibiotics, antivirals, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), toxins (mercury, aristolochic acid), and nutrients (vitamins, flavonoids). Oats are expressed in many tissues, including kidney, liver, choroid plexus, olfactory mucosa, brain, retina, and placenta. Recent metabolomics and microarray data from Oat1 [Slc22a6, originally identified as NKT (novel kidney transporter)] and Oat3 (Slc22a8) knockouts, as well as systems biology studies, indicate that this pathway plays a central role in the metabolism and handling of gut microbiome metabolites as well as putative uremic toxins of kidney disease. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, such as Hnf4α and Hnf1α, appear to regulate the expression of certain Oats in conjunction with phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Some Oats have a strong selectivity for particular signaling molecules, including cyclic nucleotides, conjugated sex steroids, odorants, uric acid, and prostaglandins and/or their metabolites. According to the "Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis," which is elaborated in detail here, Oats may function in remote interorgan communication by regulating levels of signaling molecules and key metabolites in tissues and body fluids. Oats may also play a major role in interorganismal communication (via movement of small molecules across the intestine, placental barrier, into breast milk, and volatile odorants into the urine). The role of various Oat isoforms in systems physiology appears quite complex, and their ramifications are discussed in the context of remote sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gleb Martovetsky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sun-Young Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Henry C Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erin Richard
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vibha Bhatnagar
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Abstract
Potential drug-drug interactions mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families are of clinical and regulatory concern. However, the endogenous functions of these drug transporters are not well understood. Discussed here is evidence for the roles of ABC and SLC transporters in the handling of diverse substrates, including metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, hormones, nutrients and neurotransmitters. It is suggested that these transporters may be part of a larger system of remote communication ('remote sensing and signalling') between cells, organs, body fluid compartments and perhaps even separate organisms. This broader view may help to clarify disease mechanisms, drug-metabolite interactions and drug effects relevant to diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, gout, liver disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory syndromes and organ injury, as well as prenatal and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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15
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Koepsell H. The SLC22 family with transporters of organic cations, anions and zwitterions. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:413-35. [PMID: 23506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC22 family contains 13 functionally characterized human plasma membrane proteins each with 12 predicted α-helical transmembrane domains. The family comprises organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic zwitterion/cation transporters (OCTNs), and organic anion transporters (OATs). The transporters operate as (1) uniporters which mediate facilitated diffusion (OCTs, OCTNs), (2) anion exchangers (OATs), and (3) Na(+)/zwitterion cotransporters (OCTNs). They participate in small intestinal absorption and hepatic and renal excretion of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and perform homeostatic functions in brain and heart. Important endogeneous substrates include monoamine neurotransmitters, l-carnitine, α-ketoglutarate, cAMP, cGMP, prostaglandins, and urate. It has been shown that mutations of the SLC22 genes encoding these transporters cause specific diseases like primary systemic carnitine deficiency and idiopathic renal hypouricemia and are correlated with diseases such as Crohn's disease and gout. Drug-drug interactions at individual transporters may change pharmacokinetics and toxicities of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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16
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Pochini L, Scalise M, Galluccio M, Indiveri C. OCTN cation transporters in health and disease: role as drug targets and assay development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:851-67. [PMID: 23771822 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113493006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three members of the organic cation transporter novel subfamily are known to be involved in interactions with xenobiotic compounds. These proteins are characterized by 12 transmembrane segments connected by nine short loops and two large hydrophilic loops. It has been recently pointed out that acetylcholine is a physiological substrate of OCTN1. Its transport could be involved in nonneuronal cholinergic functions. OCTN2 maintains the carnitine homeostasis, resulting from intestinal absorption, distribution to tissues, and renal excretion/reabsorption. OCTN3, identified only in mouse, mediates also carnitine transport. OCTN1 and OCTN2 are associated with several pathologies, such as inflammatory bowel disease, primary carnitine deficiency, diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer, thus representing useful pharmacological targets. The function and interaction with drugs of OCTNs have been studied in intact cell systems and in proteoliposomes. The latter experimental model enables reduced interference from other transporters or enzyme pathways. Using proteoliposomes, the molecular bases of toxicity of some drugs have recently been revealed. Therefore, proteoliposomes represent a promising experimental tool suitable for large-scale molecular screening of interactions of OCTNs with chemicals regarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, Department BEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Italy
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17
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Tamai I. Pharmacological and pathophysiological roles of carnitine/organic cation transporters (OCTNs: SLC22A4, SLC22A5 and Slc22a21). Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 34:29-44. [PMID: 22952014 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The carnitine/organic cation transporter (OCTN) family consists of three transporter isoforms, i.e. OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) in humans and animals and Octn3 (Slc22a21) in mice. These transporters are physiologically essential to maintain appropriate systemic and tissue concentrations of carnitine by regulating its membrane transport during intestinal absorption, tissue distribution and renal reabsorption. Among them, OCTN2 is a sodium-dependent, high-affinity transporter of carnitine, and a functional defect of OCTN2 due to genetic mutation causes primary systemic carnitine deficiency (SCD). Since carnitine is essential for beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids to produce ATP, OCTN2 gene mutation causes a range of symptoms, including cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle weakness, fatty liver and male infertility. These functional consequences of Octn2 gene mutation can be seen clearly in an animal model, jvs mouse, which exhibits the SCD phenotype. In addition, although the mechanism is not clear, single nucleotide polymorphisms of OCTN1 and OCTN2 genes are associated with increased incidences of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and asthma. OCTN1 and OCTN2 accept cationic drugs as substrates and contribute to intestinal and pulmonary absorption, tissue distribution (including to tumour cells), and renal excretion of these drugs. Modulation of the transport activity of OCTN2 by externally administered drugs may cause drug-induced secondary carnitine deficiency. Rodent Octn3 transports carnitine specifically, particularly in male reproductive tissues. Thus, the OCTNs are physiologically, pathologically and pharmacologically important. Detailed characterization of these transporters will greatly improve our understanding of the pathology associated with common diseases caused by functional deficiency of OCTNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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