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Mathews M, Wißfeld J, Flitsch LJ, Shahraz A, Semkova V, Breitkreuz Y, Neumann H, Brüstle O. Reenacting Neuroectodermal Exposure of Hematopoietic Progenitors Enables Scalable Production of Cryopreservable iPSC-Derived Human Microglia. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:455-474. [PMID: 35971018 PMCID: PMC9902330 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human microglia, as innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a central role in the pathogenesis of a large number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, experimental access to primary human microglia for biomedical applications such as disease modeling is extremely limited. While induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide an alternative source of microglia, the reenactment of their complex ontogenesis with a yolk sac origin and subsequent priming upon CNS invasion has remained a challenge. Here, we report a developmentally informed in vitro differentiation method for large-scale production and cryopreservation of iPSC-derived microglia (iPSdMiG). Specifically, iPSCs were propagated in conditions yielding both yolk sac hematopoietic derivatives and early neuroepithelial cells. To enable large-scale production, we implemented 3D bioreactor-based dynamic culture conditions and the use of novel mesh macrocarriers. Under these conditions, microglia could be harvested across a time period of at least 6 weeks, with 1 × 106 iPSCs giving rise to up to 45 × 106 iPSdMiG. The transcriptomic profile of iPSdMiG showed high similarity to adult human microglia, and harvested cells were immunopositive for typical microglial markers. In addition, iPSdMiG were able to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, engaged in phagocytotic activity, produced reactive oxygen species and lent themselves to co-culture studies in neural 2D and 3D systems. Importantly, iPSdMiG were efficiently cryopreserved, enabling the establishment of donor-specific microglia cell banks for disease modeling, drug discovery and eventually cell therapy. Main points. Scalable generation of iPSC-derived multi-lineage embryoid bodies on macrocarriers, reproducibly releasing microglia exhibiting characteristic markers and function. Cells are transcriptomically similar to primary human microglia and cryopreservable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mathews
- LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jannis Wißfeld
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Neural Regeneration Group, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea Jessica Flitsch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anahita Shahraz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Neural Regeneration Group, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vesselina Semkova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yannik Breitkreuz
- LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Harald Neumann
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Neural Regeneration Group, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany. .,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn Medical Faculty and University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Pathophysiology and Emerging Molecular Therapeutic Targets in Heterotopic Ossification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136983. [PMID: 35805978 PMCID: PMC9266941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term heterotopic ossification (HO) describes bone formation in tissues where bone is normally not present. Musculoskeletal trauma induces signalling events that in turn trigger cells, probably of mesenchymal origin, to differentiate into bone. The aetiology of HO includes extremely rare but severe, generalised and fatal monogenic forms of the disease; and as a common complex disorder in response to musculoskeletal, neurological or burn trauma. The resulting bone forms through a combination of endochondral and intramembranous ossification, depending on the aetiology, initiating stimulus and affected tissue. Given the heterogeneity of the disease, many cell types and biological pathways have been studied in efforts to find effective therapeutic strategies for the disorder. Cells of mesenchymal, haematopoietic and neuroectodermal lineages have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of HO, and the emerging dominant signalling pathways are thought to occur through the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and retinoic acid receptor pathways. Increased understanding of these disease mechanisms has resulted in the emergence of several novel investigational therapeutic avenues, including palovarotene and other retinoic acid receptor agonists and activin A inhibitors that target both canonical and non-canonical signalling downstream of the BMP type 1 receptor. In this article we aim to illustrate the key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of HO and outline recent advances in emerging molecular therapies to treat and prevent HO that have had early success in the monogenic disease and are currently being explored in the common complex forms of HO.
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Abshirini M, Ilesanmi-Oyelere BL, Kruger MC. Potential modulatory mechanisms of action by long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on bone cell and chondrocyte metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101113. [PMID: 34217732 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and their metabolites are considered essential factors to support bone and joint health. The n-6 PUFAs suppress the osteoblasts differentiation via increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression and promoting adipogenesis while n-3 PUFAs promote osteoblastogenesis by down-regulating PPARγ and enhancing osteoblastic activity. Arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are key regulators of osteoclast differentiation via induction of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) pathway. Marine-derived n-3 LCPUFAs have been shown to inhibit osteoclastogenesis by decreasing the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/RANKL signalling pathway mediated by a reduction of pro-inflammatory PGE2 derived from AA. Omega-3 PUFAs reduce the expression of cartilage degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5) protein, oxidative stress and thereby apoptosis via nuclear factor kappa-betta (NF-kβ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways. In this review, a diverse range of important effects of LCPUFAs on bone cells and chondrocyte was highlighted through different mechanisms of action established by cell cultures and animal studies. This review allows a better understanding of the possible role of LCPUFAs in bone and chondrocyte metabolism as potential therapeutics in combating the pathological complications such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abshirini
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Marlena C Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Yi D, Yu H, Lu K, Ruan C, Ding C, Tong L, Zhao X, Chen D. AMPK Signaling in Energy Control, Cartilage Biology, and Osteoarthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:696602. [PMID: 34239878 PMCID: PMC8258395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.696602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was initially identified as an enzyme acting as an "energy sensor" in maintaining energy homeostasis via serine/threonine phosphorylation when low cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level was sensed. AMPK participates in catabolic and anabolic processes at the molecular and cellular levels and is involved in appetite-regulating circuit in the hypothalamus. AMPK signaling also modulates energy metabolism in organs such as adipose tissue, brain, muscle, and heart, which are highly dependent on energy consumption via adjusting the AMP/ADP:ATP ratio. In clinics, biguanides and thiazolidinediones are prescribed to patients with metabolic disorders through activating AMPK signaling and inhibiting complex I in the mitochondria, leading to a reduction in mitochondrial respiration and elevated ATP production. The role of AMPK in mediating skeletal development and related diseases remains obscure. In this review, in addition to discuss the emerging advances of AMPK studies in energy control, we will also illustrate current discoveries of AMPK in chondrocyte homeostasis, osteoarthritis (OA) development, and the signaling interaction of AMPK with other pathways, such as mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), Wnt, and NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) under OA condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changshun Ruan
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changhai Ding
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Liping Tong
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Di Chen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center for Human Tissues and Organs Degeneration, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Ko CS, Chen JH, Su WT. Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth: A Concise Review. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 15:61-76. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666191018122109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHED) originate from the embryonic
neural crest as ectodermal mesenchymal stem cells and are isolated from human deciduous teeth.
SHED expresses the same cell markers as Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), such as OCT4 and NANOG,
which make SHED to have a significant impact on clinical applications. SHED possess higher rates of
proliferation, higher telomerase activity, increased cell population doubling, form sphere-like clusters,
and possess immature and multi-differentiation capacity; such high plasticity makes SHED one of the
most popular sources of stem cells for biomedical engineering. In this review, we describe the isolation
and banking method, the current development of SHED in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering
in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jen-Hao Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ta Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bao M, Zhang K, Wei Y, Hua W, Gao Y, Li X, Ye L. Therapeutic potentials and modulatory mechanisms of fatty acids in bone. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12735. [PMID: 31797479 PMCID: PMC7046483 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metabolism is a lifelong process that includes bone formation and resorption. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts are the predominant cell types associated with bone metabolism, which is facilitated by other cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs), osteocytes and chondrocytes. As an important component in our daily diet, fatty acids are mainly categorized as long-chain fatty acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFAs), saturated fatty acids (LCSFAs), medium-/short-chain fatty acids (MCFAs/SCFAs) as well as their metabolites. Fatty acids are closely associated with bone metabolism and associated bone disorders. In this review, we summarized the important roles and potential therapeutic implications of fatty acids in multiple bone disorders, reviewed the diverse range of critical effects displayed by fatty acids on bone metabolism, and elucidated their modulatory roles and mechanisms on specific bone cell types. The evidence supporting close implications of fatty acids in bone metabolism and disorders suggests fatty acids as potential therapeutic and nutritional agents for the treatment and prevention of metabolic bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyue Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kaiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yangyini Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weihan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yanzi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
- State Key Laboratory of Oral DiseasesNational Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesDepartment of Cariology and EndodonticsWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Zhang Z, Jia Y, Chen Y, Wang L, Lv X, Yang F, He Y, Ning Z, Qu L. Genomic variation in Pekin duck populations developed in three different countries as revealed by whole-genome data. Anim Genet 2018; 49:132-136. [PMID: 29388248 DOI: 10.1111/age.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that both British and American Pekin ducks originated from China. However, the populations differ substantially in production performance, but the genetic changes involved are still poorly understood. Herein, we sequenced 24 individual Pekin ducks (eight from each population) with an average sequencing depth of more than 45× for each population (mean coverage of 6.29 per individual). Among these populations from three different countries, we identified a large number of SNPs and indels as well as many unique population variants, which can be used as population-specific molecular markers. Genomic comparisons among the three duck populations revealed many candidate genes as well as pathways and Gene Ontology categories that are putatively associated with meat yield in the British population, growth in the American population and brain development in all three populations. These findings will enable a better understanding of the artificial selection history of Pekin ducks and provide a valuable resource for future research on the breeding of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Jia
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - L Wang
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - X Lv
- Beijing Municipal General Station of Animal Science, Beijing, China
| | - F Yang
- Institute of Pekin Duck, Beijing, China
| | - Y He
- Cherry Valley farms (xianghe) Co., Ltd, Langfang, China
| | - Z Ning
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - L Qu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Valcarcel J, Novoa-Carballal R, Pérez-Martín RI, Reis RL, Vázquez JA. Glycosaminoglycans from marine sources as therapeutic agents. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:711-725. [PMID: 28739506 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in marine animals are different to those of terrestrial organisms, mainly in terms of molecular weight and sulfation. The therapeutic properties of GAGs are related to their ability to interact with proteins, which is very much influenced by sulfation position and patterns. Since currently GAGs cannot be chemically synthesized, they are sourced from natural products, with high intra- but also inter-species variability, in terms of chain length, disaccharide composition and sulfation pattern. Consequently, sulfated GAGs are the most interesting molecules in the marine environment and constitute the focus of the present review. In particular, chondroitin sulfate (CS) appears as the most promising compound. CS-E chains [GlcA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] extracted from squid possess antiviral and anti-metastatic activities and seem to impart signalling properties and improve the mechanical performance of cartilage engineering constructs; Squid CS-E and octopus CS-K [GlcA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)], dermatan sulfate (DS) from sea squirts [-iK units, IdoA(3S)-GalNAc(4S)] and sea urchins [-iE units, IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)] and hybrids CS/DS from sharks (-B/iB [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(4S)], -D/iD [GlcA/IdoA(2S)-GalNAc(6S)] and -E/iE units [GlcA/IdoA-GalNAc(4S,6S)]) promote neurite outgrowth and could be valuable materials for nerve regeneration. Also displaying antiviral and anti-metastatic properties, a rare CS with fucosylated branches isolated from sea cucumbers is an anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agent. In this same line, marine heparin extracted from shrimp and sea squirt has proven anti-inflammatory properties, with the added advantage of decreased risk of bleeding because of its low anticoagulant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valcarcel
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain; Group of Food Biochemistry, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Ave Park, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT, Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ricardo I Pérez-Martín
- Group of Food Biochemistry, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Ave Park, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT, Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), R/Eduardo Cabello, 6, CP 36208, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Ahrens LAJ, Vonwil D, Christensen J, Shastri VP. Gelatin device for the delivery of growth factors involved in endochondral ossification. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175095. [PMID: 28380024 PMCID: PMC5381949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled release drug delivery systems are well established as oral and implantable dosage forms. However, the controlled release paradigm can also be used to present complex soluble signals responsible for cellular organization during development. Endochondral ossification (EO), the developmental process of bone formation from a cartilage matrix is controlled by several soluble signals with distinct functions that vary in structure, molecular weight and stability. This makes delivering them from a single vehicle rather challenging. Herein, a gelatin-based delivery system suitable for the delivery of small molecules as well as recombinant human (rh) proteins (rhWNT3A, rhFGF2, rhVEGF, rhBMP4) is reported. The release behavior and biological activity of the released molecules was validated using analytical and biological assays, including cell reporter systems. The simplicity of fabrication of the gelatin device should foster its adaptation by the diverse scientific community interested in interrogating developmental processes, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. J. Ahrens
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Vonwil
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jon Christensen
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - V. Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Haus, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bastami F, Nazeman P, Moslemi H, Rezai Rad M, Sharifi K, Khojasteh A. Induced pluripotent stem cells as a new getaway for bone tissue engineering: A systematic review. Cell Prolif 2017; 50:e12321. [PMID: 27905670 PMCID: PMC6529104 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are frequently used for bone regeneration, however, they are limited in quantity. Moreover, their proliferation and differentiation capabilities reduce during cell culture expansion. Potential application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been reported as a promising alternative source for bone regeneration. This study aimed to systematically review the available literature on osteogenic potential of iPSCs and to discuss methods applied to enhance their osteogenic potential. METHODS AND MATERIALS A thorough search of MEDLINE database was performed from January 2006 to September 2016, limited to English-language articles. All in vitro and in vivo studies on application of iPSCs in bone regeneration were included. RESULTS The current review is organized according to the PRISMA statement. Studies were categorized according to three different approaches used for osteo-induction of iPSCs. Data are summarized and reported according to the following variables: types of study, cell sources used for iPSC generation, applied reprogramming methods, applied osteo-induction methods and treatment groups. CONCLUSION According to the articles reviewed, osteo-induced iPSCs revealed osteogenic capability equal to or superior than MSCs; cell sources do not significantly affect osteogenic potential of iPSCs; addition of resveratrol to the osteogenic medium (OM) and irradiatiation after osteogenic induction reduce teratoma formation in animal models; transfection with lentiviral bone morphogenetic protein 2 results in higher mineralization compared to osteo-induction in OM; addition of TGF-β, IGF-1 and FGF-β to OM increases osteogenic capability of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Bastami
- Medical Nano‐Technology & Tissue Engineering Research CenterSchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pantea Nazeman
- Medical Nano‐Technology & Tissue Engineering Research CenterSchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hamidreza Moslemi
- School of DentistryShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Maryam Rezai Rad
- Medical Nano‐Technology & Tissue Engineering Research CenterSchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Kazem Sharifi
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Arash Khojasteh
- Department of Tissue EngineeringSchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
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Generation of Plasmid DNA Expressing Species-Specific Horse VEGF164 and FGF2 Factors for Gene Therapy. BIONANOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-016-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lee S, Park BJ, Kim JY, Jekarl D, Choi HY, Lee SY, Kim M, Kim Y, Park MS. The effect of fibroblast growth factor on distinct differentiation potential of cord blood-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells and Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1723-31. [PMID: 26589753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Perinatal tissues are considered an attractive source of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and have unique characteristics depending on their origin. In this study, we compared the basic characteristics of unrestricted somatic stem cells isolated from cord blood (CB-USSCs) and MSCs isolated from Wharton's jelly of umbilical cords (WJ-MSCs). We also evaluated the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) supplementation on the growth and differentiation of these cells. METHODS CB-USSCs and WJ-MSCs were isolated from the same individual (n = 6), and their morphology, cell surface antigens, proliferation, expression of stemness markers and adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation potentials were evaluated. Their morphology, proliferation and differentiation potentials were then also compared in the presence of bFGF supplementation (10 ng/mL). RESULTS Overall, CB-USSCs expressed DLK-1 and negative for all the HOX gene markers. The expression of cell surface antigen CD90, growth capacity and adipogenic differential potential of CB-USSCs were lower than those of WJ-MSCs. WJ-MSCs showed higher growth capacity, but the expression of CD73 and CD105 and their osteogenic differentiation potential were lower than those of CB-USSCs. The spindle morphology of both CB-USSCs and WJ-MSCs and the growth and adipogenic differentiation of CB-USSCs were improved by bFGF supplementation. However, the bFGF supplement did not have any positive effect on the tri-lineage differentiation potentials of WJ-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS CB-USSCs and WJ-MSCs each had distinct characteristics including different growth capacity, distinguishable cell surface markers and distinct adipogenic and osteogenic potentials. bFGF supplementation improved the growth capacity and adipogenic differentiation of CB-USSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungok Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
| | - DongWook Jekarl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Yoo Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seong Yeoun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon-Seo Park
- Institute of Catholic Integrative Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, South Korea
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13
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Brioche T, Pagano AF, Py G, Chopard A. Muscle wasting and aging: Experimental models, fatty infiltrations, and prevention. Mol Aspects Med 2016; 50:56-87. [PMID: 27106402 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cost-effective interventions to maintain muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance during muscle wasting and aging is an important public health challenge. It requires understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. Muscle-deconditioning processes have been deciphered by means of several experimental models, bringing together the opportunities to devise comprehensive analysis of muscle wasting. Studies have increasingly recognized the importance of fatty infiltrations or intermuscular adipose tissue for the age-mediated loss of skeletal-muscle function and emphasized that this new important factor is closely linked to inactivity. The present review aims to address three main points. We first mainly focus on available experimental models involving cell, animal, or human experiments on muscle wasting. We next point out the role of intermuscular adipose tissue in muscle wasting and aging and try to highlight new findings concerning aging and muscle-resident mesenchymal stem cells called fibro/adipogenic progenitors by linking some cellular players implicated in both FAP fate modulation and advancing age. In the last part, we review the main data on the efficiency and molecular and cellular mechanisms by which exercise, replacement hormone therapies, and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate prevent muscle wasting and sarcopenia. Finally, we will discuss a potential therapeutic target of sarcopenia: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brioche
- Université de Montpellier, INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier F-34060, France.
| | - Allan F Pagano
- Université de Montpellier, INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier F-34060, France
| | - Guillaume Py
- Université de Montpellier, INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier F-34060, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- Université de Montpellier, INRA, UMR 866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier F-34060, France
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14
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Li CS, Yang P, Ting K, Aghaloo T, Lee S, Zhang Y, Khalilinejad K, Murphy MC, Pan HC, Zhang X, Wu B, Zhou YH, Zhao Z, Zheng Z, Soo C. Fibromodulin reprogrammed cells: A novel cell source for bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 83:194-206. [PMID: 26774565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent or multipotent cell-based therapeutics are vital for skeletal reconstruction in non-healing critical-sized defects since the local endogenous progenitor cells are not often adequate to restore tissue continuity or function. However, currently available cell-based regenerative strategies are hindered by numerous obstacles including inadequate cell availability, painful and invasive cell-harvesting procedures, and tumorigenesis. Previously, we established a novel platform technology for inducing a quiescent stem cell-like stage using only a single extracellular proteoglycan, fibromodulin (FMOD), circumventing gene transduction. In this study, we further purified and significantly increased the reprogramming rate of the yield multipotent FMOD reprogrammed (FReP) cells. We also exposed the 'molecular blueprint' of FReP cell osteogenic differentiation by gene profiling. Radiographic analysis showed that implantation of FReP cells into a critical-sized SCID mouse calvarial defect, contributed to the robust osteogenic capability of FReP cells in a challenging clinically relevant traumatic scenario in vivo. The persistence, engraftment, and osteogenesis of transplanted FReP cells without tumorigenesis in vivo were confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical staining. Taken together, we have provided an extended potency, safety, and molecular profile of FReP cell-based bone regeneration. Therefore, FReP cells present a high potential for cellular and gene therapy products for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shuang Li
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Pu Yang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tara Aghaloo
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Soonchul Lee
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kambiz Khalilinejad
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maxwell C Murphy
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hsin Chuan Pan
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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15
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The Effect of Covalently Immobilized FGF-2 on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute on Enhanced Biological Compatibility and Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:742192. [PMID: 26436096 PMCID: PMC4576004 DOI: 10.1155/2015/742192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to covalently graft fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) onto biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) via a bifunctional cross-linker technique and to estimate the optimal dose of FGF-2 resulting in the best osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). SEM observation revealed that the surface of the 100 ng FGF-2 coated BCP was completely covered with the nanoparticles expected to be from the silane coupling agent. XRD, FT-IR, and XPS analysis showed that silane treatment, bifunctional cross-linker coating, and FGF-2 covalent grafts were conducted successfully without deforming the crystalline structure of BCP. An MTT assay demonstrated that FGF-2 coated BCP had good biocompatibility, regardless of the concentration of FGF-2, after 24 or 48 h of incubation. An alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay (14 days of incubation) and the ALP gene expression level of real-time PCR analysis (7 days of incubation) revealed that 50, 100, and 200 ng FGF-2 coated BCP induced the highest activities among all experimental groups and control group (P < 0.05). Thus, low concentrations of FGF-2 facilitated excellent osteogenesis and were effective at enhancing osteogenic potential. Also, the bifunctional cross-linker technique is expected to be a more feasible way to induce osteogenic differentiation while minimizing the risk of FGF-2 overdose.
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16
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Sidney LE, Kirkham GR, Buttery LD. Comparison of osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells and primary osteoblasts revealed by responses to IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:605-17. [PMID: 24192281 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are well-established approaches for osteogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but few show direct comparison with primary osteoblasts or demonstrate differences in response to external factors. Here, we show comparative analysis of in vitro osteogenic differentiation of mouse ESC (osteo-mESC) and mouse primary osteoblasts. Both cell types formed mineralized bone nodules and produced osteogenic extracellular matrix, based on immunostaining for osteopontin and osteocalcin. However, there were marked differences in the morphology of osteo-mESCs and levels of mRNA expression for osteogenic genes. In response to the addition of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ to the culture medium, primary osteoblasts showed increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) at early time points and decreases in cell viability. In contrast, osteo-mESCs maintained viability and did not produce NO and PGE2 until day 21. The formation of bone nodules by primary osteoblasts was reduced markedly after cytokine stimulation but was unaffected in osteo-mESCs. Cell sorting of osteo-mESCs by cadherin-11 (cad-11) showed clear osteogenesis of cad-11(+) cells compared to unsorted osteo-mESCs and cad-11(-) cells. Moreover, the cad-11(+) cells showed a significant response to cytokines, similar to primary osteoblasts. Overall, these results show that while osteo-mESC cultures, without specific cell sorting, show characteristics of osteoblasts, there are also marked differences, notably in their responses to cytokine stimuli. These findings are relevant to understanding the differentiation of stem cells and especially developing in vitro models of disease, testing new drugs, and developing cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Sidney
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
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17
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Park S, Im GI. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells for skeletal regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:381-91. [PMID: 24206162 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering for skeletal tissues including bone and cartilage have been focused on the use of adult stem cells. Although there are several pioneering researches on skeletal tissue regeneration from embryonic stem cells (ESCs), ethical issues and the possibility of immune rejection clouded further attention to the application of ESCs for nonlethal orthopedic conditions. However, the recent discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) led to reconsider the use of these pluripotential cells for skeletal regeneration. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of osteogenic and chondrogenic induction from ESCs and iPSCs and to provide a perspective on the application of iPSCs for skeletal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyeon Park
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital , Goyang, Republic of Korea
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18
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Lee TJ, Jang J, Kang S, Bhang SH, Jeong GJ, Shin H, Kim DW, Kim BS. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium enhances osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells by mesodermal lineage induction. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:1306-13. [PMID: 24224833 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have the ability to differentiate into mesenchymal lineages. In this study, we hypothesized that treatment of embryoid bodies (EBs) composed of either human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) with a hMSC-conditioned medium (CM) can stimulate the induction of the mesodermal lineage and subsequent differentiation toward the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that the hMSC-CM treatment increased gene expression related to the mesodermal lineage and decreased gene expression related to the endodermal and ectodermal lineage in EBs. Fourteen days after culturing the mesodermal lineage-induced EBs in the osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation medium, we observed enhanced osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation compared with untreated EBs, as evaluated using qRT-PCR, cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry. This method may be useful for enhancing the osteogenic or chondrogenic differentiation of hESCs or hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Lee
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Tan JY, Sriram G, Rufaihah AJ, Neoh KG, Cao T. Efficient derivation of lateral plate and paraxial mesoderm subtypes from human embryonic stem cells through GSKi-mediated differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1893-906. [PMID: 23413973 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrae mesoderm is a source of cells that forms a variety of tissues, including the heart, vasculature, and blood. Consequently, the derivation of various mesoderm-specific cell types from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has attracted the interest of many investigators owing to their therapeutic potential in clinical applications. However, the need for efficient and reliable methods of differentiation into mesoderm lineage cell types remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrated that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an essential first step toward efficient generation of the mesoderm. Under chemically defined conditions without additional growth factors/cytokines, short-term GSK inhibitor (GSKi) treatment effectively drives differentiation of hESCs into the primitive streak (PS), which can potentially commit toward the mesoderm when further supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein 4. Further analysis confirmed that the PS-like cells derived from GSKi treatment are bipotential, being able to specify toward the endoderm as well. Our findings suggest that the bipotential, PS/mesendoderm-like cell population exists only at the initial stages of GSK-3 inhibition, whereas long-term inhibition results in an endodermal fate. Lastly, we demonstrated that our differentiation approach could efficiently generate lateral plate (CD34(+)KDR(+)) and paraxial (CD34(-)PDGFRα(+)) mesoderm subsets that can be further differentiated along the endothelial and smooth muscle lineages, respectively. In conclusion, our study presents a unique approach for generating early mesoderm progenitors in a chemically directed fashion through the use of small-molecule GSK-3 inhibitor, which may be useful for future applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yong Tan
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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