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Xi JJ, Cao Y, He RY, Zhang JK, Zhao YM, Tong Q, Bao JF, Dong YC, Zhuang RX, Huang JS, Chen Y, Liu SR. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Glycosylated Derivatives of Silibinin as Potential Anti-Tumor Agents. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:2063-2076. [PMID: 37457888 PMCID: PMC10349574 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s404036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Silibinin, a natural product extracted from the seeds of the Silybum marianum, is versatile with various pharmacological effects. However, its clinical application was strongly hampered by its low bioavailability and poor water solubility. Herein, a series of glycosylated silibinin derivatives were identified as novel anti-tumor agents. Materials and Methods The cell viability was evaluated by CCK8 assay. Furthermore, cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression were tested by flow cytometry. In addition, the pharmacokinetic assessment of compound 15 and silibinin through intravenous administration (i.v., 2 mg/kg) to ICR mice were performed. Results The synthesized compounds showed better water solubilities than silibinin. Among them, compound 15 exhibited inhibitory activity against DU145 cells with IC50 value of 1.37 ± 0.140 μM. Moreover, it arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase and induced apoptosis in DU145 cells. Additionally, compound 15 also displayed longer half-life (T1/2 = 128.3 min) in liver microsomes than that of silibinin (T1/2 = 82.5 min) and appropriate pharmacokinetic parameters in mice. Conclusion Overall, glycosylation of silibinin would be a valid strategy for the development of silibinin derivatives as anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Xi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Yu He
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Kang Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiao Tong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Feng Bao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chen Dong
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rang-Xiao Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Song Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shou-Rong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Golmohammad S. Overview of Silibinin anti-tumor effects. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Prasad RR, Paudel S, Raina K, Agarwal R. Silibinin and non-melanoma skin cancers. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:236-244. [PMID: 32670818 PMCID: PMC7340873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest human organ that shields the inner body from contact with xenobiotic and genotoxic agents, and in this process, the skin's cellular genome faces continuous stress due to direct exposure to these noxious factors. Accumulation of genetic stress results in genomic alterations leading to undesirable gene or protein alteration/expression in skin cells, which eventually causes the formation of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sun is the most prominent factor contributing to ∼5 million skin cancer cases (which are mostly NMSCs) in the United States (US) and western countries. UVB exposure causes aberrations in a range of biochemical and molecular pathways such as: thymine dimer formation, DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, altered cellular signaling, which ultimately contribute to the development of NMSCs. The focus of this review is to summarize the protective and preventive potential of silymarin and/or silibinin against UVB-induced NMSC in pre-clinical skin cancer studies. Over two decades of research has shown the strong potential of silibinin, a biologically active flavonolignan (crude form Silymarin) derived from milk thistle plant, against a wide range of cancers, including NMSCs. Silibinin protects against UVB-induced thymine dimer formation and in turn promotes DNA repair and/or initiates apoptosis in damaged cells via an increase in p53 levels. Additionally, silibinin has shown strong efficacy against NMSCs via its potential to target aberrant signaling pathways, and induction of anti-inflammatory responses. Overall, completed comprehensive studies suggest the potential use of silibinin to prevent and/or manage NMSCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Raj Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sandeep Paudel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Luo H, Vong CT, Chen H, Gao Y, Lyu P, Qiu L, Zhao M, Liu Q, Cheng Z, Zou J, Yao P, Gao C, Wei J, Ung COL, Wang S, Zhong Z, Wang Y. Naturally occurring anti-cancer compounds: shining from Chinese herbal medicine. Chin Med 2019; 14:48. [PMID: 31719837 PMCID: PMC6836491 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous natural products originated from Chinese herbal medicine exhibit anti-cancer activities, including anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic effects, as well as regulate autophagy, reverse multidrug resistance, balance immunity, and enhance chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. To provide new insights into the critical path ahead, we systemically reviewed the most recent advances (reported since 2011) on the key compounds with anti-cancer effects derived from Chinese herbal medicine (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, berberine, artemisinin, ginsenoside Rg3, ursolic acid, silibinin, emodin, triptolide, cucurbitacin B, tanshinone I, oridonin, shikonin, gambogic acid, artesunate, wogonin, β-elemene, and cepharanthine) in scientific databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, and Clinical Trials). With a broader perspective, we focused on their recently discovered and/or investigated pharmacological effects, novel mechanism of action, relevant clinical studies, and their innovative applications in combined therapy and immunomodulation. In addition, the present review has extended to describe other promising compounds including dihydroartemisinin, ginsenoside Rh2, compound K, cucurbitacins D, E, I, tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone in view of their potentials in cancer therapy. Up to now, the evidence about the immunomodulatory effects and clinical trials of natural anti-cancer compounds from Chinese herbal medicine is very limited, and further research is needed to monitor their immunoregulatory effects and explore their mechanisms of action as modulators of immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Luo
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Chi Teng Vong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hanbin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peng Lyu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zehua Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peifen Yao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Caifang Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jinchao Wei
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Yang J, Sun Y, Xu F, Liu W, Mai Y, Hayashi T, Hattori S, Ushiki-Kaku Y, Onodera S, Tashiro SI, Ikejima T. Silibinin ameliorates amylin-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis partly via upregulation of GLP-1R/PKA pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:83-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kumar R, Deep G, Agarwal R. An Overview of Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer Chemoprevention by Silibinin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:206-215. [PMID: 26097804 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin cancer incidences are rising worldwide, and one of the major causative factors is excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Annually, ~5 million skin cancer patients are treated in United States, mostly with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), which is also frequent in other Western countries. As sunscreens do not provide adequate protection against deleterious effects of UVR, additional and alternative chemoprevention strategies are urgently needed to reduce skin cancer burden. Over the last couple of decades, extensive research has been conducted to understand the molecular basis of skin carcinogenesis, and to identifying novel agents which could be useful in the chemoprevention of skin cancer. In this regard, several natural non-toxic compounds have shown promising efficacy in preventing skin carcinogenesis at initiation, promotion and progression stages, and are considered important in better management of skin cancer. Consistent with this, we and others have studied and established the notable efficacy of natural flavonolignan silibinin against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. Extensive pre-clinical animal and cell culture studies report strong anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, DNA damage repair, immune-modulatory and anti-proliferative properties of silibinin. Molecular studies have identified that silibinin targets pleotropic signaling pathways including mitogenic, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, p53, NF-κB, etc. Overall, the skin cancer chemopreventive potential of silibinin is well supported by comprehensive mechanistic studies, suggesting its greater use against UV-induced cellular damages and photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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IGF-1R/epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) crosstalk suppresses the erlotinib-sensitizing effect of EGFR exon 19 deletion mutations. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2560. [PMID: 23994953 PMCID: PMC3759044 DOI: 10.1038/srep02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells harboring the erlotinib-sensitizing Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) exon 19 mutation delE746-A750, we developed erlotinib-refractory derivatives in which hyperactive Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) signaling associated with enrichment in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related morphological and transcriptional features. We then explored whether an IGF-1R/EMT crosstalk was sufficient to promote erlotinib refractoriness in the absence of second-site EGFR mutations, MET and AXL hyperactivation. Transforming Growth Factor-beta1 (TGFβ1)-induced mesenchymal trans-differentiation was sufficient to impede erlotinib functioning in the presence of drug-sensitive delE746-A750 EGFR mutation. Pharmacological blockade of IGF-1R fully prevented the TGFβ1's ability to activate an EMT protein signature [E-cadherin low/vimentin high]. The sole presence of erlotinib was capable of rapidly activate an IGF-1R-dependent, vimentin-enriched mesenchymal-like phenotype in delE746-A750-mutated epithelial cells. Even if transient, NSCLC cells' intrinsic plasticity to undergo crosstalk between IGF-1R and EMT signaling pathways can sufficiently eliminate the erlotinib-sensitizing effect of highly prevalent EGFR mutations and suggests the urgent need for dual IGF-1R/EMT-targeting strategies to circumvent erlotinib resistance.
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Balszuweit F, John H, Schmidt A, Kehe K, Thiermann H, Steinritz D. Silibinin as a potential therapeutic for sulfur mustard injuries. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Milić N, Milošević N, Suvajdžić L, Žarkov M, Abenavoli L. New Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a bioflavonoid complex extract derived from dry seeds of Milk thistle [( Silybum marianum(L.) Gaernt. (Fam. Asteraceae/Compositaceae)] whose hepatoprotective effect has clinically been proved. Low toxicity, favorable pharmacokinetics, powerful antioxidant, detoxifying, preventive, protective and regenerative effects and side effects similar to placebo make silymarin extremely attractive and safe for therapeutic use. The medicinal properties of silymarin and its main component silibinin have been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, sepsis, burns, osteoporosis, diabetes, cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Owing to its apoptotic effect, without cytotoxic effects, silymarin possesses potential applications in the treatment of various cancers. Silymarin is being examined as a neuro-, nephro- and cardio-protective in the damage of different etiologies due to its strong antioxidant potentials. Furthermore, it has fetoprotective (against the influence of alcohol) and prolactin effects and is safe to be used during pregnancy and lactation. Finally, the cosmetics industry is examining the antioxidant and UV-protective effects of silymarin. Further clinical studies and scientific evidence that silymarin and silibinin are effective in the therapy of various pathologies are indispensable in order to confirm their different flavonolignan pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Suvajdžić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Žarkov
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
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Liu W, Otkur W, Zhang Y, Li Q, Ye Y, Zang L, He H, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Silibinin protects murine fibroblast L929 cells from UVB-induced apoptosis through the simultaneous inhibition of ATM-p53 pathway and autophagy. FEBS J 2013; 280:4572-84. [PMID: 23829351 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) is a major cause of skin inflammation, leading to skin damage. Our previous in vivo study revealed that a natural flavonoid silibinin had marked anti-inflammatory effect on UVB-exposed murine skin. UVB exposure caused reduced autophagy in epidermis while it promoted autophagy in dermis. Nevertheless, silibinin inhibited the inflammatory flux in the skin epidermis as well as dermis through the modulation of autophagy. In order to elucidate the underlying protective mechanisms of silibinin for UVB damage on skin, separate studies on epidermis and dermis are helpful. Derived from the normal tissue of the mouse, L929 cells are capable of representing some characteristics of dermal cells. UVB irradiation caused L929 cell apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) protein and p53 were activated to cause cell apoptosis, accompanying upregulation of the autophagic flux. The pharmacological inhibition of ATM, p53 and autophagy or the transfection with autophagy-associated protein-targeted small interfering RNAs showed that the UVB-activated ATM-p53 axis and autophagy formed a positive feedback loop, which synergistically promoted cell apoptosis. Silibinin treatment simultaneously repressed the activation of ATM-p53 and autophagy and thereby protected UVB-irradiated L929 cells from apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, China
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Liu W, Otkur W, Li L, Wang Q, He H, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Hayashi T, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Autophagy induced by silibinin protects human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells from UVB-induced apoptosis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 123:23-31. [PMID: 23608670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) in the sun light is a major cause of skin damage, which accompanies complex alterations in irradiated skin cells, including DNA lesions, oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase activation. The protection against UVB damage requires multiple interruptions such as repair of the DNA lesions, scavenging of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), repression of the inflammation and others. Silibinin is suggested as an anti-UVB reagent, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found a role of autophagy in the anti-UVB effect of silibinin in A431 cells. Autophagy was reduced after UVB-irradiation while restored by silibinin through the suppression of the IGF-1R signalling pathway. The protective effect of silibinin in UVB-irradiated A431 cells was further enhanced by pre-treatment with an autophagy inducer, rapamycin, while it was reversed by an autophagy inhibitor, wortmannin, indicating that elevated autophagy contributed to the cell survival. Consistently, cell apoptosis was augmented by siRNAs targeting Beclin 1 and Atg5, supporting the hypothesis that autophagy induced by silibinin plays a protective role against UVB-induced epidermal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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