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Han Q, Zhu H, Chen X, Liu Z. Non-genetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. Front Med 2017; 11:319-332. [PMID: 28871454 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common microvascular complications in diabetes mellitus patients and is characterized by thickened glomerular basement membrane, increased extracellular matrix formation, and podocyte loss. These phenomena lead to proteinuria and altered glomerular filtration rate, that is, the rate initially increases but progressively decreases. DN has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Its prevalence shows a rapid growth trend and causes heavy social and economic burden in many countries. However, this disease is multifactorial, and its mechanism is poorly understood due to the complex pathogenesis of DN. In this review, we highlight the new molecular insights about the pathogenesis of DN from the aspects of immune inflammation response, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and mitochondrial damage, epigenetics, and podocyte-endothelial communication. This work offers groundwork for understanding the initiation and progression of DN, as well as provides ideas for developing new prevention and treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Han
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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The control of inflammation via the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of tristetraprolin: a tale of two phosphatases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1321-1337. [PMID: 27911715 PMCID: PMC5095909 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the first description of a tristetraprolin (TTP) knockout mouse highlighted the fundamental role of TTP in the restraint of inflammation. Since then, work from several groups has generated a detailed picture of the expression and function of TTP. It is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein that orchestrates the deadenylation and degradation of several mRNAs encoding inflammatory mediators. It is very extensively post-translationally modified, with more than 30 phosphorylations that are supported by at least two independent lines of evidence. The phosphorylation of two particular residues, serines 52 and 178 of mouse TTP (serines 60 and 186 of the human orthologue), has profound effects on the expression, function and localisation of TTP. Here, we discuss the control of TTP biology via its phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, with a particular focus on recent advances and on questions that remain unanswered.
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Wei ZR, Liang C, Feng D, Cheng YJ, Wang WM, Yang DJ, Wang YX, Cai QP. Low tristetraprolin expression promotes cell proliferation and predicts poor patients outcome in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17737-50. [PMID: 26894969 PMCID: PMC4951246 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (also known as TTP, TIS11, ZFP36, and Nup475) is a well-characterized tumor suppressor that is down-regulated in several tumor types. In the current study, we found that TTP expression was markedly reduced in pancreatic cancer samples as compared to matched normal tissues. Low TTP level was associated with age (P=0.037), tumor size (P=0.008), tumor differentiation (P=0.004), postoperative T stage (pT stage, P<0.001), postoperative N stage (pN stage, P=0.008) and TNM stage (P<0.001). Moreover, low TTP expression predicted reduced survival rates and poor patient outcome. We also found that TTP impairs pancreatic cancer cell proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) assay showed that TTP over-expression both increases apoptosis and decreases proliferation in pancreatic cancer cells. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that TTP over-expression downregulates several tumor-related factors, including Pim-1 and IL-6. Our findings indicate that TTP could serve as a potential prognostic indicator in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ran Wei
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jun Cheng
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Min Wang
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Jun Yang
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Xiang Wang
- SIBS (Institute of Health Sciences)-Changzheng Hospital Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Institutes for Translational Medicine (CAS-SMMU), Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Ping Cai
- Department of Gastro-Intestine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Prabhala P, Ammit AJ. Tristetraprolin and its role in regulation of airway inflammation. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:629-38. [PMID: 25429052 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are clinically and socioeconomically important diseases globally. Currently the mainstay of anti-inflammatory therapy in respiratory diseases is corticosteroids. Although corticosteroids have proven clinical efficacy in asthma, many asthmatic inflammatory conditions (e.g., infection, exacerbation, and severe asthma) are not responsive to corticosteroids. Moreover, despite an understanding that COPD progression is driven by inflammation, we currently do not have effective anti-inflammatory strategies to combat this disease. Hence, alternative anti-inflammatory strategies are required. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) has emerged as an important signaling molecule driving airway inflammation, and pharmacological inhibitors against p38 MAPK may provide potential therapies for chronic respiratory disease. In this review, we discuss some of the recent in vitro and in vivo studies targeting p38 MAPK, but suggest that p38 MAPK inhibitors may prove less effective than originally considered because they may block anti-inflammatory molecules along with proinflammatory responses. We propose that an alternative strategy may be to target an anti-inflammatory molecule farther downstream of p38 MAPK, i.e., tristetraprolin (TTP). TTP is an mRNA-destabilizing, RNA-binding protein that enhances the decay of mRNAs, including those encoding proteins implicated in chronic respiratory diseases. We suggest that understanding the molecular mechanism of TTP expression and its temporal regulation will guide future development of novel anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapeutic approaches to combat respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Prabhala
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alaina J Ammit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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