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Jena MK, Khan FB, Ali SA, Abdullah A, Sharma AK, Yadav V, Kancharla S, Kolli P, Mandadapu G, Sahoo AK, Rath PK, Taneera J, Kumar S, Mohanty AK, Goh KW, Ming LC, Ardianto C. Molecular complexity of mammary glands development: a review of lactogenic differentiation in epithelial cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:491-508. [PMID: 37694522 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2252872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a dynamic organ with various physiological processes like cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis during the pregnancy-lactation-involution cycle. It is essential to understand the molecular changes during the lactogenic differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs, the milk-synthesizing cells). The MECs are organized as luminal milk-secreting cells and basal myoepithelial cells (responsible for milk ejection by contraction) that form the alveoli. The branching morphogenesis and lactogenic differentiation of the MECs prepare the gland for lactation. This process is governed by many molecular mediators including hormones, growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, regulatory proteins, etc. Interestingly, various signalling pathways guide lactation and understanding these molecular transitions from pregnancy to lactation will help researchers design further research. Manipulation of genes responsible for milk synthesis and secretion will promote augmentation of milk yield in dairy animals. Identifying protein signatures of lactation will help develop strategies for persistent lactation and shortening the dry period in farm animals. The present review article discusses in details the physiological and molecular changes occurring during lactogenic differentiation of MECs and the associated hormones, regulatory proteins, miRNAs, and signalling pathways. An in-depth knowledge of the molecular events will aid in developing engineered cellular models for studies related to mammary gland diseases of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Pakistan
| | - Amarish Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Yadav
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Anjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | | | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chrismawan Ardianto
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Li M, Zheng Y, Li X, Shen X, Zhang T, Weng B, Mao H, Zhao J. ATBF1 is a potential diagnostic marker of histological grade and functions via WNT5A in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1280. [PMID: 36476423 PMCID: PMC9727999 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histological grade has been demonstrated to be an important factor of breast cancer outcome and is associated with cell differentiation and is currently being evaluated via H&E-stained sections. Molecular biomarkers are essential to improve the accuracy of histological grading. ATBF1, a large transcription factor, has been considered a tumor suppressor gene with frequent mutations or deletions in multiple cancers. In breast cancer, ATBF1 was reported to function in cell differentiation and mammary development. However, its role in the clinic has rarely been reported. METHODS Breast cancer tissues (BCTs) and adjacent noncancerous tissues (ANCTs) were collected to analyze the expression of ATBF1 at the mRNA and protein levels. Three anti-ATBF1 antibodies recognizing independent peptides of ATBF1 (N-terminal end, middle region and C-terminal end) were applied for IHC staining. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence ATBF1 expression and to investigate the roles of ATBF1 in MCF7 cells. Microarrays were introduced to analyze the differentially expressed genes, enriched GO terms and KEGG terms regulated by ATBF1 and its potential downstream genes, which were further confirmed in vitro and in clinical samples. RESULTS The expression of ATBF1 was reduced in BCTs at both the mRNA and protein levels compared with that in ANCTs. ATBF1 protein was predominantly localized in the nucleus of ANCTs but in the cytoplasm of BCTs. Both the mRNA and protein levels of ATBF1 were significantly correlated with histological grade. Consistently, knockdown of ATBF1 increased stemness marker expression and reduced differentiation markers in vitro. Further analysis identified WNT5A as an essential downstream gene of ATBF1 in breast cancer cells. Treatment of WNT5A disrupted cell proliferation induced by ATBF1 silencing. In BCTs, a significant correlation was observed between the expression of WNT5A and ATBF1. CONCLUSION The results indicated that ATBF1 expression might be a useful diagnostic marker associated with histological grade and breast cancer malignancy. WNT5A and its signaling pathway are novel mechanisms by which ATBF1 contributes to breast cancer tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- grid.203507.30000 0000 8950 5267Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China ,Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Yanan Zheng
- grid.203507.30000 0000 8950 5267Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Xujun Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Department of Breast Surgery, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaohan Shen
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Tingxia Zhang
- grid.203507.30000 0000 8950 5267Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Bowen Weng
- grid.203507.30000 0000 8950 5267Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
| | - Haijiao Mao
- grid.203507.30000 0000 8950 5267Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang China
| | - Jiyuan Zhao
- grid.203507.30000 0000 8950 5267Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211 China
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Fu X, Zhang Z, Liu M, Li J, A J, Fu L, Huang C, Dong JT. AR imposes different effects on ZFHX3 transcription depending on androgen status in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:800-812. [PMID: 34953044 PMCID: PMC8817138 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both androgen receptor (AR) and the ZFHX3 transcription factor modulate prostate development. While AR drives prostatic carcinogenesis, ZFHX3 is a tumour suppressor whose loss activates the PI3K/AKT signalling in advanced prostate cancer (PCa). However, it is unknown whether ZFHX3 and AR are functionally related in PCa cells and, if so, how. Here, we report that in AR-positive LNCaP and C4-2B PCa cells, androgen upregulates ZFHX3 transcription via androgen-induced AR binding to the androgen-responsive elements (AREs) of the ZFHX3 promoter. Androgen also upregulated ZFHX3 transcription in vivo, as castration dramatically reduced Zfhx3 mRNA and protein levels in mouse prostates, and ZFHX3 mRNA levels correlated with AR activities in human PCa. Interestingly, the binding of AR to one ARE occurred in the absence of androgen, and the binding repressed ZFHX3 transcription as this repressive binding was interrupted by androgen treatment. The enzalutamide antiandrogen prevented androgen from inducing ZFHX3 transcription and caused excess ZFHX3 protein degradation. In human PCa, ZFHX3 was downregulated and the downregulation correlated with worse patient survival. These findings establish a regulatory relationship between AR and ZFHX3, suggest a role of ZFHX3 in AR function and implicate ZFHX3 loss in the antiandrogen therapies of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun A
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Liu Y, Raimondo M, Wallace MB, Mody K, Stauffer JA, Zhang L, Ji B, Bi Y. Exome Sequencing of Pancreatic Acinar Carcinoma Identified Distinctive Mutation Patterns. Pancreas 2021; 50:1007-1013. [PMID: 34629449 PMCID: PMC8516064 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) is a rare pancreatic cancer. The advancement of treatment is hampered because of the limited knowledge of its molecular mechanism. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from 11 pure ACC surgical samples. Potential germline variants were removed on the basis of polymorphic databases, alternative allele frequency, coverage depth, and Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) annotations after variant calling procedure. Mutation profiles and signatures were assessed through the Mutational Patterns package. RESULTS A median of 34 somatic mutations were detected (range, 19-60). Three novel recurrent small deletions were identified. Common pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma mutations or neuroendocrine tumor mutants were not found. FAT atypical cadherin 4, mucin 5B, titin, and zinc finger homeobox 3 were consistently mutated across 4 independent ACC studies. A high contribution of COSMIC mutational signature 1 was seen in ACC, indicating deamination of 5-methylcytosine. The majority of the patients had COSMIC signatures 6, 15, or 20, relating to defective DNA mismatch repair. Six patients showed COSMIC mutational signature 10 because of the altered activity of DNA polymerase epsilon. CONCLUSIONS Distinct mutational signatures pathways were found in ACC and targeting them may improve clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhang Liu
- From the Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Kabir Mody
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
| | | | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Baoan Ji
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Yan Bi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
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Dong G, Ma G, Wu R, Liu J, Liu M, Gao A, Li X, A J, Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Fu L, Dong JT. ZFHX3 Promotes the Proliferation and Tumor Growth of ER-Positive Breast Cancer Cells Likely by Enhancing Stem-Like Features and MYC and TBX3 Transcription. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113415. [PMID: 33217982 PMCID: PMC7698617 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is a common malignancy, but the understanding of its cellular and molecular mechanisms is limited. The ZFHX3 transcription factor regulates mammary epithelial cells’ proliferation and differentiation by interacting with estrogen and progesterone receptors. Both these receptors play crucial roles in breast cancer development, but whether ZFHX3 also impacts breast cancer is unknown. In this study, the authors aim to determine if ZFHX3 promotes breast cancer cells’ proliferation and tumor growth and explore the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Higher ZFHX3 expression is associated with worse patient survival in breast cancer, ZFHX3 promotes the proliferation and tumor growth of breast cancer cells, and several breast cancer stem cell factors appear to be involved in the role of ZFHX3 in breast cancer growth. The findings suggest that ZFHX3 is a novel oncogenic molecule promoting breast cancer development. Such a molecule could provide novel opportunities for the treatment of breast cancer. Abstract Breast cancer is a common malignancy, but the understanding of its cellular and molecular mechanisms is limited. ZFHX3, a transcription factor with many homeodomains and zinc fingers, suppresses prostatic carcinogenesis but promotes tumor growth of liver cancer cells. ZFHX3 regulates mammary epithelial cells’ proliferation and differentiation by interacting with estrogen and progesterone receptors, potent breast cancer regulators. However, whether ZFHX3 plays a role in breast carcinogenesis is unknown. Here, we found that ZFHX3 promoted the proliferation and tumor growth of breast cancer cells in culture and nude mice; and higher expression of ZFHX3 in human breast cancer specimens was associated with poorer prognosis. The knockdown of ZFHX3 in ZFHX3-high MCF-7 cells decreased, and ZFHX3 overexpression in ZFHX3-low T-47D cells increased the proportion of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) defined by mammosphere formation and the expression of CD44, CD24, and/or aldehyde dehydrogenase 1. Among several transcription factors that have been implicated in BCSCs, MYC and TBX3 were transcriptionally activated by ZFHX3 via promoter binding, as demonstrated by luciferase-reporter and ChIP assays. These findings suggest that ZFHX3 promotes breast cancer cells’ proliferation and tumor growth likely by enhancing BCSC features and upregulating MYC, TBX3, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Ang Gao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Xiawei Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jun A
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China; (G.D.); (G.M.); (J.L.); (M.L.); (A.G.); (X.L.); (J.A.); (L.F.)
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Human Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen 518055, China; (R.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Islam MS, Afrin S, Jones SI, Segars J. Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators-Mechanisms and Therapeutic Utility. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa012. [PMID: 32365199 PMCID: PMC8659360 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) are a new class of compounds developed to target the progesterone receptor (PR) with a mix of agonist and antagonist properties. These compounds have been introduced for the treatment of several gynecological conditions based on the critical role of progesterone in reproduction and reproductive tissues. In patients with uterine fibroids, mifepristone and ulipristal acetate have consistently demonstrated efficacy, and vilaprisan is currently under investigation, while studies of asoprisnil and telapristone were halted for safety concerns. Mifepristone demonstrated utility for the management of endometriosis, while data are limited regarding the efficacy of asoprisnil, ulipristal acetate, telapristone, and vilaprisan for this condition. Currently, none of the SPRMs have shown therapeutic success in treating endometrial cancer. Multiple SPRMs have been assessed for efficacy in treating PR-positive recurrent breast cancer, with in vivo studies suggesting a benefit of mifepristone, and multiple in vitro models suggesting the efficacy of ulipristal acetate and telapristone. Mifepristone, ulipristal acetate, vilaprisan, and asoprisnil effectively treated heavy menstrual bleeding (HBM) in patients with uterine fibroids, but limited data exist regarding the efficacy of SPRMs for HMB outside this context. A notable class effect of SPRMs are benign, PR modulator-associated endometrial changes (PAECs) due to the actions of the compounds on the endometrium. Both mifepristone and ulipristal acetate are effective for emergency contraception, and mifepristone was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2012 for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome due to its additional antiglucocorticoid effect. Based on current evidence, SPRMs show considerable promise for treatment of several gynecologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Soriful Islam
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara Isabel Jones
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James Segars
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Division of Reproductive Sciences & Women’s Health Research, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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ATBF1 Participates in Dual Functions of TGF-β via Regulation of Gene Expression and Protein Translocalization. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050807. [PMID: 32456355 PMCID: PMC7277730 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a critical cytokine to regulate multiple pathophysiological functions. For tumor development and progression, TGF-β was reported to play dual functions as a tumor suppressor and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducer. The mechanism of the TGF-β signaling pathway is essential for TGF-β/Smad-targeted therapy in clinic. Here, ATBF1 was demonstrated to participate in dual functions of TGF-β via different ways. On one hand, ATBF1 expression level was associated with EMT and migration induced by TGF-β. After TGF-β treatment, ATBF1 expression was reduced in a dose- and time-dependent manner, along with the alteration of cell morphology and EMT marker expression. Knockdown of ATBF1 by siRNA further promoted EMT progression and cell migration. On the other hand, ATBF1 localization was associated with cell proliferation inhibited by TGF-β. The number of cells with nucleus localization of ATBF1 in TGF-β activation group was much higher than that in control group. After that, knockdown of ATBF1 by siRNA rescued the inhibition of cell proliferation affected by TGF-β. These data revealed that ATBF1 is a key gene for the dual roles of TGF-β, which may contribute to future therapy.
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Wu R, Fang J, Liu M, A J, Liu J, Chen W, Li J, Ma G, Zhang Z, Zhang B, Fu L, Dong JT. SUMOylation of the transcription factor ZFHX3 at Lys-2806 requires SAE1, UBC9, and PIAS2 and enhances its stability and function in cell proliferation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6741-6753. [PMID: 32249212 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a posttranslational modification (PTM) at a lysine residue and is crucial for the proper functions of many proteins, particularly of transcription factors, in various biological processes. Zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3), also known as AT motif-binding factor 1 (ATBF1), is a large transcription factor that is active in multiple pathological processes, including atrial fibrillation and carcinogenesis, and in circadian regulation and development. We have previously demonstrated that ZFHX3 is SUMOylated at three or more lysine residues. Here, we investigated which enzymes regulate ZFHX3 SUMOylation and whether SUMOylation modulates ZFHX3 stability and function. We found that SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3 each are conjugated to ZFHX3. Multiple lysine residues in ZFHX3 were SUMOylated, but Lys-2806 was the major SUMOylation site, and we also found that it is highly conserved among ZFHX3 orthologs from different animal species. Using molecular analyses, we identified the enzymes that mediate ZFHX3 SUMOylation; these included SUMO1-activating enzyme subunit 1 (SAE1), an E1-activating enzyme; SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 (UBC9), an E2-conjugating enzyme; and protein inhibitor of activated STAT2 (PIAS2), an E3 ligase. Multiple analyses established that both SUMO-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) and SENP2 deSUMOylate ZFHX3. SUMOylation at Lys-2806 enhanced ZFHX3 stability by interfering with its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Functionally, Lys-2806 SUMOylation enabled ZFHX3-mediated cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth of the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. These findings reveal the enzymes involved in, and the functional consequences of, ZFHX3 SUMOylation, insights that may help shed light on ZFHX3's roles in various cellular and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiali Fang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mingcheng Liu
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jun A
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Zhao D, Han X, Huang L, Wang J, Zhang X, Jeon JH, Zhao Q, Dong JT. Transcription factor ZFHX3 regulates calcium influx in mammary epithelial cells in part via the TRPV6 calcium channel. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:366-371. [PMID: 31519324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3) is a transcription factor that regulates multiple cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and neoplastic development. It is also involved in the function of steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone and the peptide hormone prolactin in mammary epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated whether and how ZFHX3 regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis in mammary epithelial cells. We found that ZFHX3 affected both store operated calcium entry and store independent calcium entry (SOCE and SICE). Simultaneously, the expression of the calcium channel TRPV6 was regulated by ZFHX3, as demonstrated by expression analysis and luciferase reporter assay. In cells with knockdown of ZFHX3, calcium entry was partially rescued by the overexpression of wild type but not the pore mutants of TRPV6. In addition, overexpression of TRPV6 promoted differentiation of the MCF10A mammary epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture, which is consistent with our previous findings that ZFHX3 is essential for mammary gland differentiation. These findings suggest that ZFHX3 plays an important role in intracellular calcium homeostasis in mammary epithelial cells, at least in part, by regulating TRPV6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xueying Han
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ju-Hong Jeon
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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ZFHX3 is indispensable for ERβ to inhibit cell proliferation via MYC downregulation in prostate cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:28. [PMID: 30979864 PMCID: PMC6461672 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2, also known as estrogen receptor beta (ERβ)) and the zinc-finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3, also known as ATBF1 for AT motif-binding factor 1) modulate prostate development and suppress prostatic tumorigenesis in mice. ZFHX3 is integral to proper functions of ESR1 (i.e., estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)), which belongs to the same family of proteins as ESR2, but is hardly expressed in prostate epithelial cells. It is not clear how ZFHX3 suppresses prostatic tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated whether ZFHX3 and ERβ functionally interact with each other in the suppression of prostatic tumorigenesis. In two androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate cancer cell lines, C4-2B and LNCaP, we first validated ERβ’s tumor suppressor activity indicated by the inhibition of cell proliferation and repression of MYC expression. We found that loss of ZFHX3 increased cell proliferation and MYC expression, and downregulation of MYC was necessary for ZFHX3 to inhibit cell proliferation in the same cell lines. Importantly, loss of ZFHX3 prevented ERβ from suppressing cell proliferation and repressing MYC transcription. Biochemically, ERβ and ZFHX3 physically interacted with each other and they both occupied the same region of the common MYC promoter, even though ZFHX3 also bound to another region of the MYC promoter. Higher levels of ZFHX3 and ERβ in human prostate cancer tissue samples correlated with better patient survival. These findings establish MYC repression as a mechanism for ZFHX3’s tumor suppressor activity and ZFHX3 as an indispensable factor for ERβ’s tumor suppressor activity in prostate cancer cells. Our data also suggest that intact ZFHX3 function is required for using ERβ-selective agonists to effectively treat prostate cancer.
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11
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Ma G, Gao A, Yang Y, He Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Zhang Z, Li M, Fu X, Zhao D, Wu R, Qi L, Hu Q, Li J, Fu L, Zhu Z, Dong JT. Zfhx3 is essential for progesterone/progesterone receptor signaling to drive ductal side-branching and alveologenesis in mouse mammary glands. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:119-131. [PMID: 30954439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone (Pg)/progesterone receptor (PR) signaling drives mammary gland side-branching and alveologenesis, but the mechanisms through which Pg/PR signaling functions remain to be clarified. Using in vitro and in vivo models and histological and molecular analyses, we determined the role of Zfhx3 transcription factor in mammary gland development driven by Pg/PR signaling. Postnatal deletion of Zfhx3 in mouse mammary epithelial cells attenuated side-branching morphogenesis and alveologenesis. These effects were undetectable in the absence of Pg/PR signaling. During the estrus cycle, Zfhx3 expression corresponded to that of Pg, being at the highest level at the diestrus stage; Zfhx3 deletion inhibited mammary gland branching more potently at diestrus than estrus stage. Loss of Zfhx3 not only attenuated the expansion of stem/progenitor cells driven by Pg/PR signaling, but also impaired the function of Pg/PR signaling in the transcriptional activation of multiple genes. In addition, Pg/PR signaling significantly expanded PR- and Zfhx3-positive epithelial cells, and induced the physical association of ZFHX3 with PR. These findings establish Zfhx3 as an integral transcription factor of Pg/PR signaling in driving side-branching and alveologenesis during mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Ma
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ang Gao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yinan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yuan He
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mei Li
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo, 315020, China
| | - Xing Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Leilei Qi
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingxia Hu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Liya Fu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhengmao Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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12
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Wang K, Hui Y, Zhang S, Wang M, Yan H, Zhu H, Qu L, Lan X, Pan C. A deletion mutation within the ATBF1 gene is strongly associated with goat litter size. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:174-180. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1561459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yiqing Hui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Shaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hailong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin, China
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin, China
| | - Haijing Zhu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin, China
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin, China
| | - Lei Qu
- Shaanxi Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Cashmere Goats, Yulin University, Yulin, China
- Life Science Research Center, Yulin University, Yulin, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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13
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Wei Z, Wang K, Hui Y, Yan H, Zhu H, Qu L, Pan C, Chen H, Lan X. Detection of insertion/deletions (indels) of the <i>ATBF1</i> gene and their effects on growth-related traits in three indigenous goat breeds. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-311-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The AT motif-binding factor (ATBF1), also known as zinc finger homeobox 3
(ZFXH3), is necessary for activating the POU1F1 gene; thus,
the ATBF1 gene greatly affects the grow traits in animals. The
objective of this work was to explore novel indel (insertion/deletion)
variations and their associations with growth traits in three native Chinese
goat breeds. Two indels within the ATBF1 gene were found in the
Shaanbei white cashmere goat (SWCG; n=581), the Guanzhong dairy goat
(GZDG; n=334) and the Hainan black goat (HNBG; n=270) for the first time
using 12 pairs of primers. Association analysis revealed that the P1-12-bp
indel was consistently correlated with the body height of the three breeds,
and individuals with ID (insertion/deletion) and
DD (deletion/deletion) genotypes had a higher body weight than the
II (insertion/insertion) genotype (P=0.036); the P11-6-bp indel
was consistently correlated with chest circumference and hip width of the
three breeds. Moreover, these two loci were associated with other several
growth-related traits in different breeds. Hence, these findings indicated
that the goat ATBF1 gene had marked effects on growth traits and the
growth-trait-related loci, which would contribute to improving the
growth-related traits of local breeds in the goat industry by implementing
marker-assisted selection (MAS).
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Li M, Zhang C, Zhong Y, Zhao J. Cellular localization of ATBF1 protein and its functional implication in breast epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Kataoka H, Miura Y, Kawaguchi M, Suzuki S, Okamoto Y, Ozeki K, Shimura T, Mizoshita T, Kubota E, Tanida S, Takahashi S, Asai K, Joh T. Expression and subcellular localization of AT motif binding factor 1 in colon tumours. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3095-3102. [PMID: 28713972 PMCID: PMC5548027 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AT motif binding factor 1 (ATBF1) is a transcriptional regulator that functions as a tumour suppressor to negatively affect cancer cell growth. In the present study four specific polyclonal antibodies against ATBF1 were generated, and the expression and intracellular localization of ATBF1 in colonic mucosae, polyps, adenoma and adenocarcinoma tissue samples were investigated. The four polyclonal antibodies produced were as follows: MB34 and MB49, which recognize the N- and C-terminal fragments of ATBF1, respectively; and D1-120 and MB44, which recognize the middle fragments of ATBF1 that contain three nuclear localization signals (NLS). In total, 191 colon samples were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, colon cancer cells were transfected with four ATBF1 expression vectors, and the subcellular localization of each fragment was examined. Normal colon mucosal cells were not observed to express ATBF1. However, a small number of hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas and tubular adenomas expressed ATBF1. Colon cancer cells were observed to express D1-120- and MB44-reactive middle fragments of ATBF1 in their cell nuclei. However, the N- and C-terminal fragments of ATBF1 did not translocate to the nucleus. Transfection of ATBF1 fragments revealed cleavage of the ATBF1 protein and nuclear translocation of the cleaved middle portion containing the NLS. A positive correlation between the cytoplasmic localization of the N- and C-termini of ATBF1, nuclear localization of the middle portion of ATBF1 and malignant cancer cell invasion was observed. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that alterations in the expression and subcellular localization of ATBF1, as a result of post-transcriptional modifications, are associated with malignant features of colon tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Niigata Rosai Hospital, Japan Labor Health and Welfare Organization, Joetsu, Niigata 942‑8502, Japan
| | - Shugo Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Keiji Ozeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Takaya Shimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mizoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Asai
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi 467‑8601, Japan
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McBryan J, Howlin J. Pubertal Mammary Gland Development: Elucidation of In Vivo Morphogenesis Using Murine Models. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1501:77-114. [PMID: 27796948 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6475-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During the past 25 years, the combination of increasingly sophisticated gene targeting technology with transplantation techniques has allowed researchers to address a wide array of questions about postnatal mammary gland development. These in turn have significantly contributed to our knowledge of other branched epithelial structures. This review chapter highlights a selection of the mouse models exhibiting a pubertal mammary gland phenotype with a focus on how they have contributed to our overall understanding of in vivo mammary morphogenesis. We discuss mouse models that have enabled us to assign functions to particular genes and proteins and, more importantly, have determined when and where these factors are required for completion of ductal outgrowth and branch patterning. The reason for the success of the mouse mammary gland model is undoubtedly the suitability of the postnatal mammary gland to experimental manipulation. The gland itself is very amenable to investigation and the combination of genetic modification with accessibility to the tissue has allowed an impressive number of studies to inform biology. Excision of the rudimentary epithelial structure postnatally allows genetically modified tissue to be readily transplanted into wild type stroma or vice versa, and has thus defined the contribution of each compartment to particular phenotypes. Similarly, whole gland transplantation has been used to definitively discern local effects from indirect systemic effects of various growth factors and hormones. While appreciative of the power of these tools and techniques, we are also cognizant of some of their limitations, and we discuss some shortcomings and future strategies that can overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean McBryan
- Department of Molecular Medicine Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, 9, Ireland
| | - Jillian Howlin
- Division of Oncology-Pathology, Lund University Cancer Center/Medicon Village, Building 404:B2, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden.
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17
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Molecular regulation of lactation: The complex and requisite roles for zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Zhao D, Ma G, Zhang X, He Y, Li M, Han X, Fu L, Dong XY, Nagy T, Zhao Q, Fu L, Dong JT. Zinc Finger Homeodomain Factor Zfhx3 Is Essential for Mammary Lactogenic Differentiation by Maintaining Prolactin Signaling Activity. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12809-12820. [PMID: 27129249 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.719377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3, also named ATBF1 for AT motif binding factor 1) is a transcription factor that suppresses prostatic carcinogenesis and induces neuronal differentiation. It also interacts with estrogen receptor α to inhibit cell proliferation and regulate pubertal mammary gland development in mice. In the present study, we examined whether and how Zfhx3 regulates lactogenic differentiation in mouse mammary glands. At different stages of mammary gland development, Zfhx3 protein was expressed at varying levels, with the highest level at lactation. In the HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cell line, an in vitro model of lactogenesis, knockdown of Zfhx3 attenuated prolactin-induced β-casein expression and morphological changes, indicators of lactogenic differentiation. In mouse mammary tissue, knock-out of Zfhx3 interrupted lactogenesis, resulting in underdeveloped glands with much smaller and fewer alveoli, reduced β-casein expression, accumulation of large cytoplasmic lipid droplets in luminal cells after parturition, and failure in lactation. Mechanistically, Zfhx3 maintained the expression of Prlr (prolactin receptor) and Prlr-Jak2-Stat5 signaling activity, whereas knockdown and knock-out of Zfhx3 in HC11 cells and mammary tissues, respectively, decreased Prlr expression, Stat5 phosphorylation, and the expression of Prlr-Jak2-Stat5 target genes. These findings indicate that Zfhx3 plays an essential role in proper lactogenic development in mammary glands, at least in part by maintaining Prlr expression and Prlr-Jak2-Stat5 signaling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gui Ma
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan He
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mei Li
- the Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo 315020, China
| | - Xueying Han
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liya Fu
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xue-Yuan Dong
- the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Tamas Nagy
- the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, and
| | - Qiang Zhao
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Fu
- the Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- From the Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China,; the Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322,.
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Nandy SB, Gangwani L, Nahleh Z, Subramani R, Arumugam A, de la Rosa JM, Lakshmanaswamy R. Recurrence and metastasis of breast cancer is influenced by ovarian hormone's effect on breast cancer stem cells. Future Oncol 2015; 11:983-95. [PMID: 25760978 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have recently attracted great interest because of their emerging role in initiation, progression and metastasis, combined with their intrinsic resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. CSCs and its interaction with hormones in breast cancer are currently being investigated with the aim of uncovering the molecular mechanisms by which they evade conventional treatment regimens. In this review, we discuss recent experimental data and new perspectives in the area of steroid hormones and their cross-talk with breast CSCs. We have covered literature associated with biomarkers, hormone receptors and hormone responsive signaling pathways in breast CSC. In addition, we also discuss the role of miRNAs in hormone mediated regulation of breast CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Bose Nandy
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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Zhang X, Wu X, Jia W, Pan C, Li X, Lei C, Chen H, Lan X. Novel Nucleotide Variations, Haplotypes Structure and Associations with Growth Related Traits of Goat AT Motif-Binding Factor (ATBF1) Gene. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1394-406. [PMID: 26323396 PMCID: PMC4554846 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The AT motif-binding factor (ATBF1) not only interacts with protein inhibitor of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (PIAS3) to suppress STAT3 signaling regulating embryo early development and cell differentiation, but is required for early activation of the pituitary specific transcription factor 1 (Pit1) gene (also known as POU1F1) critically affecting mammalian growth and development. The goal of this study was to detect novel nucleotide variations and haplotypes structure of the ATBF1 gene, as well as to test their associations with growth-related traits in goats. Herein, a total of seven novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (SNP 1-7) within this gene were found in two well-known Chinese native goat breeds. Haplotypes structure analysis demonstrated that there were four haplotypes in Hainan black goat while seventeen haplotypes in Xinong Saanen dairy goat, and both breeds only shared one haplotype (hap1). Association testing revealed that the SNP2, SNP5, SNP6, and SNP7 loci were also found to significantly associate with growth-related traits in goats, respectively. Moreover, one diplotype in Xinong Saanen dairy goats significantly linked to growth related traits. These preliminary findings not only would extend the spectrum of genetic variations of the goat ATBF1 gene, but also would contribute to implementing marker-assisted selection in genetics and breeding in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianfeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenchao Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiangcheng Li
- Institute of Beijing Animal Science and Veterinary, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Hilton HN, Clarke CL. Impact of progesterone on stem/progenitor cells in the human breast. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:27-37. [PMID: 26254191 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the human breast is made up of a branching ductal-lobular system, which is lined by a single layer of luminal cells surrounded by a contractile basal cell layer. The co-ordinated development of stem/progenitor cells into these luminal and basal cells is fundamentally important for breast morphogenesis. The ovarian steroid hormone, progesterone, is critical in driving proliferation and normal breast development, yet progesterone analogues have also been shown to be a major driver of breast cancer risk. Studies in recent years have revealed an important role for progesterone in stimulating the mammary stem cell compartment in the mouse mammary gland, and growing evidence supports the notion that progesterone also stimulates progenitor cells in both the normal human breast and in breast cancer cells. As changes in cell type composition are one of the hallmark features of breast cancer progression, these observations have critical implications in discerning the mechanisms of how progesterone increases breast cancer risk. This review summarises recent work regarding the impact of progesterone action on the stem/progenitor cell compartment of the human breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Hilton
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney Medical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Christine L Clarke
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney Medical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Sun S, Zhang W, Chen X, Song H. The CAA repeat polymorphism in the ZFHX3 gene is associated with risk of coronary heart disease in a Chinese population. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 235:261-6. [PMID: 25797214 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.235.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease resulting from the interaction between genetic variations and environmental factors. Zinc finger homeobox 3 (ZFHX3) is a transcription factor and contains a poly-glutamine tract in a compositionally biased region that is encoded by exon 9, containing a cluster of CAG and CAA triplets followed by the polymorphic CAA repeats: (CAG)2(CAA)2(CAG)3CAACAG(CAA)nGCA. Thus, nine successive glutamine residues precede the poly-glutamine tract, encoded by the polymorphic CAA repeats. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the CAA repeat polymorphism in exon 9 of the ZFHX3 gene with the risk of CHD in a Chinese population. The CAA repeat polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by DNA sequencing in 321 CHD patients. Genotype frequencies were compared using the non-parametric mood median test. Four alleles of CAG(CAA)10GCA, CAG(CAA)8GCA, CAG(CAA)9GCA, and CAG(CAA)11GCA were found in Chinese CHD patients in exon 9 of the ZFHX3 gene. The CAG(CAA)10GCA was a major allele (95.95%), and the CAG(CAA)8GCA was a minor allele (3.58%). The CAG(CAA)9GCA and CAG(CAA)11GCA were rare alleles (0.31% and 0.16%). The CAG(CAA)10GCA allele encodes a poly-glutamine tract of 19 residues. Importantly, the CHD patients homozygous for the CAG(CAA)10GCA allele had a higher risk of CHD, compared to the heterozygous patients carrying a CAG(CAA)8GCA allele. Moreover, the CAG(CAA)10GCA allele was significantly associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidemia (P < 0.05). Thus, the CAA repeat polymorphism in exon 9 of the ZFHX3 gene contributes to the CHD susceptibility in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchang Sun
- Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, Southern Medical University
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Sun X, Fu X, Li J, Xing C, Frierson HF, Wu H, Ding X, Ju T, Cummings RD, Dong JT. Deletion of atbf1/zfhx3 in mouse prostate causes neoplastic lesions, likely by attenuation of membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways. Neoplasia 2014; 16:377-89. [PMID: 24934715 PMCID: PMC4198693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATBF1/ZFHX3 gene at 16q22 is the second most frequently mutated gene in human prostate cancer and has reduced expression or mislocalization in several types of human tumors. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that ATBF1 has a tumor suppressor function in prostate cancer has not been tested. In this study, we examined the role of ATBF1 in prostatic carcinogenesis by specifically deleting Atbf1 in mouse prostatic epithelial cells. We also examined the effect of Atbf1 deletion on gene expression and signaling pathways in mouse prostates. Histopathologic analyses showed that Atbf1 deficiency caused hyperplasia and mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) primarily in the dorsal prostate but also in other lobes. Hemizygous deletion of Atbf1 also increased the development of hyperplasia and mPIN, indicating a haploinsufficiency of Atbf1. The mPIN lesions expressed luminal cell markers and harbored molecular changes similar to those in human PIN and prostate cancer, including weaker expression of basal cell marker cytokeratin 5 (Ck5), cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, and the smooth muscle layer marker Sma; elevated expression of the oncoproteins phospho-Erk1/2, phospho-Akt and Muc1; and aberrant protein glycosylation. Gene expression profiling revealed a large number of genes that were dysregulated by Atbf1 deletion, particularly those that encode for secretory and cell membrane proteins. The four signaling networks that were most affected by Atbf1 deletion included those centered on Erk1/2 and IGF1, Akt and FSH, NF-κB and progesterone and β-estradiol. These findings provide in vivo evidence that ATBF1 is a tumor suppressor in the prostate, suggest that loss of Atbf1 contributes to tumorigenesis by dysregulating membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways, and provide a new animal model for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaokun Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Sun X, Li J, Dong FN, Dong JT. Characterization of nuclear localization and SUMOylation of the ATBF1 transcription factor in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92746. [PMID: 24651376 PMCID: PMC3961433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATBF1/ZFHX3 is a large transcription factor that functions in development, tumorigenesis and other biological processes. ATBF1 is normally localized in the nucleus, but is often mislocalized in the cytoplasm in cancer cells. The mechanism underlying the mislocalization of ATBF1 is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the nuclear localization of ATBF1, and found that ectopically expressed ATBF1 formed nuclear body (NB)-like dots in the nucleus, some of which indeed physically associated with promyelocytic leukemia (PML) NBs. We also defined a 3-amino acid motif, KRK2615-2617, as the nuclear localization signal (NLS) for ATBF1. Interestingly, diffusely distributed nuclear SUMO1 proteins were sequestered into ATBF1 dots, which could be related to ATBF1's physical association with PML NBs, known SUMOylation hotspots. Furthermore, ATBF1 itself was SUMOylated. ATBF1 SUMOylation occurred at more than 3 lysine residues including K2349, K2806 and K3258 and was nuclear specific. Finally, the PIAS3 SUMO1 E3 ligase, which interacts with ATBF1 directly, diminished rather than enhanced ATBF1 SUMOylation, preventing the co-localization of ATBF1 with SUMO1 in the nucleus. These findings suggest that nuclear localization and SUMOylation are important for the transcription factor function of ATBF1, and that ATBF1 could cooperate with PML NBs to regulate protein SUMOylation in different biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Frederick N. Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Progesterone stimulates progenitor cells in normal human breast and breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 143:423-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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