1
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Permana D, Putra HE, Djaenudin D. Designed protein multimerization and polymerization for functionalization of proteins. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:341-365. [PMID: 35083582 PMCID: PMC8791688 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Multimeric and polymeric proteins are large biomacromolecules consisting of multiple protein molecules as their monomeric units, connected through covalent or non-covalent bonds. Genetic modification and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins offer alternative strategies for designing and creating multimeric and polymeric proteins. Multimeric proteins are commonly prepared by genetic modification, whereas polymeric proteins are usually created through PTMs. There are two methods that can be applied to create polymeric proteins: self-assembly and crosslinking. Self-assembly offers a spontaneous reaction without a catalyst, while the crosslinking reaction offers some catalyst options, such as chemicals and enzymes. In addition, enzymes are excellent catalysts because they provide site-specificity, rapid reaction, mild reaction conditions, and activity and functionality maintenance of protein polymers. However, only a few enzymes are applicable for the preparation of protein polymers. Most of the other enzymes are effective only for protein conjugation or labeling. Here, we review novel and applicable strategies for the preparation of multimeric proteins through genetic modification and self-assembly. We then describe the formation of protein polymers through site-selective crosslinking reactions catalyzed by enzymes, crosslinking reactions of non-natural amino acids, and protein-peptide (SpyCatcher/SpyTag) interactions. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of these protein polymers. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Research Unit for Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Cisitu, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
| | - Herlian Eriska Putra
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Cisitu, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Djaenudin Djaenudin
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, The National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Cisitu, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
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2
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Minamihata K, Tanaka Y, Santoso P, Goto M, Kozome D, Taira T, Kamiya N. Orthogonal Enzymatic Conjugation Reactions Create Chitin Binding Domain Grafted Chitinase Polymers with Enhanced Antifungal Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1688-1698. [PMID: 34251809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic reaction offers site-specific conjugation of protein units to form protein conjugates or protein polymers with intrinsic functions. Herein, we report horseradish peroxidase (HRP)- and microbial transglutaminase (MTG)-catalyzed orthogonal conjugation reactions to create antifungal protein polymers composed of Pteris ryukyuensis chitinase-A (ChiA) and its two domains, catalytic domain, CatD, and chitin-binding domain, LysM2. We engineered the ChiA and CatD by introducing a peptide tag containing tyrosine (Y-tag) at N-termini and a peptide tag containing lysine and tyrosine (KY-tag) at C-termini to construct Y-ChiA-KY and Y-CatD-KY. Also, LysM2 with Y-tag and KY-tag (Y-LysM2-KY) or with a glutamine-containing peptide tag (Q-tag) (LysM2-Q) were constructed. The proteins with Y-tag and KY-tag were efficiently polymerized by HRP reaction through the formation of dityrosine bonds at the tyrosine residues in the peptide tags. The Y-CatD-KY polymer was further treated by MTG to orthogonally graft LysM2-Q to the KY-tag via isopeptide formation between the side chains of the glutamine and lysine residues in the peptide tags to form LysM2-grafted CatD polymer. The LysM2-grafted CatD polymer exhibited significantly higher antifungal activity than the homopolymer of Y-ChiA-KY and the random copolymer of Y-CatD-KY and Y-LysM2-KY, demonstrating that the structural differences of artificial chitinase polymers have a significant impact on the antifungal activity. This strategy of polymerization and grafting reaction of protein can contribute to the further research and development of functional protein polymers for specific applications in various fields in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pugoh Santoso
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dan Kozome
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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3
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Bolzati C, Spolaore B. Enzymatic Methods for the Site-Specific Radiolabeling of Targeting Proteins. Molecules 2021; 26:3492. [PMID: 34201280 PMCID: PMC8229434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific conjugation of proteins is currently required to produce homogenous derivatives for medicine applications. Proteins derivatized at specific positions of the polypeptide chain can actually show higher stability, superior pharmacokinetics, and activity in vivo, as compared with conjugates modified at heterogeneous sites. Moreover, they can be better characterized regarding the composition of the derivatization sites as well as the conformational and activity properties. To this aim, several site-specific derivatization approaches have been developed. Among these, enzymes are powerful tools that efficiently allow the generation of homogenous protein-drug conjugates under physiological conditions, thus preserving their native structure and activity. This review will summarize the progress made over the last decade on the use of enzymatic-based methodologies for the production of site-specific labeled immunoconjugates of interest for nuclear medicine. Enzymes used in this field, including microbial transglutaminase, sortase, galactosyltransferase, and lipoic acid ligase, will be overviewed and their recent applications in the radiopharmaceutical field will be described. Since nuclear medicine can benefit greatly from the production of homogenous derivatives, we hope that this review will aid the use of enzymes for the development of better radio-conjugates for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bolzati
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy ICMATE-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, I-35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Spolaore
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- CRIBI Biotechnology Center, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo, 3, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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4
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Permana D, Minamihata K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Strategies for Making Multimeric and Polymeric Bifunctional Protein Conjugates and Their Applications as Bioanalytical Tools. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:425-437. [PMID: 33455962 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20scr07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes play a central role in the detection of target molecules in biotechnological fields. Most probes used in detection are bifunctional proteins comprising enzymes and binding proteins conjugated by chemical reactions. To create a highly sensitive detection probe, it is essential to increase the enzyme-to-binding protein ratio in the probe. However, if the chemical reactions required to prepare the probe are insufficiently site-specific, the detection probe may lose functionality. Genetic modifications and enzyme-mediated post-translational modifications (PTMs) can ensure the site-specific conjugation of proteins. They are therefore promising strategies for the production of detection probes with high enzyme contents, i.e., polymeric bifunctional proteins. Herein, we review recent advances in the preparation of bifunctional protein conjugates and polymeric bifunctional protein conjugates for detection. We have summarized research on genetically fused proteins and enzymatically prepared polymeric bifunctional proteins, and will discuss the potential use of protein polymers in various detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University.,Research Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Kampus LIPI Bandung
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University.,Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
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5
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Permana D, Minamihata K, Sato R, Wakabayashi R, Goto M, Kamiya N. Linear Polymerization of Protein by Sterically Controlled Enzymatic Cross-Linking with a Tyrosine-Containing Peptide Loop. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5160-5169. [PMID: 32201803 PMCID: PMC7081431 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a protein complex needs to be controlled appropriately to maximize its functions. Herein, we report the linear polymerization of bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) through the site-specific cross-linking reaction catalyzed by Trametes sp. laccase (TL). We introduced a peptide loop containing a tyrosine (Y-Loop) to BAP, and the Y-Looped BAP was treated with TL. The Y-Looped BAP formed linear polymers, whereas BAP fused with a C-terminal peptide containing a tyrosine (Y-tag) showed an irregular shape after TL treatment. The sterically confined structure of the Y-Loop could be responsible for the formation of linear BAP polymers. TL-catalyzed copolymerization of Y-Looped BAP and a Y-tagged chimeric antibody-binding protein, pG2pA-Y, resulted in the formation of linear bifunctional protein copolymers that could be employed as protein probes in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Copolymers comprising Y-Looped BAP and pG2pA-Y at a molar ratio of 100:1 exhibited the highest signal in the ELISA with 26- and 20-fold higher than a genetically fused chimeric protein, BAP-pG2pA-Y, and its polymeric form, respectively. This result revealed that the morphology of the copolymers was the most critical feature to improve the functionality of the protein polymers as detection probes, not only for immunoassays but also for other diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Permana
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Research
Unit for Clean Technology, Indonesian Institute
of Sciences (LIPI), Kampus LIPI Bandung Gedung 50, Jl. Cisitu, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Kosuke Minamihata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rie Wakabayashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Division
of Biotechnology, Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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6
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Deweid L, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Microbial transglutaminase for biotechnological and biomedical engineering. Biol Chem 2019; 400:257-274. [PMID: 30291779 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on bacterial transglutaminase dates back to 1989, when the enzyme has been isolated from Streptomyces mobaraensis. Initially discovered during an extensive screening campaign to reduce costs in food manufacturing, it quickly appeared as a robust and versatile tool for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent activity and simple handling. While pioneering attempts to make use of its extraordinary cross-linking ability resulted in heterogeneous polymers, currently it is applied to site-specifically ligate diverse biomolecules yielding precisely modified hybrid constructs comprising two or more components. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of microbial transglutaminase-mediated bioconjugation with the focus on pharmaceutical research. In addition, engineering of the enzyme by directed evolution and rational design is highlighted. Moreover, cumbersome drawbacks of this technique mainly caused by the enzyme's substrate indiscrimination are discussed as well as the ways to bypass these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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7
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Zhang Y, Park KY, Suazo KF, Distefano MD. Recent progress in enzymatic protein labelling techniques and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:9106-9136. [PMID: 30259933 PMCID: PMC6289631 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based conjugates are valuable constructs for a variety of applications. Conjugation of proteins to fluorophores is commonly used to study their cellular localization and the protein-protein interactions. Modification of therapeutic proteins with either polymers or cytotoxic moieties greatly enhances their pharmacokinetics or potency. To label a protein of interest, conventional direct chemical reaction with the side-chains of native amino acids often yields heterogeneously modified products. This renders their characterization complicated, requires difficult separation steps and may impact protein function. Although modification can also be achieved via the insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing bioorthogonal functional groups, these methods can have lower protein expression yields, limiting large scale production. As a site-specific modification method, enzymatic protein labelling is highly efficient and robust under mild reaction conditions. Significant progress has been made over the last five years in modifying proteins using enzymatic methods for numerous applications, including the creation of clinically relevant conjugates with polymers, cytotoxins or imaging agents, fluorescent or affinity probes to study complex protein interaction networks, and protein-linked materials for biosensing. This review summarizes developments in enzymatic protein labelling over the last five years for a panel of ten enzymes, including sortase A, subtiligase, microbial transglutaminase, farnesyltransferase, N-myristoyltransferase, phosphopantetheinyl transferases, tubulin tyrosin ligase, lipoic acid ligase, biotin ligase and formylglycine generating enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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8
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Laccase-catalyzed bioconjugation of tyrosine-tagged functional proteins. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:559-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Steffen W, Ko FC, Patel J, Lyamichev V, Albert TJ, Benz J, Rudolph MG, Bergmann F, Streidl T, Kratzsch P, Boenitz-Dulat M, Oelschlaegel T, Schraeml M. Discovery of a microbial transglutaminase enabling highly site-specific labeling of proteins. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15622-15635. [PMID: 28751378 PMCID: PMC5612097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.797811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial transglutaminases (MTGs) catalyze the formation of Gln–Lys isopeptide bonds and are widely used for the cross-linking of proteins and peptides in food and biotechnological applications (e.g. to improve the texture of protein-rich foods or in generating antibody-drug conjugates). Currently used MTGs have low substrate specificity, impeding their biotechnological use as enzymes that do not cross-react with nontarget substrates (i.e. as bio-orthogonal labeling systems). Here, we report the discovery of an MTG from Kutzneria albida (KalbTG), which exhibited no cross-reactivity with known MTG substrates or commonly used target proteins, such as antibodies. KalbTG was produced in Escherichia coli as soluble and active enzyme in the presence of its natural inhibitor ammonium to prevent potentially toxic cross-linking activity. The crystal structure of KalbTG revealed a conserved core similar to other MTGs but very short surface loops, making it the smallest MTG characterized to date. Ultra-dense peptide array technology involving a pool of 1.4 million unique peptides identified specific recognition motifs for KalbTG in these peptides. We determined that the motifs YRYRQ and RYESK are the best Gln and Lys substrates of KalbTG, respectively. By first reacting a bifunctionalized peptide with the more specific KalbTG and in a second step with the less specific MTG from Streptomyces mobaraensis, a successful bio-orthogonal labeling system was demonstrated. Fusing the KalbTG recognition motif to an antibody allowed for site-specific and ratio-controlled labeling using low label excess. Its site specificity, favorable kinetics, ease of use, and cost-effective production render KalbTG an attractive tool for a broad range of applications, including production of therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojtek Steffen
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany,
| | - Fu Chong Ko
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jigar Patel
- Roche Sequencing, NimbleGen, Madison, Wisconsin 53719, and
| | | | | | - Jörg Benz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Rudolph
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Bergmann
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Streidl
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kratzsch
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Schraeml
- From Roche Diagnostics GmbH, CPS, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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10
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Demeter O, Fodor EA, Kállay M, Mező G, Németh K, Szabó PT, Kele P. A Double-Clicking Bis-Azide Fluorogenic Dye for Bioorthogonal Self-Labeling Peptide Tags. Chemistry 2016; 22:6382-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Demeter
- Chemical Biology Research Group; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar tudósok krt. 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Eszter A. Fodor
- Chemical Biology Research Group; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar tudósok krt. 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Mihály Kállay
- MTA-BME “Lendület” Quantum Chemistry Research Group; Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science; Budapest University of Technology and Economics; P.O. Box 91 1521 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Pázmány Péter sétány 1 a 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Krisztina Németh
- Chemical Biology Research Group; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar tudósok krt. 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Pál T. Szabó
- MS Metabolomics Research Group; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar tudósok krt. 2 1117 Budapest Hungary)
| | - Péter Kele
- Chemical Biology Research Group; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Research Centre for Natural Sciences; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Magyar tudósok krt. 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
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11
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Zhang G, Zheng S, Liu H, Chen PR. Illuminating biological processes through site-specific protein labeling. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3405-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00393d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review introduces strategies for site-specific protein labeling, and highlights its advantages in solving biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies
- Peking University
- Beijing
- China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences
| | - Siqi Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Haiping Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education
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12
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Rachel NM, Pelletier JN. Biotechnological applications of transglutaminases. Biomolecules 2013; 3:870-88. [PMID: 24970194 PMCID: PMC4030973 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, transglutaminases catalyze the formation of amide bonds between proteins to form insoluble protein aggregates. This specific function has long been exploited in the food and textile industries as a protein cross-linking agent to alter the texture of meat, wool, and leather. In recent years, biotechnological applications of transglutaminases have come to light in areas ranging from material sciences to medicine. There has also been a substantial effort to further investigate the fundamentals of transglutaminases, as many of their characteristics that remain poorly understood. Those studies also work towards the goal of developing transglutaminases as more efficient catalysts. Progress in this area includes structural information and novel chemical and biological assays. Here, we review recent achievements in this area in order to illustrate the versatility of transglutaminases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Rachel
- Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Joelle N Pelletier
- Chimie, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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13
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Mori Y, Wakabayashi R, Goto M, Kamiya N. Protein supramolecular complex formation by site-specific avidin-biotin interactions. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 11:914-22. [PMID: 23104386 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26625c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The precise accumulation of protein functions on a nanoscale to fabricate advanced biomaterials has become possible by a bottom-up approach based on molecular self-assembly. The avidin-biotin interaction is widely employed in the design of functional protein self-assemblies. Herein we assessed how the spatial arrangement of the avidin-biotin interaction between protein building blocks affects the formation of a protein supramolecular complex (PSC). The enzymatic site-specific internal labeling of a symmetric protein scaffold, bacterial alkaline phosphatase (AP), with specifically designed biotinylation substrates revealed that the precise positioning of the biotinylation sites on AP and the linker flexibility of the substrate are critical factors for the growth of PSCs in the presence of streptavidin (SA). A potential diagnostic application of the PSCs comprised of AP and SA was demonstrated in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Mori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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14
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Spolaore B, Raboni S, Ramos Molina A, Satwekar A, Damiano N, Fontana A. Local unfolding is required for the site-specific protein modification by transglutaminase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8679-89. [PMID: 23083324 DOI: 10.1021/bi301005z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transglutaminase (TGase) from Streptomyces mobaraensis catalyzes transamidation reactions in a protein substrate leading to the modification of the side chains of Gln and Lys residues according to the A-CONH(2) + H(2)N-B → A-CONH-B + NH(3) reaction, where both A and B can be a protein or a ligand. A noteworthy property of TGase is its susbstrate specificity, so that often only a few specific Gln or Lys residues can be modified in a globular protein. The molecular features of a globular protein dictating the site-specific reactions mediated by TGase are yet poorly understood. Here, we have analyzed the reactivity toward TGase of apomyoglobin (apoMb), α-lactalbumin (α-LA), and fragment 205-316 of thermolysin. These proteins are models of protein structure and folding that have been studied previously using the limited proteolysis technique to unravel regions of local unfolding in their amino acid sequences. The three proteins were modified by TGase at the level of Gln or Lys residues with dansylcadaverine or carbobenzoxy-l-glutaminylglycine, respectively. Despite these model proteins containing several Gln and Lys residues, the sites of TGase derivatization occur over restricted chain regions of the protein substrates. In particular, the TGase-mediated modifications occur in the "helix F" region in apoMb, in the β-domain in apo-α-LA in its molten globule state, and in the N-terminal region in fragment 205-316 of thermolysin. Interestingly, the sites of limited proteolysis are located in the same chain regions of these proteins, thus providing a clear-cut demonstration that chain flexibility or local unfolding overwhelmingly dictates the site-specific modification by both TGase and a protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Spolaore
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy.
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