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Schwarcz S, Kovács P, Kovács T, Ujlaki G, Nyerges P, Uray K, Bai P, Mikó E. The pro- and antineoplastic effects of deoxycholic acid in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell models. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:5273-5282. [PMID: 37145211 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commensal bacteria secrete metabolites that reach distant cancer cells through the circulation and influence cancer behavior. Deoxycholic acid (DCA), a hormone-like metabolite, is a secondary bile acid specifically synthesized by intestinal microbes. DCA may have both pro- and antineoplastic effects in cancers. METHODS AND RESULTS The pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines, Capan-2 and BxPC-3, were treated with 0.7 µM DCA, which corresponds to the reference concentration of DCA in human serum. DCA influenced the expression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes, significantly decreased the expression level of the mesenchymal markers, transcription factor 7- like 2 (TCF7L2), snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SLUG), CLAUDIN-1, and increased the expression of the epithelial genes, zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) and E-CADHERIN, as shown by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Consequently, DCA reduced the invasion capacity of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells in Boyden chamber experiments. DCA induced the protein expression of oxidative/nitrosative stress markers. Moreover, DCA reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) activity in an Aldefluor assay and ALDH1 protein level, suggesting that DCA reduced stemness in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In Seahorse experiments, DCA induced all fractions of mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic flux. The ratio of mitochondrial oxidation and glycolysis did not change after DCA treatment, suggesting that cells became hypermetabolic. CONCLUSION DCA induced antineoplastic effects in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells by inhibiting EMT, reducing cancer stemness, and inducing oxidative/nitrosative stress and procarcinogenic effects such as hypermetabolic bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szandra Schwarcz
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group ELKH, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Petra Nyerges
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group ELKH, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Hu X, Li J, Zhang H, Yu Q, Wang Y, Li X, Long L, Jiang W, Wang Z. Discovery of dual inhibitors of topoisomerase I and Cyclooxygenase-2 for colon cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Jiang X, Jiang Z, Cheng Q, Sun W, Jiang M, Sun Y. Cholecystectomy promotes the development of colorectal cancer by the alternation of bile acid metabolism and the gut microbiota. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1000563. [PMID: 36213655 PMCID: PMC9540502 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been markedly increasing worldwide, causing a tremendous burden to the healthcare system. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the risk factors and pathogenesis of CRC. Cholecystectomy is a gold standard procedure for treating symptomatic cholelithiasis and gallstone diseases. The rhythm of bile acids entering the intestine is altered after cholecystectomy, which leads to metabolic disorders. Nonetheless, emerging evidence suggests that cholecystectomy might be associated with the development of CRC. It has been reported that alterations in bile acid metabolism and gut microbiota are the two main reasons. However, the potential mechanisms still need to be elucidated. In this review, we mainly discussed how bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota, and the interaction between the two factors influence the development of CRC. Subsequently, we summarized the underlying mechanisms of the alterations in bile acid metabolism after cholecystectomy including cellular level, molecular level, and signaling pathways. The potential mechanisms of the alterations on gut microbiota contain an imbalance of bile acid metabolism, cellular immune abnormality, acid-base imbalance, activation of cancer-related pathways, and induction of toxin, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhongxiu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Sun,
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhou W, Hu D, Xu H, Ji G. Secondary Bile Acids and Tumorigenesis in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:813745. [PMID: 35574393 PMCID: PMC9097900 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.813745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers in the world and is a typical inflammatory tumor. In recent years, the incidence of CRC has been increasing year by year. There is evidence that the intake of high-fat diet and overweight are associated with the incidence of CRC, among which bile acids play a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Studies on the relationship between bile acid metabolism and the occurrence of CRC have gradually become a hot topic, improving the understanding of metabolic factors in the etiology of colorectal cancer. Meanwhile, intestinal flora also plays an important role in the occurrence and development of CRC In this review, the classification of bile acids and their role in promoting the occurrence of CRC are discussed, and we highlights how a high-fat diet affects bile acid metabolism and destroys the integrity of the intestinal barrier and the effects of gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengan Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pudong New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanchen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Režen T, Rozman D, Kovács T, Kovács P, Sipos A, Bai P, Mikó E. The role of bile acids in carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:243. [PMID: 35429253 PMCID: PMC9013344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBile acids are soluble derivatives of cholesterol produced in the liver that subsequently undergo bacterial transformation yielding a diverse array of metabolites. The bulk of bile acid synthesis takes place in the liver yielding primary bile acids; however, other tissues have also the capacity to generate bile acids (e.g. ovaries). Hepatic bile acids are then transported to bile and are subsequently released into the intestines. In the large intestine, a fraction of primary bile acids is converted to secondary bile acids by gut bacteria. The majority of the intestinal bile acids undergo reuptake and return to the liver. A small fraction of secondary and primary bile acids remains in the circulation and exert receptor-mediated and pure chemical effects (e.g. acidic bile in oesophageal cancer) on cancer cells. In this review, we assess how changes to bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid flux and local bile acid concentration modulate the behavior of different cancers. Here, we present in-depth the involvement of bile acids in oesophageal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian cancer. Previous studies often used bile acids in supraphysiological concentration, sometimes in concentrations 1000 times higher than the highest reported tissue or serum concentrations likely eliciting unspecific effects, a practice that we advocate against in this review. Furthermore, we show that, although bile acids were classically considered as pro-carcinogenic agents (e.g. oesophageal cancer), the dogma that switch, as lower concentrations of bile acids that correspond to their serum or tissue reference concentration possess anticancer activity in a subset of cancers. Differences in the response of cancers to bile acids lie in the differential expression of bile acid receptors between cancers (e.g. FXR vs. TGR5). UDCA, a bile acid that is sold as a generic medication against cholestasis or biliary surge, and its conjugates were identified with almost purely anticancer features suggesting a possibility for drug repurposing. Taken together, bile acids were considered as tumor inducers or tumor promoter molecules; nevertheless, in certain cancers, like breast cancer, bile acids in their reference concentrations may act as tumor suppressors suggesting a Janus-faced nature of bile acids in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Patrik Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Fu J, Yu M, Xu W, Yu S. Research Progress of Bile Acids in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:778258. [PMID: 35127481 PMCID: PMC8810494 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.778258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) were originally known as detergents to facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. And our current knowledge of BAs has been extended to potential carcinogenic or cancer suppressor factors due to constant research. In fact, BAs were regarded as a tumor promoters as early as the 1940s. Differential bile acid signals emitted by various bile acid profiles can produce distinct pathophysiological traits, thereby participating in the occurrence and development of tumors. Nevertheless, in recent years, more and more studies have noticed the value of BAs as therapeutic targets. And several studies have applied BAs as a therapeutic agent for various diseases including cancer. Based on the above evidence, we acknowledge that the role of BAs in cancer has yet to be exploited, although considerable efforts have been made to probe the functions of BAs. In this review, we describe the characteristics of BAs as a double-edged sword in cancer, hoping to provide references for future cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Fu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Wenxia Xu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Shian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Shian Yu,
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Zhang H, Xu H, Zhang C, Tang Q, Bi F. Ursodeoxycholic acid suppresses the malignant progression of colorectal cancer through TGR5-YAP axis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:207. [PMID: 34365464 PMCID: PMC8349355 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hippo/YAP pathway plays an important role in the development of cancers. Previous studies have reported that bile acids can activate YAP (Yes Associated Protein) to promote tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a long-established old drug used for cholestasis treatment. So far, the effect of UDCA on YAP signaling in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well defined. This study means to explore relationship of UDCA and YAP in CRC. UDCA suppressed YAP signaling by activating the membrane G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5). TGR5 mainly regulated cAMP/PKA signaling pathway to inhibit RhoA activity, thereby suppressing YAP signaling. Moreover, the restoration of YAP expression alleviated the inhibitory effect of UDCA on CRC cell proliferation. In AOM/DSS-induced CRC model, UDCA inhibited tumor growth in a concentration-dependent manner and decreased expression of YAP and Ki67. UDCA plays a distinguished role in regulating YAP signaling and CRC growth from the primary bile acids and partial secondary bile acids, demonstrating the importance of maintaining normal intestinal bile acid metabolism in cancer patients. It also presents a potential therapeutic intervention for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huanji Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chenliang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.
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Sikavi DR, Nguyen LH, Haruki K, Ugai T, Ma W, Wang DD, Thompson KN, Yan Y, Branck T, Wilkinson JE, Akimoto N, Zhong R, Lau MC, Mima K, Kosumi K, Morikawa T, Rimm EB, Garrett WS, Izard J, Cao Y, Song M, Huttenhower C, Ogino S, Chan AT. The Sulfur Microbial Diet and Risk of Colorectal Cancer by Molecular Subtypes and Intratumoral Microbial Species in Adult Men. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00338. [PMID: 34333506 PMCID: PMC8323793 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We recently described the sulfur microbial diet, a pattern of intake associated with increased gut sulfur-metabolizing bacteria and incidence of distal colorectal cancer (CRC). We assessed whether this risk differed by CRC molecular subtypes or presence of intratumoral microbes involved in CRC pathogenesis (Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bifidobacterium spp.). METHODS We performed Cox proportional hazards modeling to examine the association between the sulfur microbial diet and incidence of overall and distal CRC by molecular and microbial subtype in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2012). RESULTS We documented 1,264 incident CRC cases among 48,246 men, approximately 40% of whom had available tissue data. After accounting for multiple hypothesis testing, the relationship between the sulfur microbial diet and CRC incidence did not differ by subtype. However, there was a suggestion of an association by prostaglandin synthase 2 (PTGS2) status with a multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for highest vs lowest tertile of sulfur microbial diet scores of 1.31 (95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.74, Ptrend = 0.07, Pheterogeneity = 0.04) for PTGS2-high CRC. The association of the sulfur microbial diet with distal CRC seemed to differ by the presence of intratumoral Bifidobacterium spp. with an adjusted hazard ratio for highest vs lowest tertile of sulfur microbial diet scores of 1.65 (95% confidence interval: 1.14-2.39, Ptrend = 0.01, Pheterogeneity = 0.03) for Bifidobacterium-negative distal CRC. We observed no apparent heterogeneity by other tested molecular markers. DISCUSSION Greater long-term adherence to the sulfur microbial diet could be associated with PTGS2-high and Bifidobacterium-negative distal CRC in men. Additional studies are needed to further characterize the role of gut microbial sulfur metabolism and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Sikavi
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Long H. Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Koichiro Haruki
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomotaka Ugai
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dong D. Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelsey N. Thompson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tobyn Branck
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy E. Wilkinson
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naohiko Akimoto
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rong Zhong
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mai Chan Lau
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kosuke Mima
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Teppei Morikawa
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric B. Rimm
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wendy S. Garrett
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacques Izard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer Immunology and Cancer Epidemiology Programs, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew T. Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Fibroblast Subsets in Intestinal Homeostasis, Carcinogenesis, Tumor Progression, and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020183. [PMID: 33430285 PMCID: PMC7825703 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer often develops via the adenoma–carcinoma sequence, a process which is accompanied by (epi) genetic alterations in epithelial cells and gradual phenotypic changes in fibroblast populations. Recent studies have made it clear that these fibroblast populations which, in the context of invasive cancers are termed cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), play an important role in intestinal tumor progression. This review provides an overview on the emerging role of fibroblasts in various stages of colorectal cancer development, ranging from adenoma initiation to metastatic spread of tumor cells. As fibroblasts show considerable heterogeneity in subsets and phenotypes during cancer development, a better functional understanding of stage-specific (alterations in) fibroblast/CAF populations is key to increase the effectiveness of fibroblast-based prognosticators and therapies. Abstract In intestinal homeostasis, continuous renewal of the epithelium is crucial to withstand the plethora of stimuli which can damage the structural integrity of the intestines. Fibroblasts contribute to this renewal by facilitating epithelial cell differentiation as well as providing the structural framework in which epithelial cells can regenerate. Upon dysregulation of intestinal homeostasis, (pre-) malignant neoplasms develop, a process which is accompanied by (epi) genetic alterations in epithelial cells as well as phenotypic changes in fibroblast populations. In the context of invasive carcinomas, these fibroblast populations are termed cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). CAFs are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and consist of various functionally heterogeneous subsets which can promote or restrain cancer progression. Although most previous research has focused on the biology of epithelial cells, accumulating evidence shows that certain fibroblast subsets can also importantly contribute to tumor initiation and progression, thereby possibly providing avenues for improvement of clinical care for CRC patients. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the emerging role of fibroblasts in various stages of CRC development, ranging from adenoma initiation to the metastatic spread of cancer cells. In addition, we highlighted translational and therapeutic perspectives of fibroblasts in the different stages of intestinal tumor progression.
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The Emerging Role of Microbiota and Microbiome in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120565. [PMID: 33287196 PMCID: PMC7761686 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors due to the absence of biomarkers for early-stage detection and poor response to therapy. Since mounting evidence supports the role of microbiota composition in tumorigenesis and cancer treatment, the link between microbiome and PDAC has been described. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the impact of the gut and oral microbiome on the risk of PDAC development. Microenvironment-driven therapy and immune system interactions are also discussed. More importantly, we provide an overview of the clinical trials evaluating the microbiota role in the risk, prognosis, and treatment of patients suffering from PDAC and solid tumors. According to the research findings, immune tolerance might result from the microbiota-derived remodeling of pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Thus, microbiome profiling and targeting represent the potential trend to enhance antitumor immunity and improve the efficacy of PDAC treatment.
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Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Versatile Players in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092652. [PMID: 32957515 PMCID: PMC7564346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key players in the tumor microenvironment. They are responsible for potentiating growth and metastasis through versatile functions, including maintenance of the extracellular matrix, blood vessel formation, modulation of tumor metabolism, suppression of antitumor immunity, and promotion of chemotherapy resistance. As such, CAFs are associated with poor prognosis and have emerged as a focus of anticancer research. In this review, we discuss the origins of CAFs, their heterogenous subtypes and their properties. We then detail the current state of preclinical and clinical research targeting CAF activities. We believe the limited efficacy of current cancer therapeutic approaches is driven by an incomplete understanding of CAF functions and by a nonstandardized CAF classification system. Therefore, we suggest a unified CAF classification based on specific functions to develop a new class of therapies that will focus on targeting the pro-tumorigenic properties of CAFs during tumor progression. Abstract Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are indispensable architects of the tumor microenvironment. They perform the essential functions of extracellular matrix deposition, stromal remodeling, tumor vasculature modulation, modification of tumor metabolism, and participation in crosstalk between cancer and immune cells. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the principal differences between normal fibroblasts and CAFs, the origin of CAFs, their functions, and ultimately, highlight the intimate connection of CAFs to virtually all of the hallmarks of cancer. We address the remarkable degree of functional diversity and phenotypic plasticity displayed by CAFs and strive to stratify CAF biology among different tumor types into practical functional groups. Finally, we summarize the status of recent and ongoing trials of CAF-directed therapies and contend that the paucity of trials resulting in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals thus far is a consequence of the failure to identify targets exclusive of pro-tumorigenic CAF phenotypes that are mechanistically linked to specific CAF functions. We believe that the development of a unified CAF nomenclature, the standardization of functional assays to assess the loss-of-function of CAF properties, and the establishment of rigorous definitions of CAF subpopulations and their mechanistic functions in cancer progression will be crucial to fully realize the promise of CAF-targeted therapies.
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Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165786. [PMID: 32806665 PMCID: PMC7460823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities and human cells, through a dynamic crosstalk, maintain a mutualistic relationship that contributes to the maintenance of cellular metabolism and of the immune and neuronal systems. This dialogue normally occurs through the production and regulation of hormonal intermediates, metabolites, secondary metabolites, proteins, and toxins. When the balance between host and microbiota is compromised, the dynamics of this relationship change, creating favorable conditions for the development of diseases, including cancers. Microbiome metabolites can be important modulators of the tumor microenvironment contributing to regulate inflammation, proliferation, and cell death, in either a positive or negative way. Recent studies also highlight the involvement of microbiota metabolites in inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thus favoring the setup of the metastatic niche. An investigation of microbe-derived metabolites in "liquid" human samples, such as plasma, serum, and urine, provide further information to clarify the relationship between host and microbiota.
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Wang J, Han Y, Wang M, Zhao Q, Chen X, Liu X. Natural triterpenoid saponin Momordin Ic suppresses HepG2 cell invasion via COX-2 inhibition and PPARγ activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104784. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sheng J, Sun H, Yu FB, Li B, Zhang Y, Zhu YT. The Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1095-1101. [PMID: 32410839 PMCID: PMC7211146 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.44439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third common cancer in this world, accounting for more than 1 million cases each year. However, detailed etiology and mechanism of colorectal cancer have not been fully understood. For example, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been closely linked to its occurrence, progression and prognosis. However, the mechanisms on how COX-2 and PGE2-mediate the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer are obscure. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in studies of pathogenesis and control in colorectal cancer to assist further advances in the research for the cure of the cancer. In addition, the knowledge gained may also guide the audiences for reduction of the risk and control of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Hong Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Fu-Bing Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Tissue Tech Inc, Miami, Florida 33032, USA
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15
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Jiang Y, Chen X, Fu S. Advances in the Correlation between Intestinal Microbiota and Breast Cancer Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2020.1112066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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COX-2 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1277:87-104. [PMID: 33119867 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50224-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a multistep, complicated process, and many studies have been completed over the last few decades to elucidate this process. Increasingly, many studies have shifted focus toward the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of cellular players, cell-cell communications, and extracellular matrix (ECM). In the TME, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been found to be a key molecule mediating the microenvironment changes. COX-2 is an inducible form of the enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into the signal transduction molecules (thromboxanes and prostaglandins). COX-2 is frequently expressed in many types of cancers and has been closely linked to its occurrence, progression, and prognosis. For example, COX-2 has been shown to (1) regulate tumor cell growth, (2) promote tissue invasion and metastasis, (3) inhibit apoptosis, (4) suppress antitumor immunity, and (5) promote sustainable angiogenesis. In this chapter, we summarize recent advances of studies that have evaluated COX-2 signaling in TME.
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Abstract
Eicosanoids are bioactive lipids that play crucial roles in various pathophysiological conditions, including inflammation and cancer. They include both the COX-derived prostaglandins and the LOX-derived leukotrienes. Furthermore, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways family of receptor tyrosine kinases also are known to play a central role in the tumorigenesis. Various antitumor modalities have been approved cancer treatments that target therapeutically the COX-2 and EGFR pathways; these include selective COX-2 inhibitors and EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Research has shown that the COX-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor pathways actively interact with each other in order to orchestrate carcinogenesis. This has been used to justify a targeted combinatorial approach aimed at these two pathways. Although combined therapies have been found to have a greater antitumor effect than the administration of single agent, this does not exempt them from the possible fatal cardiac effects that are associated with COX-2 inhibition. In this review, we delineate the contribution of HB-EGF, an important EGFR ligand, to the cardiac dysfunction related to decreased shedding of HB-EGF after COX-2/PGE2 inhibition. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these cardiac side effects will make possible more effective regimens that use the dual-targeting approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chieh Yang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Chang
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Stomatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Nguyen TT, Ung TT, Kim NH, Jung YD. Role of bile acids in colon carcinogenesis. World J Clin Cases 2018; 6:577-588. [PMID: 30430113 PMCID: PMC6232560 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v6.i13.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver and then secreted into the intestine for lipid absorption. There are numerous scientific reports describing BAs, especially secondary BAs, as strong carcinogens or promoters of colon cancers. Firstly, BAs act as strong stimulators of colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation by damaging colonic epithelial cells, and inducing reactive oxygen species production, genomic destabilization, apoptosis resistance, and cancer stem cells-like formation. Consequently, BAs promote CRC progression via multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting apoptosis, enhancing cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. There are diverse signals involved in the carcinogenesis mechanism of BAs, with a major role of epidermal growth factor receptor, and its down-stream signaling, involving mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. BAs regulate numerous genes including the human leukocyte antigen class I gene, p53, matrix metalloprotease, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, Cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-8, and miRNAs of CRC cells, leading to CRC promotion. These evidence suggests that targeting BAs is an efficacious strategies for CRC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thinh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeonnam 58138, South Korea
| | - Trong Thuan Ung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeonnam 58138, South Korea
| | - Nam Ho Kim
- Department of Nephrology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-190, South Korea
| | - Young Do Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeonnam 58138, South Korea
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Hull MA, Cuthbert RJ, Ko CWS, Scott DJ, Cartwright EJ, Hawcroft G, Perry SL, Ingram N, Carr IM, Markham AF, Bonifer C, Coletta PL. Paracrine cyclooxygenase-2 activity by macrophages drives colorectal adenoma progression in the Apc Min/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6074. [PMID: 28729694 PMCID: PMC5519705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 abrogates intestinal adenoma development at early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. COX-2 is localised to stromal cells (predominantly macrophages) in human and mouse intestinal adenomas. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that paracrine Cox-2-mediated signalling from macrophages drives adenoma growth and progression in vivo in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Using a transgenic C57Bl/6 mouse model of Cox-2 over-expression driven by the chicken lysozyme locus (cLys-Cox-2), which directs integration site-independent, copy number-dependent transgene expression restricted to macrophages, we demonstrated that stromal macrophage Cox-2 in colorectal (but not small intestinal) adenomas from cLys-Cox-2 x ApcMin/+ mice was associated with significantly increased tumour size (P = 0.025) and multiplicity (P = 0.025), compared with control ApcMin/+ mice. Transgenic macrophage Cox-2 expression was associated with increased dysplasia, epithelial cell Cox-2 expression and submucosal tumour invasion, as well as increased nuclear β-catenin translocation in dysplastic epithelial cells. In vitro studies confirmed that paracrine macrophage Cox-2 signalling drives catenin-related transcription in intestinal epithelial cells. Paracrine macrophage Cox-2 activity drives growth and progression of ApcMin/+ mouse colonic adenomas, linked to increased epithelial cell β-catenin dysregulation. Stromal cell (macrophage) gene regulation and signalling represent valid targets for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hull
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard J Cuthbert
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - C W Stanley Ko
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Hawcroft
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Perry
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Ingram
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Translational Medicine, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander F Markham
- Section of Translational Medicine, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - P Louise Coletta
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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Jacalin Has Chemopreventive Effects on Colon Cancer Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4614357. [PMID: 28676858 PMCID: PMC5476885 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4614357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, which is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, has a slow natural history that provides a great opportunity for prevention strategies. Plant-derived natural products have received considerable attention because of their inherent colorectal cancer chemopreventive effects. The plant lectin jacalin specifically recognizes the tumor-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and has antiproliferative effects on human colon cancer cells, highlighting its potential antitumor activity. To evaluate jacalin's potential application in colorectal cancer chemoprevention, we studied its effects on the early stages of carcinogenesis. Balb/c mice were given 4 intrarectal deposits of 0.1 ml solution of Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitroso-Guanidine (5 mg/ml) twice a week (with a 3-day interval) for 2 weeks. Starting 2 weeks before carcinogen administration, animals were treated orally with jacalin (0.5 and 25 μg) three times a week (on alternate weekdays) for 10 weeks. We show that jacalin treatment reduced the number of preneoplastic lesions in carcinogen-exposed mice. This anticarcinogenic activity was associated with decreased colonic epithelial cell proliferation and stromal COX-2 expression and with increased intestinal production of TNF-α. Our results demonstrate that jacalin is able to modulate the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and emphasize its promising chemopreventive activity in colorectal cancer.
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Liu Y, Sun H, Hu M, Zhang Y, Chen S, Tighe S, Zhu Y. The Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2016; 16:165-172. [PMID: 27810226 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major worldwide health care problem that accounts for 1 million new cases each year. The risk factors for this disease include hereditary factors, environmental agents, and inflammatory stimuli that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Among these risk factors, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is one of the major players in the progression of colorectal cancer; however, the detailed mechanism of its role in causing colorectal cancer is still not well understood. In addition, the role of COX-2 signaling through the interaction in the epithelial and stromal compartments on colorectal carcinogenesis has not been fully illustrated. In the present review, we provide published evidence to demonstrate that (1) COX-2 signaling plays a major role in the progression of colorectal cancer, (2) activation of COX-2 in the stromal compartment also contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis, and (3) inhibition of COX-2 signaling by COX-2 inhibitors might be an effective method to control colorectal cancer. We have also summarized recent advances and insights from mechanistic studies of colorectal cancer to help prevent and control this deadly disease and provide our opinion regarding the importance of risk reduction and disease prevention for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Hu
- The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Research and Development Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL
| | - Shuangling Chen
- Research and Development Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL
| | - Sean Tighe
- Research and Development Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL
| | - Yingting Zhu
- Research and Development Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL.
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Su CW, Zhang Y, Zhu YT. Stromal COX-2 signaling are correlated with colorectal cancer: A review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 107:33-38. [PMID: 27823649 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) play a critical role in development and progression of colorectal cancer. Yet the detailed mechanistic pathways of COX-2 mediated signaling are still controversial and the role of COX-2 interaction in epithelial-stromal compartments on colorectal carcinogenesis is not well-understood either. In this review, we provide experimental evidence to support that (1) COX-2 signaling plays a major role in development and progression of colorectal cancer; (2) Stromal fibroblasts are a major source of COX-2 and PGE2; (3) Stromal-epithelial interaction mediated by COX-2 signaling promotes colorectal carcinogenesis and (4) Inhibition of stromal COX-2 signaling is necessary to control colorectal cancer. In conclusion, the evidences summarized in the review reflect recent advances and insight in mechanistic studies of colorectal cancer which can help the audiences to further understand the etiology and the control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Su
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying-Ting Zhu
- R&D Department, TissueTech, Inc., Ocular Surface Center, Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL, USA.
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Li F, Zhu YT. HGF-activated colonic fibroblasts mediates carcinogenesis of colonic epithelial cancer cells via PKC-cMET-ERK1/2-COX-2 signaling. Cell Signal 2015; 27:860-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kamińska K, Szczylik C, Bielecka ZF, Bartnik E, Porta C, Lian F, Czarnecka AM. The role of the cell-cell interactions in cancer progression. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:283-96. [PMID: 25598217 PMCID: PMC4407603 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of cancer research, scientific investigations are based on analysing differences in the secretome, the proteome, the transcriptome, the expression of cell surface molecules, and the deregulation of signal transduction pathways between neoplastic and normal cells. Accumulating evidence indicates a crucial role in carcinogenesis concerning not only stromal cells but also normal cells from target organs and tissue where tumours emerge. The tumour microenvironment (TME) definitively plays an important role in regulating neighbouring cell behaviour. To date, limited attention has been focused upon interactions between cancer cells and normal cells. This review concentrates on the interactions between stromal and healthy cells from the TME in cancer development. In the article, the authors also describe mutations, genes and proteins expression pattern that are involved in tumour development in target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kamińska
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Zhu M, Zhu Y, Lance P. TNFα-activated stromal COX-2 signalling promotes proliferative and invasive potential of colon cancer epithelial cells. Cell Prolif 2014; 46:374-81. [PMID: 23869759 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Up to now it has been unclear whether stromal/epithelial interaction affects progression of colon cancer. This study was designed to examine effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-activated stromal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signalling on proliferation and invasiveness of colon cancer epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and western blotting and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Cell proliferation and invasiveness were determined by transwell chamber assays and protein kinase C (PKC) was assayed by Biotrak(™) PKC Assay System. RESULTS Our results indicated that TNFα, a powerful inflammatory cytokine, strongly promoted COX-2 expression and PGE2 production in colon cancer-associated fibroblasts. Using in vitro assays for estimating proliferative and invasive potential, we discovered that activation of stromal COX-2 signalling significantly promoted proliferation and invasiveness of colon cancer epithelial cells. In addition, selective COX-2 inhibitor N-[2-(Cyclohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]methanesulfonamide, blocked such proliferative and invasive effects on the cancer epithelial cells. In this process, PKC was involved in activation of COX-2 signalling in the fibroblasts. CONCLUSION We conclude that activation of stromal COX-2 signalling by TNFα played a major role in promoting proliferation and invasiveness of colon cancer epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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The up-regulation of cysteine-rich protein 61 induced by transforming growth factor beta enhances osteosarcoma cell migration. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 384:269-77. [PMID: 24037310 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Overexpressed cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) is believed to enhance osteosarcoma (OS) cell metastasis, but the mechanism of Cyr61 overexpression in OS is not clear so far. In this study 33 OS samples were analyzed by immunostaining and focused on two parts: the correlation between overexpression of Cyr61 and OS metastasis; the mechanism of regulating Cyr61 expression in OS. Twenty-five out of 33 cases (75.76 %) with metastasis showed high expression of Cyr61. Furthermore, Cyr61 expression in Saos-2 cells was reduced by siRNA, and lower expression of Cyr61 in Saos-2 cell resulted in a cell migration deficiency and had no effect on cell proliferation. Particularly, Cyr61 expression was significantly increased in Saos-2 cells in response to different dosages of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), indicating that the expression of Cyr61 is TGF-β dependent. A transwell assay showed that Saos-2 cells stimulated with TGF-β had a greater capacity for migration than the control cells. The p38 MAPK-specific inhibitor SB203580 was able to reduce Cyr61 expression and inhibit the migration of Saos-2 cells stimulated with TGF-β. These results obtained provide new evidence that overexpressed Cyr61 plays a key role in the metastasis of OS cells and Cyr61 is a potential target downstream of TGF-β/p38 MAPK to regulate cell migration.
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Servais C, Erez N. From sentinel cells to inflammatory culprits: cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumour-related inflammation. J Pathol 2012; 229:198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Servais
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel 69978
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