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Garcia A, Grundmann O. The Utilization and Development of Viral Vectors in Vaccines as a Prophylactic Treatment Against Ebola Virus as an Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:289-299. [PMID: 37489781 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230725115324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Alongside the prescription of commonly used antivirals, such as acyclovir, remdesivir, oseltamivir, and ciprofloxacin, the most efficient way to prevent or treat communicable diseases is by vaccination. Vaccines have been the most efficient way to prevent or treat highly transmissible infectious agents, such as Ebola, Anthrax, and Dengue Fever. Most epidemics of these highly transmissible infectious agents occur in places, such as South America, Central America, Tropical Asia, and Africa, where the availability of resources and access to adequate healthcare are limited. However, recent events in history have proven that even with access to resources and proper healthcare, those in firstworld countries are not invincible when it comes to infectious diseases and epidemics. The Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa highlighted the gaps in therapeutic advancement and readiness and led to the rapid development of novel vaccine approaches. Viral vectors, in the case of the Ebola vaccine the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), can be safely used to activate or initiate the innate adaptive immune response to protect against viral infection. When developed properly and with extensive study, novel vaccine approaches allow physicians and health experts to control the rate at which viruses spread or prevent transmission. This review will discuss the advantages of viral vector vaccines, their chemistry and development, and the pathophysiology of the Ebola virus to develop advantageous and efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Room P3-20, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Room P3-20, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Szczykutowicz J. Ligand Recognition by the Macrophage Galactose-Type C-Type Lectin: Self or Non-Self?-A Way to Trick the Host's Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17078. [PMID: 38069400 PMCID: PMC10707269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The cells and numerous macromolecules of living organisms carry an array of simple and complex carbohydrates on their surface, which may be recognized by many types of proteins, including lectins. Human macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL, also known as hMGL/CLEC10A/CD301) is a C-type lectin receptor expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) specific to glycans containing terminal GalNAc residue, such as Tn antigen or LacdiNAc but also sialylated Tn antigens. Macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) exhibits immunosuppressive properties, thus facilitating the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Hence, MGL is exploited by tumors and some pathogens to trick the host immune system and induce an immunosuppressive environment to escape immune control. The aims of this article are to discuss the immunological outcomes of human MGL ligand recognition, provide insights into the molecular aspects of these interactions, and review the MGL ligands discovered so far. Lastly, based on the human fetoembryonic defense system (Hu-FEDS) hypothesis, this paper raises the question as to whether MGL-mediated interactions may be relevant in the development of maternal tolerance toward male gametes and the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szczykutowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Division of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Sklodowskiej-Curie 48/50, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland
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Pseudotyped Viruses for Marburgvirus and Ebolavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:105-132. [PMID: 36920694 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) and Ebola virus (EBOV) of the Filoviridae family are the most lethal viruses in terms of mortality rate. However, the development of antiviral treatment is hampered by the requirement for biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) containment. The establishment of BSL-2 pseudotyped viruses can provide important tools for the study of filoviruses. This chapter summarizes general information on the filoviruses and then focuses on the construction of replication-deficient pseudotyped MARV and EBOV (e.g., lentivirus system and vesicular stomatitis virus system). It also details the potential applications of the pseudotyped viruses, including neutralization antibody detection, the study of infection mechanisms, the evaluation of antibody-dependent enhancement, virus entry inhibitor screening, and glycoprotein mutation analysis.
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Fischer S, Stegmann F, Gnanapragassam VS, Lepenies B. From structure to function – Ligand recognition by myeloid C-type lectin receptors. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5790-5812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kremsreiter SM, Kroell ASH, Weinberger K, Boehm H. Glycan-Lectin Interactions in Cancer and Viral Infections and How to Disrupt Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10577. [PMID: 34638920 PMCID: PMC8508825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan-lectin interactions play an essential role in different cellular processes. One of their main functions is involvement in the immune response to pathogens or inflammation. However, cancer cells and viruses have adapted to avail themselves of these interactions. By displaying specific glycosylation structures, they are able to bind to lectins, thus promoting pathogenesis. While glycan-lectin interactions promote tumor progression, metastasis, and/or chemoresistance in cancer, in viral infections they are important for viral entry, release, and/or immune escape. For several years now, a growing number of investigations have been devoted to clarifying the role of glycan-lectin interactions in cancer and viral infections. Various overviews have already summarized and highlighted their findings. In this review, we consider the interactions of the lectins MGL, DC-SIGN, selectins, and galectins in both cancer and viral infections together. A possible transfer of ways to target and disrupt them might lead to new therapeutic approaches in different pathological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Maria Kremsreiter
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Ann-Sophie Helene Kroell
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Katharina Weinberger
- Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.M.K.); (A.-S.H.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Heike Boehm
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Olukitibi TA, Ao Z, Mahmoudi M, Kobinger GA, Yao X. Dendritic Cells/Macrophages-Targeting Feature of Ebola Glycoprotein and its Potential as Immunological Facilitator for Antiviral Vaccine Approach. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E402. [PMID: 31569539 PMCID: PMC6843631 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the prevention of epidemic and pandemic viral infection, the use of the antiviral vaccine has been the most successful biotechnological and biomedical approach. In recent times, vaccine development studies have focused on recruiting and targeting immunogens to dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages to induce innate and adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP) has a strong binding affinity with DCs and macrophages. Shreds of evidence have also shown that the interaction between EBOV GP with DCs and macrophages leads to massive recruitment of DCs and macrophages capable of regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, studies for the development of vaccine can utilize the affinity between EBOV GP and DCs/macrophages as a novel immunological approach to induce both innate and acquired immune responses. In this review, we will discuss the unique features of EBOV GP to target the DC, and its potential to elicit strong immune responses while targeting DCs/macrophages. This review hopes to suggest and stimulate thoughts of developing a stronger and effective DC-targeting vaccine for diverse virus infection using EBOV GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Abiola Olukitibi
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Zhujun Ao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Mona Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
| | - Gary A Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l' Université Laval/Centre Hospitalier de l' Université Laval (CHUL), Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Xiaojian Yao
- Laboratory of Molecular Human Retrovirology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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Monteiro JT, Schön K, Ebbecke T, Goethe R, Ruland J, Baumgärtner W, Becker SC, Lepenies B. The CARD9-Associated C-Type Lectin, Mincle, Recognizes La Crosse Virus (LACV) but Plays a Limited Role in Early Antiviral Responses against LACV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030303. [PMID: 30917612 PMCID: PMC6466035 DOI: 10.3390/v11030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is a mosquito-transmitted arbovirus and the main cause of virus-mediated neurological diseases in children. To date, little is known about the role of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)—an important class of pattern recognition receptors—in LACV recognition. DC-SIGN remains the only well-described CLR that recognizes LACV. In this study, we investigated the role of additional CLR/LACV interactions. To this end, we applied a flow-through chromatography method for the purification of LACV to perform an unbiased high-throughput screening of LACV with a CLR-hFc fusion protein library. Interestingly, the CARD9-associated CLRs Mincle, Dectin-1, and Dectin-2 were identified to strongly interact with LACV. Since CARD9 is a common adaptor protein for signaling via Mincle, Dectin-1, and Dectin-2, we performed LACV infection of Mincle−/− and CARD9−/− DCs. Mincle−/− and CARD9−/− DCs produced less amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, namely IL-6 and TNF-α, albeit no reduction of the LACV titer was observed. Together, novel CLR/LACV interactions were identified; however, the Mincle/CARD9 axis plays a limited role in early antiviral responses against LACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- João T Monteiro
- Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kathleen Schön
- Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Institute for Parasitology and & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Tim Ebbecke
- Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Stefanie C Becker
- Institute for Parasitology and & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Salata C, Calistri A, Alvisi G, Celestino M, Parolin C, Palù G. Ebola Virus Entry: From Molecular Characterization to Drug Discovery. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030274. [PMID: 30893774 PMCID: PMC6466262 DOI: 10.3390/v11030274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is one of the most lethal transmissible infections, characterized by a high fatality rate, and caused by a member of the Filoviridae family. The recent large outbreak of EVD in Western Africa (2013–2016) highlighted the worldwide threat represented by the disease and its impact on global public health and the economy. The development of highly needed anti-Ebola virus antivirals has been so far hampered by the shortage of tools to study their life cycle in vitro, allowing to screen for potential active compounds outside a biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) containment. Importantly, the development of surrogate models to study Ebola virus entry in a BSL-2 setting, such as viral pseudotypes and Ebola virus-like particles, tremendously boosted both our knowledge of the viral life cycle and the identification of promising antiviral compounds interfering with viral entry. In this context, the combination of such surrogate systems with large-scale small molecule compounds and haploid genetic screenings, as well as rational drug design and drug repurposing approaches will prove priceless in our quest for the development of a treatment for EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Salata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, IT-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, IT-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, IT-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Michele Celestino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, IT-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, IT-35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, IT-35121 Padova, Italy.
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10
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Monteiro JT, Lepenies B. Myeloid C-Type Lectin Receptors in Viral Recognition and Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2017; 9:E59. [PMID: 28327518 PMCID: PMC5371814 DOI: 10.3390/v9030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viral glycans by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity contributes to antiviral immune responses. C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are PRRs capable of sensing glycans present in viral pathogens to activate antiviral immune responses such as phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and subsequent T cell activation. The ability of CLRs to elicit and shape adaptive immunity plays a critical role in the inhibition of viral spread within the host. However, certain viruses exploit CLRs for viral entry into host cells to avoid immune recognition. To block CLR interactions with viral glycoproteins, antiviral strategies may involve the use of multivalent glycan carrier systems. In this review, we describe the role of CLRs in antiviral immunity and we highlight their dual function in viral clearance and exploitation by viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- João T Monteiro
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Immunology Unit & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L. Rasmussen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109;
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12
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André S, O'Sullivan S, Koller C, Murphy PV, Gabius HJ. Bi- to tetravalent glycoclusters presenting GlcNAc/GalNAc as inhibitors: from plant agglutinins to human macrophage galactose-type lectin (CD301) and galectins. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4190-203. [PMID: 25721929 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging insights into the functional spectrum of tissue lectins leads to identification of new targets for the custom-made design of potent inhibitors, providing a challenge for synthetic chemistry. The affinity and selectivity of a carbohydrate ligand for a lectin may immensely be increased by a number of approaches, which includes varying geometrical or topological features. This perspective leads to the design and synthesis of glycoclusters and their testing using assays of physiological relevance. Herein, hydroquinone, resorcinol, benzene-1,3,5-triol and tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene have been employed as scaffolds and propargyl derivatives obtained. The triazole-containing linker to the α/β-O/S-glycosides of GlcNAc/GalNAc presented on these scaffolds was generated by copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This strategy was used to give a panel of nine glycoclusters with bi-, tri- and tetravalency. Maintained activity for lectin binding after conjugation was ascertained for both sugars in solid-phase assays with the plant agglutinins WGA (GlcNAc) and DBA (GalNAc). Absence of cross-reactivity excluded any carbohydrate-independent reactivity of the bivalent compounds, allowing us to proceed to further testing with a biomedically relevant lectin specific for GalNAc. Macrophage galactose(-binding C)-type lectin, involved in immune defence by dendritic cells and in virus uptake, was produced as a soluble protein without/with its α-helical coiled-coil stalk region. Binding to ligands presented on a matrix and on cell surfaces was highly susceptible to the presence of the tetravalent inhibitor derived from the tetraphenylethene-containing scaffold, and presentation of GalNAc with an α-thioglycosidic linkage proved favorable. Cross-reactivity of this glycocluster to human galectins-3 and -4, which interact with Tn-antigen-presenting mucins, was rather small. Evidently, the valency and spatial display of α-GalNAc residues is a key factor to design potent and selective inhibitors for this lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine André
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Joob B, Wiwanitkit V. Identification of active pocket and protein druggability within envelope glycoprotein GP2 from Ebola virus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014apjtb-2014-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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14
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The macrophage galactose-type lectin can function as an attachment and entry receptor for influenza virus. J Virol 2013; 88:1659-72. [PMID: 24257596 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02014-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific protein receptors that mediate internalization and entry of influenza A virus (IAV) have not been identified for any cell type. Sialic acid (SIA), the primary attachment factor for IAV hemagglutinin, is expressed by numerous cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids, confounding efforts to identify specific receptors involved in virus infection. Lec1 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) epithelial cells express cell surface SIA and bind IAV yet are largely resistant to infection. Here, we demonstrate that expression of the murine macrophage galactose-type lectin 1 (MGL1) by Lec1 cells enhanced Ca(2+)-dependent IAV binding and restored permissivity to infection. Lec1 cells expressing MGL1 were infected in the presence or absence of cell surface SIA, indicating that MGL1 can act as a primary receptor or as a coreceptor with SIA. Lec1 cells expressing endocytosis-deficient MGL1 mediated Ca(2+)-dependent IAV binding but were less sensitive to IAV infection, indicating that direct internalization via MGL1 can result in cellular infection. Together, these studies identify MGL1 as a cell surface glycoprotein that can act as an authentic receptor for both attachment and infectious entry of IAV.
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van Vliet SJ, Bay S, Vuist IM, Kalay H, García-Vallejo JJ, Leclerc C, van Kooyk Y. MGL signaling augments TLR2-mediated responses for enhanced IL-10 and TNF-α secretion. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:315-23. [PMID: 23744646 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1012520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DCs orchestrate immune responses to infectious pathogens and disturbances in tissue integrity. Equipped with C-type lectins, DCs can respond to environmental changes in glycosylation. Many C-type lectins are capable of modulating TLR activation, thereby facilitating tailor-made immune reactions. Here, we investigated the signaling properties of the C-type lectin MGL and show that MGL engagement by agonistic antibodies or carbohydrate ligands couples to TLR signal transduction for increased IL-10 and TNF-α secretion by human monocyte-derived DCs. MGL triggering especially synergized with TLR2-induced pathways, leading to elevated IL-10 mRNA levels and enhanced TNF-α mRNA stability. In addition, MGL signaling promoted phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK and the transcription factor CREB. Whereas specific inhibitors of p90RSK blocked the MGL-induced cytokine secretion, AP-1 was not involved. Strikingly, NF-κB was only crucial for the IL-10 response and dispensable for TNF-α production. Together, our results demonstrate that MGL activation of the ERK-p90RSK-CREB axis converges with TLR2-induced pathways, thereby fine-tuning the DC maturation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J van Vliet
- VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Filoviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with high case-fatality rates. The cellular factors exploited by filoviruses for their spread constitute potential targets for intervention, but are incompletely defined. The viral glycoprotein (GP) mediates filovirus entry into host cells. Recent studies revealed important insights into the host cell molecules engaged by GP for cellular entry. The binding of GP to cellular lectins was found to concentrate virions onto susceptible cells and might contribute to the early and sustained infection of macrophages and dendritic cells, important viral targets. Tyrosine kinase receptors were shown to promote macropinocytic uptake of filoviruses into a subset of susceptible cells without binding to GP, while interactions between GP and human T cell Ig mucin 1 (TIM-1) might contribute to filovirus infection of mucosal epithelial cells. Moreover, GP engagement of the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 was demonstrated to be essential for GP-mediated fusion of the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. Finally, mutagenic and structural analyses defined GP domains which interact with these host cell factors. Here, we will review the recent progress in elucidating the molecular interactions underlying filovirus entry and discuss their implications for our understanding of the viral cell tropism.
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Filovirus entry: a novelty in the viral fusion world. Viruses 2012; 4:258-75. [PMID: 22470835 PMCID: PMC3315215 DOI: 10.3390/v4020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Marburgvirus (MARV) that compose the filovirus family of negative strand RNA viruses infect a broad range of mammalian cells. Recent studies indicate that cellular entry of this family of viruses requires a series of cellular protein interactions and molecular mechanisms, some of which are unique to filoviruses and others are commonly used by all viral glycoproteins. Details of this entry pathway are highlighted here. Virus entry into cells is initiated by the interaction of the viral glycoprotein(1) subunit (GP(1)) with both adherence factors and one or more receptors on the surface of host cells. On epithelial cells, we recently demonstrated that TIM-1 serves as a receptor for this family of viruses, but the cell surface receptors in other cell types remain unidentified. Upon receptor binding, the virus is internalized into endosomes primarily via macropinocytosis, but perhaps by other mechanisms as well. Within the acidified endosome, the heavily glycosylated GP(1) is cleaved to a smaller form by the low pH-dependent cellular proteases Cathepsin L and B, exposing residues in the receptor binding site (RBS). Details of the molecular events following cathepsin-dependent trimming of GP(1) are currently incomplete; however, the processed GP(1) specifically interacts with endosomal/lysosomal membranes that contain the Niemann Pick C1 (NPC1) protein and expression of NPC1 is required for productive infection, suggesting that GP/NPC1 interactions may be an important late step in the entry process. Additional events such as further GP(1) processing and/or reducing events may also be required to generate a fusion-ready form of the glycoprotein. Once this has been achieved, sequences in the filovirus GP(2) subunit mediate viral/cellular membrane fusion via mechanisms similar to those previously described for other enveloped viruses. This multi-step entry pathway highlights the complex and highly orchestrated path of internalization and fusion that appears unique for filoviruses.
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Takada A. Filovirus tropism: cellular molecules for viral entry. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:34. [PMID: 22363323 PMCID: PMC3277274 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In human and non-human primates, filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Recently, other animals such as pigs and some species of fruit bats have also been shown to be susceptible to these viruses. While having a preference for some cell types such as hepatocytes, endothelial cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages, filoviruses are known to be pantropic in infection of primates. The envelope glycoprotein (GP) is responsible for both receptor binding and fusion of the virus envelope with the host cell membrane. It has been demonstrated that filovirus GP interacts with multiple molecules for entry into host cells, whereas none of the cellular molecules so far identified as a receptor/co-receptor fully explains filovirus tissue tropism and host range. Available data suggest that the mucin-like region (MLR) on GP plays an important role in attachment to the preferred target cells, whose infection is likely involved in filovirus pathogenesis, whereas the MLR is not essential for the fundamental function of the GP in viral entry into cells in vitro. Further studies elucidating the mechanisms of cellular entry of filoviruses may shed light on the development of strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fevers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
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Londrigan SL, Tate MD, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Cell-surface receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells for attachment and entry of influenza virus. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 92:97-106. [PMID: 22124137 PMCID: PMC7166464 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Review of interactions between influenza A virus and C‐type lectin receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells that may result in virus entry and infection. Airway MΦ and DCs are important components of innate host defense and can play a critical role in limiting the severity of influenza virus infection. Although it has been well established that cell‐surface SA acts as a primary attachment receptor for IAV, the particular receptor(s) or coreceptor(s) that mediate IAV entry into any cell, including MΦ and DC, have not been clearly defined. Identifying which receptors are involved in attachment and entry of IAV into immune cells may have important implications in regard to understanding IAV tropism and pathogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that specialized receptors on MΦ and DCs, namely CLRs, can act as capture and/or entry receptors for many viral pathogens, including IAV. Herein, we review the early stages of infection of MΦ and DC by IAV. Specifically, we examine the potential role of CLRs expressed on MΦ and DC to act as attachment and/or entry receptors for IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Londrigan
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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