1
|
Drongitis D, Rainone S, Piscopo M, Viggiano E, Viggiano A, De Luca B, Fucci L, Donizetti A. Epigenetics and cortical spreading depression: changes of DNA methylation level at retrotransposon sequences. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:755-60. [PMID: 27169424 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4000-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon that involves a slow and self-propagating depolarization wave associated with spontaneous depression of electrical neuronal activity. CSD plays a central role in the pathophysiology of several brain diseases and is considered to be able to promote "Preconditioning". This phenomenon consists of the brain protecting itself against future injury by adaptation. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Preconditioning has significant clinical implications. We have already proposed that the long-lasting effects of CSD could be related to silencing of retrotransposon sequences by histone methylation. We analyzed DNA methylation of two retrotransposon sequences, LINE1 and L1, and their corresponding expression pattern after CSD induction. Based on immunoprecipitation assay of the methylated DNA (meDIP), we demonstrated hypermethylation of both sequences in preconditioned rat brain cortex compared with a control 24 h after CSD induction. Using quantitative PCR, we also showed that CSD induction caused a decrease of the transcript level of both retrotransposon sequences. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis of epigenetic modifications in Preconditioning-dependent neuroprotection by increasing genome stability via the silencing of retrotransposon sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drongitis
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Rainone
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Viggiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine - Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Viggiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine - Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno De Luca
- Department of Experimental Medicine - Section of Human Physiology, Second University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 8, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Fucci
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Z, Zhong B, Tan J, Chen C, Lei Q, Zeng L. The Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Cerebral Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1887-1905. [PMID: 26894397 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9788-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite great progresses in the treatment and prevention of ischemic stroke, it is still among the leading causes of death and serious long-term disability all over the world, indicating that innovative neural regenerative and neuroprotective agents are urgently needed for the development of therapeutic approaches with greater efficacy for ischemic stroke. More and more evidence suggests that a spectrum of epigenetic processes play an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. In the present review, we first discuss recent developments in epigenetic mechanisms, especially their roles in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Specifically, we focus on DNA methylation, histone deacetylase, histone methylation, and microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of vascular and neuronal regeneration after cerebral ischemia. Additionally, we highlight epigenetic strategies for ischemic stroke treatments, including the inhibition of histone deacetylase enzyme and DNA methyltransferase activities, and miRNAs. These therapeutic strategies are far from clinic use, but preliminary data indicate that neuroprotective agents targeting these pathways can modulate neural cell regeneration and promote brain repair and functional recovery after cerebral ischemia. A better understanding of how epigenetics influences the process and progress of cerebral ischemia will pave the way for discovering more sensitive and specific biomarkers and new targets and therapeutics for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Bingwu Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Lei
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Liuwang Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trendelenburg G. Molecular regulation of cell fate in cerebral ischemia: role of the inflammasome and connected pathways. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1857-67. [PMID: 25227604 PMCID: PMC4269743 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Analogous to Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors represent a class of pattern recognition receptors, which are cytosolic and constitute part of different inflammasomes. These large protein complexes are activated not only by different pathogens, but also by sterile inflammation or by specific metabolic conditions. Mutations can cause hereditary autoinflammatory systemic diseases, and inflammasome activation has been linked to many multifactorial diseases, such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Increasing data also support an important role in different central nervous diseases such as stroke. Thus, the current knowledge of the functional role of this intracellular 'master switch' of inflammation is discussed with a focus on its role in ischemic stroke, neurodegeneration, and also with regard to the recent data which argues for a relevant role in other organs or biologic systems which influence stroke incidence or prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Trendelenburg
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rajan KS, Ramasamy S. Retrotransposons and piRNA: The missing link in central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|