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Zhou Y, Oh MH, Kim YJ, Kim EY, Kang J, Chung S, Ju C, Kim WK, Lee K. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of SP-8356, a Novel (1 S)-(-)-Verbenone Derivative, in Rats and Dogs and Its Implications in Humans. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081775. [PMID: 32294954 PMCID: PMC7221793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1S,5R)-4-((E)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxystryryl)-6,6-dimethylbicylco[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one (SP-8356) is a novel (1S)-(−)-verbenone derivative that is currently in preclinical development for the treatment of ischemic stroke and atherosclerosis. This report aimed at characterization of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic properties of SP-8356. Following intravenous dose in rats and dogs, plasma concentrations of SP-8356 declined rapidly with high clearance (CL) and short half-life; after oral administration in both species, its plasma levels were below the quantitation limit. Fourteen circulating metabolites, formed by mono-oxygenation, demethylation, glucuronidation, catechol O-methylation, sulfation and oxidation (bioactivation) followed by glutathione (GSH) conjugation, were tentatively identified in both species. Urinary excretion of SP-8356 appeared to be minimal in rats, compared to its metabolites. GSH conjugate of SP-8356 was also formed during incubation with rat liver S9 fraction consistent with oxidative bioactivation; this bioactivation was almost completely inhibited by the cofactors for glucuronidation, sulfation and methylation, indicating that it may be abolished by competing metabolic reactions in the body. The human pharmacokinetics of SP-8356 was predicted to be similar to that of the animals based on the current in vitro metabolic stability results. In summary, rapid phase II metabolism appears to be mainly responsible for its suboptimal pharmacokinetics, such as high CL and low oral absorption. Because of competing metabolic reactions, potential safety risks related to SP-8356 bioactivation may be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhou
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Mun Hwan Oh
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Yeon Joon Kim
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Eun-yeong Kim
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Jinhong Kang
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Sung Chung
- Research Headquarters, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi 15610, Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Research Headquarters, Shin Poong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Ansan, Gyeonggi 15610, Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Institute of Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kiho Lee
- College of pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Translational Research, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-44-860-1616
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Singh S, Goo JI, Noh H, Lee SJ, Kim MW, Park H, Jalani HB, Lee K, Kim C, Kim WK, Ju C, Choi Y. Discovery of a novel series of N-hydroxypyridone derivatives protecting astrocytes against hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity via improved mitochondrial functionality. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:1394-1405. [PMID: 28089588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a key role in brain homeostasis, protecting neurons against neurotoxic stimuli such as oxidative stress. Therefore, the neuroprotective therapeutics that enhance astrocytic functionality has been regarded as a promising strategy to reduce brain damage. We previously reported that ciclopirox, a well-known antifungal N-hydroxypyridone compound, protects astrocytes from oxidative stress by enhancing mitochondrial function. Using the N-hydroxypyridone scaffold, we have synthesized a series of cytoprotective derivatives. Mitochondrial activity assay showed that N-hydroxypyridone derivatives with biphenyl group have comparable to better protective effects than ciclopirox in astrocytes exposed to H2O2. N-hydroxypyridone derivatives, especially 11g, inhibited H2O2-induced deterioration of mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate, and significantly improved cell viability of astrocytes. The results indicate that the N-hydroxypyridone motif can provide a novel cytoprotective scaffold for astrocytes via enhancing mitochondrial functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjit Singh
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Il Goo
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Noh
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jae Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Woo Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejun Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hitesh B Jalani
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunsook Kim
- Department of Nursing, Kyungdong University, Wonju 24695, Kangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Ju
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yongseok Choi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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